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"Glenbow Archives, Na-2164-1. (1916)." photograph, Alberta. 

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Event #1: Indigenous Contributions during the First World War (August 4, 1914)

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Event #1: Indigenous Contributions during the First World War (August 4, 1914)

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During World War I, it is estimated that over 4,000 Indigenous people served for the Canadian Force. The Indigenous soldiers received medals but when they got home, they endured unfair treatment as usual.  Indigenous veterans did not receive the same benefits as the non-Indigenous veterans.

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"In Hiawatha Council Hall on Occasion of a Federal By-election." (n.d.). photograph, Peterborough, ON. 

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Event #2: Women granted the right to vote in Federal Elections (May 24, 1918)

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Event #2: Women granted the right to vote in Federal Elections (May 24, 1918)

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On May 24, 1918, women were granted the right to vote in Federal Elections, but not all women. Caucasian women could vote. However, First Nations Women could only vote if they gave up their “Indian Status” and treaty rights.

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"Photograph of Fred Loft at the former Ohsweken Orange Lodge at the Six nations Fair grounds." (n.d.). photograph, Ohsweken, Ontario. 

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Event #3: The League of Indians (December 1, 1918)

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Event #3: The League of Indians (December 1, 1918)

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In 1918, the League of Indians was formed by a World War I veteran and member of the Six Nations of the Grand River, Fred Loft. The league would advocate about the concerns from Indigenous people in Canada; the loss of reserve lands, poor economic and health conditions etc.

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"Joseph, B. (2016). A two week pass for Edward Yahyahkeekoot from the Saskatchewan Archives Board." 

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Event #4: Indian Act Amendment Allows for Forced Enfranchisement of Status Indians (February 26, 1920)

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Event #4: Indian Act Amendment Allows for Forced Enfranchisement of Status Indians (February 26, 1920)

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The Indian Act Amendment allowed First Nations to vote if they gave up their Indian Status. This Act negatively affected Indigenous people because it didn’t really allow Indigenous people to embrace their culture. There were so many restrictions regarding the overall celebration of their culture.

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"Undated before and after photos of young Thomas Moore at the Regina Indian Industrial School." (n.d.). photograph, Regina, Saskatchewan. 

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Event #5: Residential Schools became mandatory (April 1, 1920)

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Event #5: Residential Schools became mandatory (April 1, 1920)

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Duncan Campbell Scott who was the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs made attending residential schools mandatory for First Nations children between the ages of 7 and 16. However, this rule was loosely applied to Métis and Inuit children.

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"The Mackenzie River as it nears the Arctic Ocean." (n.d.). photograph. 

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Event #6: Indigenous People Cede The Mackenzie River Region (June 27, 1921)

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Event #6: Indigenous People Cede The Mackenzie River Region (June 27, 1921)

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The Slave, Loucheux, Dogrib, Hare and other bands handed over the Mackenzie River region of the Northwest Territories to the federal government. Having to hand over their land is one of the many ways Indigenous history has diminished over the years, along with forcing children to attend residential schools.

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Hardcover of the book "The Story of A National Crime".

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Event #7: The Book “The Story Of A National Crime” Was Published (January 1, 1922)

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Event #7: The Book “The Story Of A National Crime” Was Published (January 1, 1922)

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The book “The Story Of A National Crime”, written by Dr. Peter Henderson Pryce was published. It exposed the truth on the neglect of the health of the children in the residential schools. In the book, Bryce states Duncan Campbell Scott and the Ministry of Indian Affairs ignores the health of Indigenous people.

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Castelnots, Y. (2019). Article page titled "British or Simply Indians- Ontario's Red Men Are Anxious to Be Given Votes".

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Event #8: Status Indian WWI Veterans Granted the right to vote (January 1, 1924)

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Event #8: Status Indian WWI Veterans Granted the right to vote (January 1, 1924)

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Male Status Indian WWI veterans were granted the right to vote in federal elections without losing their status or treaty rights. The veterans were given the right to vote, but was it at the cost of the remembrance and celebration of their heritage?

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From the 1940s to the 1970s, Inuit people were forced to wear tags like the ones you see above.

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Event #9: Criticism And Complaints About Inuit Names (January 1, 1929)

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Event #9: Criticism And Complaints About Inuit Names (January 1, 1929)

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The complaints about Inuit names began and the push for traditional Christian surnames was major. Decades before, Inuit people were forced to wear disc numbers so the Canadian government could keep track of their medical records, census date etc.

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Recently, there have been findings of unmarked graves on the sites of many residential schools in Canada.

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Event #10: Residential Schools Expand Over Canada

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Event #10: Residential Schools Expand Over Canada

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Over 80 residential schools were open across Canada, with an estimated 17,000 pupils. The expansion of residential schools was one of the pivotal factors in the decline in Indigenous heritage and the celebration of it as a whole.

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Two events and how they demonstrate Cause and Consequence:

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Two events and how they demonstrate Cause and Consequence:

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Event #10 and Event #5 demonstrate Cause and Consequence. The factors that led up to making residential schools mandatory include the want for control over the Indigenous Population and to integrate Indigenous people into Canadian Society. By completely riding the Indigenous children of their culture, the Canadian government was able to control a whole demographic. The factors that led up to expanding residential schools are similar to the reasons for creating them in the first place; to assimilate Indigenous people into the Canadian society. The consequences of these schools are present on the former students and the Indigenous children today.

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Two events and how they demonstrate Continuity and Change

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Two events and how they demonstrate Continuity and Change

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Event #2 and Event #8 demonstrate Continuity and Change. Between 1918 and 1924, another group of people were allowed to vote in federal elections. The changes were definitely positive, however the continuities being the fact Indigenous women could still not vote unless they give up their “Indian Status” and treaty rights, and the racism the male Status Indians had to have were not positive continuities. The changes were slow considering the male Status Indians fought for their country and still weren’t allowed to vote in their own country that they fought for.