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First legislation required immigrants to speak English in order to become naturalized

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1925: Meyer v. Nebraska ruling by the US Supreme Court

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1925: Meyer v. Nebraska ruling by the US Supreme Court

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"The ruling outlawed, as an unconstitutional infringement of individual liberties, arbitrary restrictions on the teaching of languages other than English outside of regular school hours."
- States don't have the right to limit learning, in any language, outside of school hours
-Not necessarily in support of bilingual education, just enforcement of legislation

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English literacy now is required for naturalization

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The first federal legislation to promote foreign language learning

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1965: Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act (ESEA)

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1965: Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act (ESEA)

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First federal K-12 education law. An outgrowth of the civil rights movement. Federal funds specifically granted to meet the needs of 'educationally deprived children'

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1968: Title VII, Bilingual Education Act, an amendment to Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

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1968: Title VII, Bilingual Education Act, an amendment to Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

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Grant opportunity to create bilingual programs for non-English speakers from lower socioeconomic standings.

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Equitable education for non-English speaking minorities can be attained by adding language programs to education system.

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1978: Re-authorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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1978: Re-authorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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Dual language programs are allowed again; "limited English proficient" (LEP) introduced as a term

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"Limited English proficient" students are allowed to be instructed bilingually in order to learn English

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An organization advocates to make English the United States' official language

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1984: Re-authorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act 

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1984: Re-authorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act 

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For the first time of Title VII, funds were made available for special alternative instructional programs that were English only.

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1994: Improving America's Schools Act IASA -- Reauthorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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1994: Improving America's Schools Act IASA -- Reauthorization of ESEA and the Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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Full bilingual proficiency, recognized as a lawful education goal, funded dual language programs that included English speakers and programs to support Native American languages. The quota for funding USA IPS was lifted. The new law sought to bring LEP. Students into mainstream school reform efforts, making it more difficult for their particular needs to be ignored in policymaking.

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Requires California public schools to teach LEP students in special class that are taught nearly all in English.

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2002: Question 2 passed in Massachusetts

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2002: Question 2 passed in Massachusetts

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Came from the "English for the Children" state voter initiatives introduced by Ron Unz in 1996
This came after Proposition 227 in California and Proposition 203 in Arizona
Stated that "children 'shall be taught English by being taught in English'. Bilingual education programs were greatly restricted and required ambiguous waiver provisions of the law to be met" (Baker and Wright 188)
Further enforced already existing "achievement gaps" because children were being taught core subjects (math, literacy, etc.) in language they didn't understand

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Approved on December 13, 2001
Signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002
Reauthorized the ESEA
Silenced "bilingual" as a term within the government in favor of the term LEP
Left funding of bilingual programs up to the states
The biggest controversy regarded the requirement for students in different subgroups to make adequate yearly progress (AYP) towards 100% of students passing standards-based test - schools who did not reach this goal received severe sanctions (rather than greater access to resources)

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President Barack Obama in 2009 dedicated about $44 billion in funds for education which was meant to help the country recover from the economic crisis. There was about $4.3 billion in grants with many competitive requirements for states, one of them is the high quality assessments that are valid and reliable for all students including ELLs. However, this program created an overemphasis on test results and did little to support schools financially in educating ELLs.

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Common core was implemented during the Obama administration to both, prepare students for college and career readiness through computer based tests for math and English, and help even out educational standards throughout the nation. Educators and ELL advocates disapproved high stakes learning exams because they were only provided in English which pressured teachers to prepare ELL students for English-only exams and discouraged bilingual education. Conservatives thought it was pseudo-national standards and interfered with state rights. Although it was the states right to choose, the Obama administration provided grants to encourage the adoption of CC. Throughout the years, many states have removed common core from their schools.

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states will set standards assessing career and college success. Annual report will be provided to parents about wether their kids achieved these standards. The ESEA flexibility proved to be very popular. By 2015 nearly all states passed the plan.

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California was the first state to pass the seal. Currently adopted by 49 other states since then, except for South Dakota. Is an academic achievement and is used to promote language as a resource.

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2016: Prop 58 (English Proficiency-Multilingual Education)

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2016: Prop 58 (English Proficiency-Multilingual Education)

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Repealed an earlier proposition's English-only requirement in public schools (prop 227 from 1998). Schools must ensure English proficiency for students, but could create dual-immersion programs and classes. Waivers for bilingual education no longer required and students have more language options.

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Structured the same as Prop 58 and the "law aims to provide districts with more flexibility as to the language acquisition programs they choose to meet the needs of English learners, while maintaining accountability for timely and effective English language acquisition".

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2019:Congressional Caucus on America’s Languages established

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2019:Congressional Caucus on America’s Languages established

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A bipartisan group of members of Congress focused on setting a national strategy to address the nation’s economic and national security through increasing the number of bilingual and biliterate citizens through programs for world languages, ELLs and Native Americans

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2019: Re-authorization of the EstherMartinez Native American Languages Preservation Act(HR 912, S 256)

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2019: Re-authorization of the EstherMartinez Native American Languages Preservation Act(HR 912, S 256)

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Re-authorizes this grant program through 2024 (originally passed in 2006), which provides federal funding to empower Native communities to establish immersion programs to revitalize Native languages and improve Native economies