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Phases of learning

1) Cognitive Phase
2) Associative Phase
3) Autonomous Phase

Small chunks of information can be constructed into specific tasks or drills to encourage the cognitive phase of learning. This allows the skill to be introduced and teaching points to be covered.
On review of both prior learning and reflection on the tasks we see the associative phase being used.
As a teacher our planning must allow for differentiation, including challenges to further stretch pupils once they reach the autonomous phase. Upon doing this we see them enter the associative phase once again. This forms a cycle of learning that the pupil continues in as they progress from skill to skill.

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I think our teaching skills support the cognitive phase of learning as we aim to teach new skills by introducing new information/task slowly in smaller chunks and also the associative phase as we review children's prior learning to challenge children to further develop areas of learning. When children reach the autpnomous stage of learning in one area though, as teachers though we are always challenging and pushing children to the next level which brings the back to the associative phase.

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Cognitive stage- This is the first step of learning a new skill, which requires a lot of support from the teacher themselves, ensuring they use demonstrations and give clear instructions to help the learner build a clear image in their head of what is expected of them. This phase usually links to children, however, can also apply to adults who may be learning a new sport etc. I believe this stage applied to me when I first started my PE specialism, as many of the skills I was being taught were new to me. Demonstrations and clear instructions by lecturer helped to make sense of what was expected.

Associative stage- This is the second stage, in which you have moved on from being a beginner. During this stage you start to eliminate mistakes and refine the skill. The majority of learners do not move out of this stage as they cannot eliminate all of their mistakes. I was an associative learner when I was younger and attended dance, however, have not continued with the sport, so would say I have no dropped down to being a cognitive learner.

Autonomous stage- This is the final stage of learning, which the majority of people do not reach. You reach this stage when a skill becomes automatic and can be completed without though of the skill itself, and can concentrate on the finer aspects of the skill. If you reach this stage, it is possible to drop out of it, if their is a lack of commitment and time spent continuing with the development of a specific skill.

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Cognitive stage- first learning stage where lots of input is needed to help the learner. This help may include demonstrations and instructions. This stage is particularly relevant for children as many skills which they learn are brand new to them.
Associative phase- the second stage and is usually considered the longest. The majority of learners remain at this stage as they cannot eliminate their mistakes.
Autonomous stage- the third stage where skills become automatic. The person is so used to performing the skill they can do it without having to think about it in depth.
If a learner experiences an injury or takes a break from the skill then they may drop down a phase.

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1. Cognitive phase involves learning a skill in small chunks in order to part learn each aspect of the skill in detail. Methods of learning in this phase consist of demonstration and key verbal instructions which allow the learner to create a mental picture of the skill.
2. Associative phase is the second stage of learning which is often regarded as the longest phase. within this stage the learner builds on their prior knowledge and skill by eliminating their mistakes to refine their skill. At this stage the brain starts to work alongside the body to create motor programmes where the learner is more confident in their skill and ability. Some children and adults will never move past this phase of learning.
3. Autonomous phase is the final stage of the process it is where the skill has become automatic so the learner can perform the skill with maximum conscious thought and focus on other more finer details of the skill such as speed or direction.

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Cognitive phase - the first stage of learning that requires demos and information broken down to make the skills accessible.
Associative phase - building on what they already know and eliminating mistakes to make the skill more refined. This is the stage that the majority of people stay at.
Autonomous stage - the skills are now automatic and they now think of other aspects that can affect the outcome of the skill.

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Cognitive phase - breaking down the skill into sections. Part learning through improving parts of the skill to build up a whole skill. The teacher should demonstrate the skill they are learning.
Associative phase - longest phase of learning. Refining the skills. Some children (and adults) may never move from this stage.
Autonomous phase - The skill learnt has become an unconscious thought. Thinking about the finer aspects rather than the skill itself.

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Polly

1. Cognitive: give small chucks of information to break down the skill to aid the learning. Modelling may be required. But this depends on complexity level. Depending on the skills depends on time taken.
2. Associative: Longest stage of learning, beginners start to eliminate mistakes. Most people will stay at this stage,
3. Autonomous: mastered the sill can do this without thinking.

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Cognitive
Initial learning process. Clear demonstrations and instructions are needed for the skill to be understood. Complex skills take longer to learn therefore, need to be given more time and perhaps broken down into smaller learning steps.

Associative
Second phase of the learning process that is thought to be more time consuming. At this stage the learner begins to understand their mistakes and correct them. The brain, body and muscles then begin to adapt to the new learning improving the motor programmes. However, a majority of learners never make it past this phase as they struggle to perfect the skill and eliminate all of their mistakes.

Autonomous
This final stage is where the skill has become automatic. This can then allow the learner to use the skill to their full advantage within sports. This mostly applies to elite athletes and sports competitors.

This thought process could be used as an aid to examine pupils progress and ensure a pupil develops successfully within physical education. Also, aiding how to plan for future lessons from pupils outcomes against Fitts and Posner's theory.

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Cognitive

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Cogn

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3 Stages of learning - Proposed by Fitts and Posner.
1- Cognitive - inital phase of learning a new skill. The learner tries to create a mental picture of the skill - Demo needed. The more complex the skill, the longer it will take to learn. Teachers need to give small amounts of info - so it can be taken on board and processed. Not necessarily just kids in this phase.

2-Associative- second phase of learning, generally the longest phase. Beginners start to eliminate mistakes and refine their skill. Motor programmes start to become more developed. Some learners never move past this stage, even into adulthood.

3- Autonomous-Final stage of learning. The skill being learnt has become automatic-Think Beckham free Kick, Federer serve. Consistency at a top level. The learner can use that particular skill with minimum conscious thought and can concentrate on finer aspects of the skill.

If u get injured, or lose form, it is possible to drop back down a phase - extreme example- Think Tiger Woods, was once best in world, now might give up the sport.

I feel like the autonomous stage is the hardest to reach as the athlete needs to be able to eliminate mistakes and be consistent at a top level.

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There are three phases of learning that Fitts and Posner have produced:
1. The Cognitive Phase - the skill has to be broken down to a step by step model to aid in understanding.
2. The Associative Phase - the skill needs to be refined to reduce the amount of mistakes that are made and this is done through practice which improves accuracy.
3. The Autonomous Phase - the skill is now automatic and the athlete does not have to think about doing the action, they only need to focus on the where or how of the skill.
EG: skill of throwing has now been mastered and the athlete will focus on the speed of the ball and the direction that they will throw it.

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Fitts and posner outlined 3 stages of learning which occur in both children and adults.

1. The cognitive phase – This is the initial phase of learning where the learner creates their own mental image of the skill. Demonstrations are particularly important at this stage as they support the learners mental image and understanding. Learning skills particularly complex ones may need breaking down into smaller learning points to build up to comprehending the whole skill.

2. Associative Phase – Having learnt the skill to a basic standard this is usually the longest phase and the one where learners star to eliminate their mistakes and become more refined. This is significantly longer than the first stage and most learners will not move past this.

3. Autonomous Phase - This is when the skill becomes automatic as they concentrate on the finer aspects of the skill and the basic movement becomes natural and requires minimum conscious thought. EdJSmbK^�NQ(�

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Fitts and Posner created 3 phases of learning:
1) Cognitive Phase
2) Associative Phase
3) Autonomous Phase

These help to break down learning into 3 sections and help teachers with planning and teaching.

They help with learning new skills, keeping focus and helping children to understand what they're doing and to make the process simpler.

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Fitts and Posner's theory identifying the 3 stages of learning helps to break down the phases in whih teachers need to go through when planning and teaching individual PE lessons or a phase of lessons. within primary PE many children are likely to reach the Associative phase but move no further as the Autonomous phase tends to be only for the most elite athletes. Even if children are showing a very good understanding and display of different aspets of PE they are unlikely to reach a level where there are no errors and each movement is second nature to them.

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This helps when thinking about how to teach.  The teaching and learning go hand in hand.  We must however cater for all the childrens needs ensuring that they reach the cognitive, associative and autonomous phases.

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This helps when thinking about how to teach.  The teaching and learning go hand in hand.  We must however cater for all the childrens needs ensuring that they reach the cognitive, associative and autonomous phases.

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There are 3 stages of learning:
1. cognitive phase - which children rely on breaking down the skills and focus of modelling (demonstrations) of the skill when broken down and what it will look like when pout into one whole movement. For example shot-put.

2. Associative Phase - second phase of learning which tends to be the longest phase and some people/children will always remain here. when children start to eliminate there mistakes and refine the skill (smoother). E.g. use correct posture and tidy up the technique of the shot-put.

3. Autonomous Phase - this is when the skill becomes automatic and unconscious as they concentrate on the finer aspects of the skill; e.g. release of the shot-put. - elite level

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The cognitive stage of learning a new skill is important as people learn through guidance, direction and modelling. Once this stage is completed, the children can then go on to attempting to carry out the skill they have just learnt through trial and error (Associative stage).

If the skill is part of everyday life of its carry out on a regular basis, which is part of the autonomous phase. This means that the skill can be carried out without having to physically think about what they need to do.

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I feel as though the cognitive stage is a good way to introduce new skill, as it is hard to develop a new technique when you have not seen it used in a game or practice. From experience, I find it very beneficial for coaches to break down a technique and teach it step-by-step.

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I think that Fitts and Posner’s theory of learning is well structured and relates to both adults and children when learning new skills. The first stage (cognitive) is more of the conscious side of the mind, when deciding to learn a new skill. When teaching it is always good to remember that the children do not know the skill as we might do.

Once this stage is complete, the next stage (associative) is to become more developed and experienced with the skills but also making mistakes. I feel that it is important to emphasise that it is ok to make mistakes when learning a new skills and therefore when teaching being patient and flexible is also important.

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I have seen this with children learning isolated skills in activity sessions.

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I have seen this with children learning isolated skills in activity sessions.

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I wasn't aware of the structure of how they learn.