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Mughal festival: HOLI
-in their beliefs it is the last day of the year
-falls in the month of Isfandarmudh when the sun is in Pisces
-most delightful & colourful festivals in India
-aim to unite people by letting go their complaints and embrace one another

CELEBRATIONS

-on the eve of this day, flames can be seen in all lanes and streets
-the people spray red powder(smear gulaal) on each other’s face
-after that, they wash it off, put on their clothes and head to the gardens andd fileds

-melas/ fairs on the banks of the Yamuna behind the Red Fort
-tambourine, cymbal, trumpet would be played while nautch girls perform their dance
-traveling musicians and artist would gather under Red Fort and display their talent
-the mimic imitate the Emperor, prince & princess

-last night of the year, the lighting fires is a metaphor for burning the old year
-grand celebration of Holi held in the Red Fort with singing and dancing throughout the whole night
-the most famous song Bahadur Shah Zafar’s Horiyan would be played
-children would go around entertaining elders with their acts

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1. Akbar- irfan
2. Jodha- kar chun
3. Prince Sujamal- Cheefon
4. Bairam Khan- Lenadine
5. Sharifuddin Hussain- Carmen
6. Mahal Anga- Jia Wen
7. Hamida Banu Begum- Ching Wei
8. Adham Khan- Lindsay
9. Man Singh- Quinny

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Mughal Empire slaves who are forced to work

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Mughal Empire slaves who are forced to work

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The merchants doing business in the market

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The merchants doing business in the market

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A king with luxurious clothing and jewerly

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A king with luxurious clothing and jewerly

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-The most stressed and neglected class of the society.
-Major difference between their standard of living and the the other two higher class.
-Usually without a lot clothing and in cases of famines even without food.
-Held very low paying jobs but long working hours.
-Their condition can perhaps be described as voluntary slaves
-Often harassed by the officers of the king, who took money from them by making false charges against them.

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Could not afford living the life of the rich but they are comfortable and more control over their wealth.
-Many middle class families were also very well off and were able to have some luxuries.

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-Lived in extraordinary luxury with high resources possessions.
-Lived a life of reckless festivity, grand banquets, and fancy homes. They ate expensives food and worn expensive clothes.
-Have homes with huge palatial structures.
-Had the time and resources to go enjoy indoor and outdoor games which was popular among the rich class people
-Unfortunately as a result of their great wealth, many of them wasted their money and lived in temptation.
-Towards the close of the Mughal Empire,many of the king has no interest in ruling the empire,instead seeks for pleasure and fun

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The weakest branch in the army. They are in charge of warships.

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These are the horsemen. They are the highest branch in the army.

They also use spears and swords when they fight, donning the usual tribe attire.

A normal horseman is called a sowar.

Besides horses, elephants are also used as weapons during the war.

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The gun bearers & swordsmen of the army.

However, this branch is not disciplined or trained. They also do not wear any amour.

Most likely to die during battle.

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They are really important to the army. They are in charge of the heavy cannons.

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Crops are to be used as revenue

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The Indian Land, governed by the Mughals

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The Indian Land, governed by the Mughals

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http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i12/U1VCMTQxMDQ3.pdf
https://global.britannica.com/topic/Rajput
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_16.html
http://anjanadesigns.blogspot.com/2013/08/mughal-and-rajput-wars-akbar-and.html
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/mughal-administration-its-culture-and-disintegration-in-india/3062
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire

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Diwan-i-Tan
Diwan-i-Khalsa
-they are in charge of salaries & state lands

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-must know the Quran, Sunna, & Shariat
- sit in a mosque/office in the middle of town
-solves criminal cases

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-back then, wars are waged to expand the empire
-after Humayun (Akbar's father) died suddenly, King Hemu took over the Delhi throne.
-however, Bairam Khan thinks that the throne should be returned to its rightful owner.
-they set a battle - King Hemu vs Bairam Khan
- Bairam won, King Hemu was defeated - beheaded
-Jodha became king.
-why didn't Akbar fight? He was only 13 years old the time.
- This war - featured weapon - Elephants
- 2nd war - if not comply/unwilling to surrender lands - featured weapon - canons

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-The Rajputs are valuable assets to the Mughal Empire
-Therefore, Akbar made settlements with the Rajput princes except Mewar
-once accepted lordship, Rajput princes can help govern the land
-However, there are conditions in the agreement, such as acknowledging the Mughal authority, pay tribute to Babur (founder of the Mughal Empire), supply the army, and agree with arranged marriages
- ties are strengthened with arranged marriages between Rajput daughters and Mughal emperors - Jodhaa and Akbar

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- The Hindu Warriors, self-claimed descendants of Kshatriya (ruling warriors)
- learned combat since young
- to protect families, homes & the kingdom
- even the women practiced combat (in the movie)

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-land revenue is the highest revenue
-revenue collected based on the nature of crops grown and the mean harvest
-revenue decided based on assessments (tashkis/jama) OR products (hasil
-issues aroused when government demand is high & product has to be doubled in quality

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- employee of the village
-responsible for the payment of financial records
-agent for the people
-but under the British system, he is the agent to the government
-this weakens the village system

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-the great Mughal was so absolute that there was no written law!
-all causes are from the emperors - they judge on the spot
-each emperors hold courts on certain days - Akbar does his court on Thursdays

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-responsible especially in the cases of robberies
- track down robbers, find the lost goods,
-send reports/investigations
-guardians of the road, compensate the travellers which kena robbed
-guards the procedures of financial transition

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-chief police officer
-responsible for works under Qazis and Emperor for investigation, prison, punishments

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-will proclaim decisions on the orthodox law
-holds his own court
-holds audiences to present grievances
-issues fines, imprisonments, whippings, bindings, executions
-death penalty decision ONLY issued by the king
-Akbar only gives the death penalty on the third time
-other punishments include trampling by the feet of elephants, a basket of poisonous snakes

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ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
-The Mughal Empire was run by an emperor who had absolute authority.
-Have total power over the lands.
UNITARY STATES
-Is a state governed as a single power
-The central governed is ultimately supreme
-Any administrative divisions implements only powers that the central government approves,the revenue and military department for example

MANSABDARI SYSTEM
-Instituted by Akbar
-collects revenue for the empire while taxing the people equally and maintaining a system of control by the mansabdars (military officers)

SUBAS
-The empire was sectioned into subas (provinces)
-Led by governors appointed by the emperor.
-The subas were divided into parganas (unions of several villages).
-Each pargana had a shiqdar (magistrate) and two officials, generally descendants of previous officials, who collects taxes.

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Gun Powder
- The first Mughal Emperor, Babur had the latest light field guns and muskets, and merged them with additional traditional horsemen and archers.
- Before a battle, Babur place his light field artillery behind smaller ramparts and tied the guns together with leather thongs so that his enemy could not easily storm them.

Tradition of Carpets
- Possibly India had no native carpet weaving tradition before the arrival of Muslim conquerors.
- The Mughals, who uncovered their lineage to the Mongol dynasties in Iran and Central Asia soon established weaving workshops at their courts.
- The early Mughals hired Persian artisans, and for this reason early Mughal carpets were made used largely Persian designs.After some time, a unique Mughal visual repertoire emerged in the court carpets, as well as in miniature painting and other arts.

Volley Gun
- Developed by Fathullah Shirazi, a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar

Bans
- Akbar firstly initiated and used metal cylinder rockets specifically against War Elephants during the Battle of Sanbal.

Mughal Rockets
- At the time of the Siege of Bidar, The Mughal Army used rockets. Prince Aurangzeb's impel dismissed rockets and grenades while scaling the walls.
- Sidi Marjan was very intensely injured when a rocket struck his big gunpowder depot and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was take captive by the victorious Mughals.

Mysorean Rockets (Upgraded Version)

- Used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot.
- Hyder Ali become aware of the importance of rockets and made it known advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets.
- It changed fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore at the time of the Second Anglo-Mysore War specifically at the time of the Battle of Pollilur.

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-establishing relations with the Portuguese, Ottoman Empire, and the Safavid Dynasty

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Astronomy ( 16th & 17th centuries )
Islamic observational techniques + Hindu computational techniques

Maharajah Sawai Jai Singh was as astronomer of the first order.
- produced a set of astronomical tables called -> Zijey Jadid Mohammad Shahee.

Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi.
- derived from the Islamic tradition
- most remarkable astronomical instrument invented in Mughal.

Jantan Mantar observatory
~ a collection of architectural astronomical instruments

Alchemy

Sake Dean Mahomed
-understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo.

Fathullah Shirazi

Volley gun
- developed a volley gun [ multiple gun barrels ]
- similar to hand cannons

Military weapon
- was designed for killing infantry

Another cannon-related machine
- could clean sixteen gun barrels simultaneously
- operated by a cow

17 barrelled cannon
- fired with a matchlock

Akbar

Metal cylinder rockets
- particularly against war elephant [ during the battle of Sanbal ]

Mysorean rockets [ upgraded version of
Mughal rockets ]
- utilized during the Siege of Jinji [ by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot ]

Damascus steel
- best quality sword blades produced by the Mughal Emperor Akbar
- sharpest blades ever used in battle in South Asia

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The Dahsala System:
-Implemented by Raja Todarmal
-The average production of different crops together with the average prices prevailing over the last ten years was calculated and one-third  of share of the average productions was shared to the state.
-Crop yields and prices cultivated for a 10 years period was carefully surveyed.
-For the support of the survey, tax was fixed on each crop in cash.
- Each province was divided into revenue circles or dastur with their own rates of revenue and a schedule of individual crops  (dasture-amal).
-Total revenue collection was done only in cash.
-Tax collected based on crops (depending on size of area & production amount)
-If the land is in a bad condition,concessional rates will be charged.

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Construction: Mughal Style.

Introduction:
- The Mughal architecture is an Indo-Islamic style architecture that was greatly influenced by the Persian architecture.
- Mixture of Islamic, Turkic, Persian & Indian architecture.
- Can be found in India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan.
- Famous for their rich decorative work which reflects tradisional Hindu elements.

History:
- The Mughal Architecture arise during the reign of Akhbar The Great (1556-1605)
- At that time, it was famous for its used of Red Sandstone as a building material.
- Akhbar (Babur grandson) constructed Humayan Tomb, Aura Fort, Buland Darwaza, Fort City of Fatehpur Sikri
- Mughal architecture reached its prime during rulling of Shah Jahan. He constructed the Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Taj Mahal.

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Types of Departments in the Political Government System

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Types of Departments in the Political Government System

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1.REVENUE DEPARTMENT -The leader of the revenue department-Wazir(Prime Minister)
Managing administration officers:
-Diwan (chief revenue officer)
-Bakshi (handles revenue system and recruited officers for the army and the administration)
- sadr, who appointed judges and awarded grants.
2.MILITARY DEPARTMENT        - The leader of the military department- Mir Bakshi.
-Each officer is assigned a rank and a number of cavalry.
-Mansabdar - to maintain a certain number of horsemen & twice the number of horses.
- Only Arabian horses are used.

Imperial household - headed by mir saman - supervise the running of the court & royal bodyguard
Judiciary - headed by the qazi - religious beliefs

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Mughal dynasty: Mughal dynasty, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century.

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This article is about the third Mughal emperor. For other uses, see Akbar (disambiguation).

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During the reign of the Mughal Empire,
- their wealth tripled!
-this is due to their ruling of the land, the bigger the land, the more revenue generated, the richer!
-Sectarian taxes were also imposed on the Non-Muslims

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Influences in Arts & Architecture - Mughal Style

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Influences in Arts & Architecture - Mughal Style

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During this period, arts and architecture has Perso-Islamic, Indo-Persian and of course, Indian elements.

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-King Akbar was a lover of literature. He had a library of over 24000 books!
-His collection is international. It has Greek, Hindustani, Kashmiri, Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit.
-People of a higher class such as holy men, poets, architects and artisans would come and study.

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-Din-Illahi, a religion inspired by a variety of other religions, such as Islam, Hinduism, Christianity and even Zoroastrianism but is more focused on Islamic and Hinduism.
-A movement created by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century AD
-Din-illahi Is another word for divine faith
-It is to promote against sins like lust, sensuality, slander, pride, ego and to encourage to purify your souls.
-The religion was known as a cult contrived by Akbar himself and he would personally choose the members according to their devotions to him
-Din-i-llahi has survived through the era of akbar but has never gone above 19 supporting parties.
-The religion was opposed by Muslim clerics who declared it blasphemous.

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- King Akbar established a centralised administration system.
- He also adopted policies of rulers via marriage ad diplomacy.

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-Akbar's reign lasted from 14 February 1556 to 27 October 1605.
-He was only 13 years old when he became the King.
-He succeeded his father Human under Bairam Khan as his regent and childhood guardian.

-In his reign, the Mughal Empire extended to most of the Indian subcontinent,from the Himalayas in the north to the Vindhyas in the south and Hindukush in the north-west to Brahmaputra River in the east.
-He annulled the special tax payable by Hindus for making pilgrimages in 1563 and completely abolished the jizya, or the annual tax, paid by non-Muslims in 1564

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-It was during the Medieval and Early Modern Periods when Akbar ruled the Indian Subcontinent.
-Late 16th century - Mid 18th Century
-The Mughal Empire, or the self claimed 'Gurkani' was the second largest empire after the Maurya empire.

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ERA OF AKBAR'S REIGN - THE MUGHAL DYNASTY - (1556 - 1605)

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ERA OF AKBAR'S REIGN - THE MUGHAL DYNASTY - (1556 - 1605)