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Genesis 11:1-9

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Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 11:1-9 - New International Version

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The Tower of Babel - Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. Then they said,…

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Interesting facts: 1. The Hopewell culture were highly skilled artisans. 2. In North America there were between 300 and 500 Native American languages.

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Indigenous Americans had (and have) rich traditions concerning their origins, but until the late 19th century, most outsiders' knowledge about the Native American past was speculative at best. Among the more popular misconceptions were those holding that the first residents of the continent had been members of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel or refugees from the lost island of Atlantis, that their descendents had developed the so-called Mound Builder culture, and that Native Americans had later overrun and destroyed the Mound Builder civilization. These erroneous and overtly racist beliefs were often used to rationalize the destruction or displacement of indigenous Americans. Such beliefs were not dispelled until the 1890s, when Cyrus Thomas, a pioneering archaeologist employed by the Smithsonian Institution, demonstrated conclusively that the great effigy mounds, burial mounds, and temple mounds of the Northeast and Southeast culture areas had been built by Native Americans.

Until the late 1980s, it was generally believed-on the basis of evidence of the Clovis projectile points that had been found in New Mexico-that humans arrived in the Americas approximately 13,500 years ago. During the last ice age, a " land bridge" (a misnomer for a very broad swath of land) connected northeastern Asia to northwestern North America. The land route is known as Beringia because it formed along the present-day Bering Strait.

Beringia began to emerge some 36,000-40,000 years ago, as the ice age began. At that time glaciers began to absorb increasing amounts of water, causing global sea levels to fall by as much as 400 feet (120 metres). A complete connection between Asia and North America existed from about 28,000 to 10,000 bce, and, at its greatest extent, Beringia may have spanned some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from north to south.

The people who moved into Beringia from Asia relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence and traveled in bands: small, mobile, kin-based groups of people who lived and foraged together. Three factors suggested that Beringia was inhabited for some time before people moved into North America itself: the long period during which the land route existed, the generally slow advance of hunter-gatherers into new territory, and the presence of unsurpassable glaciers at Beringia's eastern extreme until perhaps 13,000 bce. When calculated from the point where sea levels began to expose the land route, Beringia may have been inhabited for as long as 20,000 years.

As the eastern glaciers began to recede, some Beringians probably followed the coast south, perhaps combining walking with boat travel; people had used boats to settle Australia as early as 50,000-60,000 bce, which suggests that such technology was by this time well-known. Other Beringians probably traveled via ice-free routes through the interior of North America; geological studies indicate that such passages probably existed in the Mackenzie Basin and along the Yukon, Liard, and Peace river systems. However, recent evidence has revealed that the ice-free routes were not viable until 12,600 years before the present. Yet numerous sites, including Gault (Texas), Monte Verde (Chile), Paisley Caves (Oregon), Meadowcroft Rockshelter (Pennsylvania), Cactus Hill (Virginia), Miles Point (Maryland), and others, have established that people were in the Americas 5,000-8,000 years before the ice-free routes were available, establishing that initial migration had to have been along one or both coasts.

In studies of North American prehistory, these very early cultures are generally known as Paleo-Indians. By about 6000 bce some groups had begun to experiment with food production as well as foraging; they are known as Archaic cultures. Archaic peoples often returned to the same location on a seasonal basis, and as a result began to build small settlements. Archaic subsistence techniques were very efficient, and in a number of culture areas people sustained an essentially Archaic way of life until after European colonization.

By about 1000 bce a number of Native American peoples had become fully reliant upon agriculture for subsistence; their cultures were eventually characterized by relatively large, sedentary societies that included social or religious hierarchies. These groups include the early farmers of the Southwest, known as the Ancestral Pueblo culture, Mogollon culture, and Hohokam culture; those east of the Mississippi valley, known as Woodland cultures and later as Mississippian cultures; and those who settled along the rivers of the Plains, known as members of the Plains Woodland and the Plains Village cultures.

Asia and North America remained connected until about 12,000 years ago. Although most of the routes used by the Paleo-Indians are difficult to investigate because they are now under water or deeply buried or have been destroyed by erosion and other geological processes, research has divulged a variety of information about their lives and cultures.

Archaeological discoveries in the first half of the 20th century indicated that the migration had occurred by about 9500 bce, and subsequent finds pushed this boundary to even earlier dates. Scholars group Paleo-Indians into two distinct traditions: the Clovis, Folsom, and related cultures of the North American interior; and the pre-Clovis cultures, whose distribution is emerging through contemporary research.

All the Paleo-Indian groups lived in a relatively dynamic landscape that they shared with Pleistocene flora and fauna, most notably with megafauna such as mammoths, mastodons, giant bison, giant ground sloths, sabre-toothed cats, and short-faced bears. Paleo-Indian sites often include the remains of megafauna, sometimes leading to the mistaken impression that these peoples were solely dedicated to the capture of big game. For a time this impression was sustained by a variety of preservation and identification issues such as the rapid degeneration of small mammal, fish, and vegetal remains in the archaeological record and the use of recovery techniques that neglected or ignored such materials. By the turn of the 21st century, however, excavations at sites such as Gault (Texas) and Jake Bluff (Oklahoma) had clearly demonstrated that at least some Paleo-Indians used a variety of wild animal and plant foods and so are better characterized as generalized hunter-gatherers than as people who limited themselves to the pursuit of big game.

In 1908 George McJunkin, ranch foreman and former slave, reported that the bones of an extinct form of giant bison ( Bison antiquus) were eroding out of a wash near Folsom, New Mexico; an ancient spear point was later found embedded in the animal's skeleton. In 1929 teenager Ridgley Whiteman found a similar site near Clovis, New Mexico, albeit with mammoth rather than bison remains. The Folsom and Clovis sites yielded the first indisputable evidence that ancient Americans had co-existed with and hunted the megafauna, a possibility that most scholars had previously met with skepticism.

The Clovis culture proved to be the earlier of the two. Clovis projectile points are thin, lanceolate (leaf-shaped), and made of stone; one or more longitudinal flakes, or flutes, were removed from the base of each of the point's two flat faces. Clovis points were affixed to spear handles and are often found on mammoth kill sites, usually accompanied by side scrapers (used to flense the hide) and other artifacts used to process meat. Clovis culture was long believed to have lasted from approximately 9500 to 9000 bce, although early 21st-century analyses suggest it may have been of shorter duration, from approximately 9050 to 8800 bce.

Folsom culture seems to have developed from Clovis culture. Also lanceolate, Folsom points were more carefully manufactured and include much larger flutes than those made by the Clovis people. The Lindenmeier site, a Folsom campsite in northeastern Colorado, has yielded a wide variety of end and side scrapers, gravers (used to engrave bone or wood), and bone artifacts. The Folsom culture is thought to have lasted from approximately 9000 to 8000 bce. Related Paleo-Indian groups, such as the Plano culture, persisted until sometime between 6000 and 4000 bce.

Pre-Clovis cultures

The long-standing belief that Clovis people were the first Americans was challenged in the late 20th century by the discovery of several sites antedating those of the Clovis culture. Although many scholars were initially skeptical of the evidence from these sites, the late 1990s saw general agreement that humans had arrived in North and South America by at least 11,000 bce, some 1,500 years before the appearance of Clovis culture.

Dating to about 10,500 bce, Monte Verde, a site in Chile's Llanquihue province, is the oldest confirmed human habitation site in the Americas. First excavated in the 1970s, the site did not seem to concord with findings that placed the earliest humans in northeastern Asia no earlier than c. 11,500 bce; it seemed extremely unlikely that people could have meandered from Siberia to Chile in just 1,000 years. However, excavations at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site in Siberia subsequently determined that humans were present on the western side of Beringia as early as 25,000 bce, providing ample time for such a migration.

A number of other sites may be as early or earlier than Monte Verde: excavations of note include those at the Topper site (South Carolina), Cactus Hill (Virginia), Schaefer and Hebior (Wisconsin), Buttermilk Creek (Texas), and others. Further investigations will continue to clarify the patterns of Paleo-Indian migration.

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Indigenous Americans had (and have) rich traditions concerning their origins, but until the late 19th century, most outsiders' knowledge about the Native American past was speculative at best.

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Native American Literature: Stories change over time with each speaker. Language is poetic and moving. Interaction with nature is portrayed. Related to tribal knowledge, customs, and rituals.

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Early settlement in Jamestown

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Fact: They believed in education and founded Harvard

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Photo from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans

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Fact: They didn't like the Church of England

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Photo from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism

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Age: Late 18th century through the mid-19th century 

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Photo from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music

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1. celebration of nature. 2. focus on the individual and spirituality. 3.celebration of isolation and melancholy 4. interest in the common man 5. idealization

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Photo from: https://www.thoughtco.com/romanticism-definition-4777449

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William Blake (poem: London) Edgar Allen Poe (Poem: A dream within a dream)

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Photo from: https://learnodo-newtonic.com/famous-romanticism-poets

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Facts 1. The war was fought between Great Britain and the United States. 2 Neither side was prepared for war. 3. This war inspired the Star-Spangled Banner.

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Photo from: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-war-1812

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1. He was the second on nine children 2.His father was a carpenter and farmer 3. His mom was a quaker

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Interesting facts: 1. It was period in American literature  that ran from about 1830 to around the Civil War.
2. There were 5 main authors

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Facts: 1. Seuss was voted "Least Likely to Succeed" by his classmates at Dartmouth 2. He would wright for 8 hours each day 3. His debut book was rejected 27 times.

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Facts: 1. His Youtube has 8.9 million views 2. He is also a singer and song writer 3. He was awarded second place in the Mastermind Talks

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Anti Mask Protests for their children in public schools

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An anti-mask mandate rally Friday that will feature gubernatorial candidate Kari Lake, staunchly anti-vax Sen. Kelly Townsend, and various other high profile, far-right politicians has settled on an interesting venue: an elementary school campus in Phoenix.

On its surface, the event is a rally to support a faction of parents who've been advocating fervently for an end to a mask mandate in Phoenix's Washington Elementary School District. The district, which serves parts of north-central Phoenix and east Glendale, is the largest elementary school district in the state.

But over the last week, the conflict has ballooned from typical school board meeting strife into a political circus. In addition to Lake and Townsend, headlining speakers include Arizona GOP chair Kelli Ward, Republican congressional candidate Josh Barnett, and former Arizona lawmaker (and probable Capitol rioter) Anthony Kern - all of whom will converge Friday afternoon in the Sweetwater Elementary School parking lot.

How did a relatively small group - several dozen parents, based on their Telegram channel membership - manage to attract such heavyweight speakers?

That's not fully clear, but it's noteworthy that the event has the backing of EZAZ.org, a self-proclaimed "grassroots freedom alliance" led by former Phoenix mayoral candidate Merissa Hamilton, who has ties to various prominent Republican officials, despite her own unsuccessful political campaigns. The group lists the Friday rally as one of its own.

Hamilton and her organization, a branch of the "Strong Communities Action Foundation," have been leading the charge locally to get parents to agitate in school boards around Maricopa County, supposedly in order to "save Arizona." It's a tactic that conservative groups have begun adopting nationwide - not just to push against "critical race theory" or mask requirements, but to rile up voters for the midterms. This district drama-turned-campaign rally appears to be just another example.

A faction of parents in the Washington Elementary School District has certainly become zealous about the mask issue. The trouble began at the end of September, when a divided school board voted to implement a mask mandate, which allows for limited medical and religious exemptions. At a subsequent school board meeting, one parent after another aired their concerns: "This is not about health, it's about compliance," one said. "This mask mandate is an assault," said another, calling the masks "psychologically and physiologically damaging." (The CDC continues to recommend indoor masking for all K-12 students.)

An email to the group of parents organizing the rally went unanswered; so did inquiries New Times sent to Kari Lake, Kelly Townsend, and Kelli Ward.

While the parents who are organizing the rally are thrilled that figures like Lake and Townsend are attending, other parents in the district have some safety concerns about an anti-mask rally featuring far-right politicians being held at their children's elementary school.

Dawn Woodlock, who has two children in the district, is one. She is "disgusted" by the rally, she tells New Times.

"If you are brave enough to run for and sit on a school board, you need to be brave enough to stand up for our kids," she said, adding that the district should take action to block the event from the campus, given that some of the attendees have ties to "white-nationalist extremist groups."

Woodlock also said she was frustrated by the initial support that the district's governing board president, Bill Adams, had given the rally. Originally, Adams had said he was planning on attending. But when New Times contacted Adams Thursday afternoon, he said he had changed his mind. The event had become "more of a political rally," he explained.

Furthermore, the rally does not yet appear to have any formal approval from the district. Pam Horton, a district spokesperson, wrote in an email to New Times that the district had requested that the group fill out a request form in order to host the event at the school, she said. As of Thursday afternoon, she said, the group had not done so.

"This is not a district-sponsored event," she added.

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Kari Lake and Kelli Ward Are Heading to a Phoenix Elementary School for an Anti-Mask Protest

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An anti-mask mandate rally Friday that will feature gubernatorial candidate Kari Lake, staunchly anti-vax Sen. Kelly Townsend, and various other high profile, far-right politicians has settled on an interesting venue: an elementary school campus in Phoenix.

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Year 2021