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Olfactory:
Gustation:
Skin:
Kinesthesis:
Vestibular:
Pain:
-gate control theory
Touch: (when you touch warm and cold water it feels hot)

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-Everything in the ear is based on vibrations
-Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel to the eardrum, causing it to Vibrate
-The Vibrations cause the Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup of the middle ear to hit each other and carry the vibrations to the Oval Window
-fluid in the snail-shaped Cochlea of the inner ear
-Causes Hairs (Cilia) in the Basilar membrane to move which sends neurons to the Organ of Corti
-Message is then sent to the auditory nerve
-All sensation pass through Thalamus and then to lobe.
Theories of hearing
1. Place theory
-Orginally suggested be Helmholtz, Discovered by Georg von Bekesy (nobel prize 1961)
-Ability to hear different pitches of sound due to location of neuron activity on basilar membrane in Cochlea (caused by frequency (pitch) of sound waves)
High frequency
-Short wavelength
-Higher pitch
-Neuron activity closer to a base of basilar membrane
*Plus of theory
-it explains high pitch
-Problem= cant explain lower tones
why? Area  of snail of cochea is too similar, no differential so we need another theory
2. Frequency theory
-Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave (brain reads pitch from frequency)
How does it work?
Lower frequency= Fewer Neural  Impulses
Higher frequency= Larger Amount of neural impulses plus
-Explains low pitches
Problem=  with pitches above 1,000 Hertz
Why?
-Pitches above 1,000 Hertz are too fast to be read by number of impulses
3. Volley Principle
-Neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for average pitch
-Place for High pitch, Frequency for low pitch, and Volley for middle pitch
Hearing problems
1. Conductive Deafness
-Problems of conducting sound wave to cochlea
-People are sensitive to loud sounds
-can be repaired with hearing aids
2 .Sensorineural  Hearing loss
-Nerve deafness (hair cells)
-Caused by LOUD noises, age, or genetics cochlea
implants may be helpful
Definitions:
Pinna: outer ear, locate sound, funnels sound waves
Ear Canal: auditory canal, vibrations, sound travels through here
Ear Drum: Ear wax protects ear drum, vibrations get sent here
Vestibular organ: helps us stay balanced
Auditory Nerve: reaches temporal lobe
Cochlea: snail shape (hammer, Anvil, and stirrup vibrations travel to Cochlea) contains fluid
Hammer: (part of 3 smallest bones)
Anvil: (part of 3 smallest bones)
Oval Window:
Stirrup: (part of 3 smallest bones)
Middle ear:

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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Perception:
1. figure-ground: we organize information into a figure seen against a ground
2. proximity: group nearby figures together
3.similarity: Group similar figures together
4. Continuity: see smooth, continuous patterns
5. connectedness: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit.
6. Depth perception: 2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D we estimate distance
Visual cliff- Eleanor Gibson and Richard walk
at 6 months we understand depth
Visual constancy= perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
5 types
1. color
2. shape
3. size
4. Location
5;. Brightness
Color Constancy
-perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors even if changing illumination
-what color is an apple?
Perceptual constancies- tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging
Size Constancy- despite distance, objects don't change size (general idea of size)
Shape constancy- see same shape despite angle
it ex: Brightness and color
Monocular cues: Interposition (1 object blocks view of another)]
-often referred to as superposition
Relative size=assumption that 2 objects are similar size) 1 closer has larger Retinal image
Relative clarity aka. Aerial Perspective= perception that Hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
Texture Gradient= Coarse, distinct texture is closer that finer, indistinct texture
Relative Height= Objects higher in field of vision appear farther away (vertical dimensions appear longer than Horizontal Dimensions)
Relative Motion (motion parallex)= movement of self causes stable items to appear to move nearest objects appears to move faster
Linear Perspective= parallel lines appear to converge in distance  people over estimate train's distance
ex: Ponzo illusion
Light and shadow aka. shadowing= nearby objects reflect more light into Eyes (Dimmer objects appear farther away)
Binocular cues: cues that require BOTH eyes
Retinal Disparity= Difference between sight/ views of 2 eyes (ex. Pen movement)
Convergence= cues for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Assumption= closer object gets the larger
Stereoscopic Vision= motion images
phi phenomenon= illusion of Lights (blinking off and on)
Sound Localization
key terms
-Monaural Cue- louder sound means closer sound
-Binaural Cues- stereophonic- stereo: multi directional audio perspective

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I can: Learn color theories and visual cues 

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I can: Learn color theories and visual cues 

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Feature Detectors:
Vision: Electromagnetic spectrum
wavelength: The distance from one wave peak to another (light/sound)
High frequency
Short wavelength:
Bluish colors, high pitched sounds
Low Frequency
Long wave lengths
reddish colors, low-pitched sounds
Amplitude: height of wave
Large Amplitude:
Tall, Bright, Loud sound
Small Amplitude:
Short, Dull, soft sound
Theories of Color Vision:
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors
combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light
Afterimage: When you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturaytion of cones
Young-Helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimage
Theories of Color vision;
Colorblindness: partial or total inability to perceive hues
Dichromats (r/g, y/b)
Trichromats (normal color visions
Theories of Color vision
-opponent-process theory (Hering)
-three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
-(red, greeen)
-(blue, yellow)]
-(black and white)
Individual cones= trichromatic theory
Opponent process= other layers of the retina

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understand the parts and the path of vision

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understand the parts and the path of vision

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Cornea- transparent layer
Aqueous Humor- liquid that keeps shape of eye round
iris- muscle and part of eye that is colored
lens- cloudy part
pupil- opening of iris
virtuous humor- allows virtuous to bend
retina- 3 layers and attaches to optic nerve
optic nerve- goes to occipital lobe, but stops at thalamus
-when an image is seen and light comes through eye the fevea (point of central focus)
-The visual Path:
cornea: transparent protector
place where light enters the eye
-Pupil adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter
-contracts to bright light and relaxes in dim
light(reflexive response)
-Iris- colored part of the eye protection from damage
lens: transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature
Accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance
(round= close, flat=far) what if it is rigid
Retina: Inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light.
Visual Information Processing
-blind sight: ability to respond to something not consciously perceived
-no vision receptors here
Fovea: Line of central focus, holds only cones what are cones?
Optic Nerve: carries visual info to the occipital lobe but 1st thalamus
Visual path
-Optic Chiasm: spot where nerves cross each other (left to right/ right to left)
-Lateral Genicualte Nucleus (LGN)
-Area in Thalamus that interprets images
-Occipital Lobe
Visual path
-3 layers of the Retina
Rods outnumber cones
Rods- black and white, movement, light sensitive
Cones- color, detail, not light sensitive
Bipolar cells: specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/ 1 dendrite)
ganglion cells: Axons of these cells, made of Optic Nerve and sends info to thalamus
2 kinds of Ganglion Cells
-magnocellur cells (M cells, control movement)
-Detect Motion
-parvocellur cells (detect color/ what item is)
Acuity: ability to distinguish fine details, sharpness
Gathering light through structures
-light must pass through the layers of the retina this is called transduction

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Understand the difference between absolute subliminal and difference thresholds 

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Understand the difference between absolute subliminal and difference thresholds 

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Thresholds
-Absolute vs. JND (just Noticeable Differenfce)
-Absolute threshold: the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Just noticeable Difference
-JND is a constant fraction/ Proportion of original stimulus
-bright color needs to have even brighter difference to be able notice a difference
-difference threshold:  the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different
Signal detection Theory
-HIT (false positive, think you see someone you know and you did)
-MISS (false negative, not seeing directions at the top of the test)
Back Masking website

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Difference between sensation and perception
first sense then perceieve
sense:bottom up
perception:top-down
based on expectation
Absolute threshold of sensation:
Signal Detection theory:
Sensory adaptation:
sensation is more accurate than perception
awareness test
Inattentional blindness: focusing on something else so you don't see everything that's there.
Change blindness: enviornment shifts

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Compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

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Compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

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Perceptual set: expectations go into the way you perceive something, but our senses are actually being perceived.
Believing is seeing
Perception:the top-down way our brains organize and interpret that information and put it into context
seeing is believing
Form perception (figure group relationship)- the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
-objects
-Figures
-surrounds or ground