# data[].attributes.body
I can’t say that my journey through Caribbean Civilization was great.  There were many obstacles that I embarked throughout this course. My biggest challenge was time, since I have a full-time job and hardly getting much time to focus on my studies. I struggled to meet the deadline for the book report and I was a bit frustrated about what I was expected to do for the book report since it was my first time doing one. Hence, I wasn’t so happy with my grade for the book report. However, Beyond Mass was a very good read for me and I enjoyed reading the book.  It gave me more knowledge about slavery and how my ancestors were able to be strong, courageous and brave to fight for what they wanted which was their freedom from slavery. I truly admire the African people.

Additionally, Caribbean Civilization was a very interesting course for me as I have much love for history.  Also, I like that there were weekly plenaries and tutorials which I enjoyed listening to such as Caribbean Identity, defining the Caribbean, gender and religion, and so much more and the opening songs at each session which gave out a message.

Furthermore, even though I haven’t gotten much time to attend all the bbc sessions but the recordings came in handy. It gave me a whole new perspective of the Caribbean, knowledge of the different cultures and lifestyles of my fellow Caribbean people and help me identity who I am and where I came from. All in all, Caribbean Civilization was a really good course this semester and I learned a lot of new things from this course which will definitely help me throughout my journey to success.

I want to say thank you to Mr. John Campbell and my tutors in this course who took the time out to prepare all the bbc sessions and notes to make sure that I succeed through the course. To my classmates, it was nice working with you all and I wish everyone the best in their exams and studies. Farewell and I will truly miss you all.

Johanna Faustin 11/28/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
       Neg Mawon- The Fighting Maroons of Dominica

# data[].attributes.subject
       Neg Mawon- The Fighting Maroons of Dominica

# data[].attributes.body
July 12th marks the death of Maroon Chief Jacko two hundred and two years ago. According to Dr Lennox Honychurch’s website, Jacko was “one of the most important Maroon chiefs” on the island. He commanded camps of escaped slaves in the center of the island during the period of slavery. Jacko, the excerpt reveal, was born in Africa and was transported to Dominica in the late 1760s and escaped from Beau Bois Estate (Castle Comfort) soon after. He established himself along with his followers on a plateau near present day Belles and was the main strategist for much of the Maroon activity on the island during the Maroon wars of the 1780s and 1810s.

On July 12, 1814 Jacko, who was ageing, was surrounded and killed during Governor Ainslie’s largest attack against the Maroons of which Jacko’s camp was the main target. “Reports at the time said that he had been in the forest ” for upward of forty years.” Five leaders of his camp surrendered and the loss of Jacko’s leadership was a blow to the morale of the Maroons,” the website also states.

Who were the Maroon people?

After the death of Chief Jacko, the Maroons lived in what he called a “state within a state” which speaks to how powerful they were. The Maroon people were not merely runaway slaves or neg mawon but freedom fighters. “They were actually freedom fighters who succeeded on many fronts and harassed the oppression of the British especially in those years.”

Maroon Chiefs such as Jacko, Balla, Elephant and several other to include women Maroons like Calypso and Angelique were instrumental during these times. Lennox Honychurch’s website also states that Maroon uprisings began between 1785 and 1876 led by Chief Balla. During that time the first Maroon War began. There was an attack on the Rosalie estate followed by a counter attack by British forces on Maroon camps near Belles. “Women such as Angelique, Calypso and Victorie are taken prisoner and give evidence in court.” About one hundred and fifty Maroon were killed and Balla was captured and placed on a gibbet in Roseau until he died. “The slave of Belfast estate who caught him is given freedom and £165.”

The second Maroon war occurred during 1814 and 1815 with the uprising of maroons all over the island. During this time captures, hangings and other punishments take place. “[Governor] Ainslie is recalled to England to answer charges of excessive cruelty.” Also, contrary to popular belief was the relationship between the Maroon people and the Kalinago people as there was no separation between the two people but collaboration. “The Kalinago people actually supported the Maroons in their escape from the estates, showed them pathways and the tracks, foods and cultures important to survival, where the best water came from, where the best plants grew and so forth.”

References:
http://www.dominicavibes.dm/news-207053/
Johanna Faustin- 11/27/16

# data[].attributes.body
Fort Shirley is part of the Cabrits National Park in the north of Dominica and can be considered Dominica’s most important historic site and was the scene of the famous revolt of the 8th West India Regiment in 1802 when African slave soldiers took over the garrison for three days in protest over conditions there and the fear of being sent to work in the canefields. Their action resulted in all slave soldiers in the British Empire being made free in 1807.

Fort Shirley succeeded as being a deterrent to attack Dominica on a number of occasions particularly during the French invasions of Dominica in 1795 and 1805. It was formerly a military outpost, a sterling example of its kind in the West Indies. The British built it in the 18th century garrison to defend north of Dominica. Together they amassed a garrison comprising one fort, seven gun batteries, seven cisterns, powder magazines, ordnance storehouses, bakeries, iron forge, barracks and other officers’ quarters to house and provide for over 600 men on regular duty along with their support staff of artisans and slaves.

With the end of hostilities between Britain and France, the garrison became obsolete and was finally abandoned in 1854. It remained in the hands of the British Admiralty until 1901 when it was transferred to the government of the colony and remained designated as Crown Land. Occasionally it was used as a quarantine and agricultural station.
From 1982 Dominican historian and anthropologist, Dr. Lennox Honychurch, has devoted much time and effort in restoring sections of Fort Shirley. The parts which have been restored are the Officers’ Quarters, the Soldiers’Barracks, Powder Magazine, Ordnance Store, Guard House and Ramparts, while ruins of the rest can be found scattered around the peninsula.

Fort Shirley now has a multi-purpose use as both a tourism site as well as an active centre for visitors and nationals. The Cabrits National Park, which includes Fort Shirley, was established as a National Park in 1986 under the National Parks Act of 1975. Fort Shirley is also part of a group of Eastern Caribbean Coastal Fortifications – structures which are tangible symbols of a European desire to defend the smaller islands for their valuable commodities. They were constructed by skilled slave labour. Their construction shows recognition of the principal role the sea played in the respective islands’ existence.

References:
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6020/
http://searchdominica.com/travel/cabrits-national-park/
Johanna Faustin- 11/27/16

# data[].attributes.body
My Journey

# data[].attributes.headline
Dr. Eric Williams former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago

# data[].attributes.subject
Dr. Eric Williams former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Eric Williams was the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962-1981 the day that he died.  He was born on September 25th 1911. Dr. Williams was the son of Elisa and Henry Williams, a minor Post Office official in Trinidad.

In 1939,  Dr. Williams migrated to the United States to teach at Howard University. He became an assistant professor of social and political sciences and organized several courses, especially a humanities course for which he developed a three-volume work called Documents Illustrating the Development of Civilization (1947). While at Howard, Williams began to work as a consultant to the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, a body set up after the war to study the future of the region. In 1948, he left Howard to head the Research Branch of the Caribbean Commission. He later (1955) resigned from the Commission in protest against its crypto-colonialist policies.

Dr. Eric Williams considered himself a teacher, historian and a philosopher. Before and during his tenure as prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago, he wrote many articles and books on the Caribbean, education, and politics. The following is a bibliography of his works in chronological order:

"The Golden Age of the Slave System in Britain." Journal of Negro History 25 (1940).

"British West Indian Slave Trade After Its Abolition in 1807." Journal of Negro History 27 (1942).

The Negro in the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1942.

"Laissez Faire, Sugar and Slavery." Political Science Quarterly Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

"Race Relations in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands." Foreign Affairs 23 (January 1945).

"Historical Background of British Guiana's Problems." Journal of Negro History 30 (1945).

"Proposed British West Indian University." School and Society 63 (April 1946).

"Education in Dependent Territories in America." Journal of Negro Education 15 (Summer 1946).

Ed. Documents Illustrating the Development of Civilization. 3 vols. Washington, DC: Kaufman Press, 1947.

Among Others!

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
November 2016
http://www.raceandhistory.com/Historians/eric_williams.htm

# data[].attributes.body
The Caribbean region has been influenced by a variety of religious faiths.  Christianity has dominated the Caribbean for many years, however different sects and cultural adaptations of Christianity can be found throughout the islands.  From the religions of slave and indentures servants to styles of religion developed on island themselves, the Caribbean is full of a vibrant variety of faiths.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
November 2016
http://caribya.com/caribbean/religion.

# data[].attributes.body
Caribbean (West Indian) cuisine has been largely influenced by the African, Indian, Chinese, Portuguese and British people who came to live there. Some staples in a Caribbean kitchen are curry, green seasoning, jerk seasoning and hot peppers.

The below collage shows peas and rice, dhal puri (roti), curried chicken, chowmein, curried goat, salads, and jerk chicken.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
November 2016
http://www.ronaldjanki.com/lateblooms/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/West-Indian-Food-with-boost.jpg

# data[].attributes.headline
                  African influences in Dominica

# data[].attributes.subject
                  African influences in Dominica

# data[].attributes.body
The people of Africa who were brought across the Atlantic ocean to work on the sugar and coffee plantations of Dominica from the early 1700s up until 1807 came from West Africa, from areas inland beyond the coast in a region that extended from what is today Senegal down to Angola.

Two other periods of African arrival refreshed the cultural influences from across the Atlantic. After the first stage of Emancipation in 1834, a small group of workers from West Africa voluntarily agreed to contract themselves to come and work in Dominica for wages and settled near some estates.

Then in 1837 and at other times around those years, ships carrying enslaved West Africans across the Atlantic Ocean and destined for colonies and states where slavery had not yet been abolished, were captured by the British Royal Navy. The slaves on board were disembarked on the islands including Dominica and were liberated. Areas where these persons were placed included Soufriere, Woodford Hill, Castle Bruce, Portsmouth and St.Joseph. Some African family names still with us that were handed down are: Akie, Cuffy (Kofi), Carbon (Gabon), Quamie, Quashie and Africa.

The West African influences in Dominica remain in aspects of:

Language: certain words that are still used, see below, and the syntax of speech which is the way that sentences are constructed.
Dance: The Bele and other dance forms were transferred from West African dances.
Music: Drum music and the rhythms associated with drumming. The building of drums.
Song: The type of  songs with call and response, known in Creole as "Lavway" that is used in Bele, in Carnival songs and years ago in work songs , wakes for the dead, songs used when sawing wood or hauling boats.
Food: Root tubers such as yams, ackras and "one pot hold all". Pounded food called "Ton-Ton".
Dress: Ornate dress to show status as described below in the Douillette; The use of gold chain and jewelry and today; The use of heavy gold adornment by men as well.
Spiritualism: the original religion brought to Dominica was Animism, the belief that there are many spirits inhabiting the world, which bring good or evil and are associated with the ancestors such as ancestor spirits. This remains in some form in the obeah, but even in the adaptation to Christianity there is still a great reverence for the dead and the ancestors in the importance of funerals, wakes "nine night" and the annual Fete La Toussaint, to remember the souls of the dead.
Use of plants and herbal medicines: Tropical plants provided many uses for the African arrivals. These were used to cure and ease sickness taken in the form of teas, baths and poultices. Some were used for spiritualist purposes to ward off evil and as charms.

When studying the African words still used in Dominica we can get an idea of some of the tribes who came here.

Some are:
Fula, Twi, Yoruba, Ibo, Ibibo, Ewe, Akan, Bantu - Kikongo, Nembe, Wolof.
Reference:
http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/africa-dominica.cfm
Johanna Faustin- 11/27/16

# data[].attributes.body
This place was built a long time ago to protect Dominica especially the north side from the invasion of the French and British between the 17th and 18th century.
Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZbvuwWbgGo.
Johanna Faustin- 11/27/2016

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Carmen and Dave from http://www.double-barrelledtravel.com explore Fort Shirley in Dominica. You can read more about Carmen and Dave's adventures on their blog: http://www.double-barrelledtravel.com Follow them on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/2barrelltravel Like them on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/doublebarrelledtravel

# data[].attributes.body
This video gives a explanation of just how in powerful and influential Fidel Castro was. Love him or hate him, he will forever be a part of Caribbean History.

Geryl Winston 11/26/2016.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CBC's Paul Hunter takes a look at the life and legacy of the former Cuban leader Click here for the full story: http://cbc.ca/1.3869212 """ Subscribe to The National to watch more videos here: https://www.youtube.com/user/CBCTheNational?sub_confirmation=1 Voice Your Opinion & Connect With Us Online: The National Updates on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thenational The National Updates on Twitter: https://twitter.com/CBCTheNational The National Updates on Google+: https://plus.google.com/+CBCTheNational """ """ """ """ """ The National is CBC Television's flagship news program.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fidel Castro, Leader of Cuba's revolution dies at age 90. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Fidel Castro, Leader of Cuba's revolution dies at age 90. 

# data[].attributes.body
Fidel Castro established the first communist state in the western hemisphere after leading the overthrow of the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista.

Fidel along with his brother Raul and a small band of followers made two unsuccessful attempts at this until they were finally able to force Batista out of office on January 1st 1959 (Hamilton-Willie, p.19.)

Castro ruled over Cuba for close to fifty (50) years. During this time he was able to reduce illiteracy, stamp out racism and improve health care in Cuba. Despite this, Castro was hated for stiffing Cuba's economy, its political freedom and also for oppressing human rights and freedom of speech. As a result, many Cubans fled to the United States.

The Fidel Castro led Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion are an important part of Cuban, Caribbean and even international history.

Reference

Fidel Castro (n.d) retrieved 26 November 2016 from http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/fidel-castro

Hamilton-Willie, D. Lest You forget-The Unites States in the Caribbean. Jamaica: Jamaica Publishing House Limited, 2001. Print.

Image retrieved 26 November 2016 from http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/01/09/fidel-obit1-f41853de233709b75296b380c3dfd3ef8e59ecac-s900-c85.jpg

Geryl Winston 11/26/2016

# data[].attributes.body
Caribbean Civilization was a very interesting course for me, I simply love history and embarking on this course was a tremendous journey.  At first learning the new term "NeoIndians" was revelatory.  To think that our history books taught us the distinction of Arawaks and Caribs because of the European influence was startling.  Going on to revisit the slave trade in the Caribbean brought back the pain and agony that my African for fathers endured.  I appreciate even more now the strength of my African people and I am proud of their endurance, fortitude and resilience.  I looked beyond the degradation of chattel slavery and saw the true strength of my African brothers and sisters.  In the book “Beyond Massa”  I saw the importance and impact they had on the sugar industry in the Caribbean.

The BBC sessions on the abolition of slavery, indentureship, gender and religion among others,  gave me a brand new perspective of my Caribbean “brothers and sisters” as we are not as different as we may have identified ourselves.  We share a rich history and we are really a “Civilization” that has shared similar historical experiences which has influenced our culture, cuisine, race and religions.

For example, I have an Indian grandmother, an African grandfather, Neoindian history in my mother’s family.  My mother is fair skinned with curly hair and my father is doulga (mixed with Indian and African).  My maiden name is Charles and my husband’s name is Mohammed and and he is dark with curly hair more to the African race.  My children have different complexions one is fair and one is dark.  I have family that look Chinese and I really don’t understand that family tree where that race came from in there but, I am saying all this to say that the migration of all these races and cultures has impacted my life significantly.

Apart from revisiting my history in the Caribbean I am able to speak to my colleagues who live in different parts of the Caribbean in this course and also in my other courses, and this is a marvelous experience for me.  Interacting with my group members on skype and WhatsApp was also interesting and we have put together this padlet with all the different things that has influenced our concept of Caribbean Civilization.

I thank Mr. John F Campbell and all the tutors in this course who took the time to do the BBC sessions on a Saturday and I will truly miss the music videos to the start and finish of the session which had a message in each song that showed the culture of the islands.

Thank You!

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
Trinidad and Tobago
November 2016

# data[].attributes.body
Hundreds of years ago, Catholics in Italy started the tradition of holding a costume festival before the first day of the Lenten season. This festival was called "Carnevale." This new culture spread to Spain and was brought to the Caribbean by Christopher Columbus.

Despite the fact that this festival was brought to the Caribbean by the Europeans. There is a strong African influence on carnival celebrations in the Caribbean today as a result of slavery.

There was an ancient African tradition of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. Carnival these days still involves parading in the streets dressed in disguises.  In addition, according to allahwe.org, "carnival traditions also borrow from the African traditions of putting together natural objects (beads, shells, fabrics) to create a costume."

Additionally, feathers were frequently used by Africans on their masks and headpieces as a symbol of humans ability to "rise above our problems, pains, heartbreaks and illnesses." (allahwe.org). Feathers are still used in modern day carnival but simply as decoration.

Reference
Building bridges through culture (n.d) retrieved 24 Nov 2016 from http://www.allahwe.org/History.html

Image retrieved from http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I00006lekM71aBSA/s/850/850/20060219-trinidad-1293.jpg

Geryl Winston 11/24/2016

# data[].attributes.body
In the year 1498 the Spanish rediscovered Trinidad.
The Spanish Influence in Trinidad is still seen today with many places in Trinidad having Spanish names.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
November 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
The cast iron machinery of the mill that was turned with the power of the water brought in the tunnel from the Roseau River.

# data[].attributes.subject
The cast iron machinery of the mill that was turned with the power of the water brought in the tunnel from the Roseau River.

# data[].attributes.body
This machinery is located behind the Goodwill Estate Factory which has now been transformed into the Physical Planning Division in Dominica. This clearly shows that there was large scale sugar production in Dominica.

Unfortunately, this machinery has not been kept well and is now covered in grass rather than being a tourist attraction.

Image Credit: Lennox Honeychurch
Image Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153822347001371&set=pcb.10153822373111371&type=3&theater

Geryl Winston 11/24/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Water Canal Tunnel which was build by slaves is Newly exposed in Dominica.  

# data[].attributes.subject
Water Canal Tunnel which was build by slaves is Newly exposed in Dominica.  

# data[].attributes.body
This historical tunnel carried water from the Roseau River to power the sugar mill which is located on far east of this tunnel opening. The tunnel has been exposed by recent bush clearing and was built by slave labour in the 1770's out of a volcanic cliff.

The tunnel is now inhabited by a homeless man and his dogs.
Photo Credit: Lennox Honeychurch.
Image retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153822337911371&set=pcb.10153822373111371&type=3&theater

Geryl Winston 11/24/2016

# data[].attributes.body
Europeans had an ideology that African history was not important.  They posited that Africans were inferior to Europeans and they used this to help justify slavery.  However, the study of African history has shown that Egypt was the first of many great African Civilisations.  This civilisation lasted thousands of years and achieved many magnificent accomplishments in science, mathematics, medicine, technology and the arts.  Egyptian civilisation was already 2000 years old by the time the city of Rome was built.

In West Africa, in the kingdom of Ghana was an expanded Empire that spread across an area the size of Western Europe.  Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries this empire traded gold, salt and copper.  It was like a medieval European empire, with a powerful local ruler, controlled by one king or emperor.  Ghana was a highly advanced and prosperous nation. History supports that Ghanaian rulers had an army of 200,000 men.

In Benin and Ife the Yoruba people governed their empire between the 11th and 12th centuries.  The Ife people made objects from bronze, brass, copper, wood and ivory.  Studies of the Benin show that they were a highly skilled people in ivory carving, pottery and wood.

During the thirteenth and fifteenth century, the kingdom of Mali spread across most of West and North-East Africa.  They had an organised trading system, with gold dust and agricultural produce being exported north.  Cowrie shells were used as a form of currency and gold, salt and copper were traded.

The Songhay Kingdom grew very powerful and prosperous between 1450-1550.  These African people had a well organised system of government, and a developed currency and they imported fabrics from Europe.  Timbuktu also became one of the most important places in the world.

Before the arrival of Europeans slavery existed in Africa.  People were enslaved as punishment for a crime, payment for a debt or as a prisoner of war.  However, African punishment was different from what chattel slavery epitomized. For example most of the enslaved were captured in battle or they were punished for crimes, some worked to buy their freedom and children from enslaved African did not automatically become slaves.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
November 24th 2016
References
http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/image76034-abolition.html
http://mypeoplewakeup.blogspot.com/2008_09_01_archive.html

# data[].attributes.body
The journey in Caribbean Civilization is quickly coming to an end and I cannot say that I am not relieved. This course has been very bittersweet for me. The unit reading were quite short and interesting and there were not any compulsory learning activities that we had to complete so that was great.

I also liked that there were weekly plenaries and tutorials which gave students the opportunity to ask questions and have their concerns addressed in real time. I unfortunately did not attend many plenaries as Saturday evenings were extremely inconvenient for me and I soon became overwhelmed by the recordings.

In addition, I was shocked that we had to purchase the text for the book report. It was an additional cost that I did not budget for the semester. As a result I purchased the book very late and consequently started reading it even later. I soon became overwhelmed by the book and the assignment in general. I had never done a book report before and I was not clear as to what was expected or me for the most part. All is well that ends well as I got a good grade and I was relieved by this.

All in all, I think this course needs to have more graded course work now that it does not have an exam. We as the students need more opportunities to better our grades and therefore get a better chance at an A. As it stand there are only three assignments, if a student does not do well in one, there chances of an A are significantly diminished. Regardless, this course has given me a different  perspective on slavery that I will keep with me and pass on to the children around me.

I would like to thank my group members for their hard work. This portfolio was a  bit stressful to everyone but we pulled through.

Good luck to everyone in the future. I wish you all a Merry Christmas and a very productive year to come.

Geryl Winston 11/24/16

# data[].attributes.body
Cultural Diversity in the the Caribbean is part of our identity as Caribbean people.  The influence of Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Portuguese, Spanish and British all played a part in our diaspora.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
Reference
https://globalgraffmag.wordpress.com/2012/07/30/window-to-the-caribbean/

Window to the Caribbean, an oil on canvas, depicts a wide cross section of the region’s cultural heritage and diversity through peoples, festivals, wooden buildings, flora and fauna.

# data[].attributes.body
Post-emancipation, Caribbean countries assumed the patriarchal societies of their colonizers. Women would remain subordinate to men for most of Caribbean history. However, in the 21st century, both women and men are in the process of adapting to newly emerging gender relations in both the material and ideological dimension of gendered life. These relations are modified by changes brought about by the restructuring of the global political economy, by a changing cultural landscape, and by the profound impact of the global discourse on gender.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
Reference:
http://www2.dickinson.edu/departments/geol/disasterhomepage/sochomepage/GENDER/goodcaribbeanoverviewfinal.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Artifacts of NeoIndians in Haiti.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
Reference
http://www.keywordhut.com/YXJhd2FrIGFydGlmYWN0cw/

# data[].attributes.body
The Caribbean Diaspora consists of a large number of migrants that created a cosmopolitan society within the region.  We are all part of this rich diversity that has structured our identity and our heritage.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed
Reference:
https://www.google.tt/search?q=the+caribbean+diaspora&rlz=1C1WLXA_enTT597TT614&es

# data[].attributes.body
My journey through out this course was faced with some challenges. since this is my first time doing online studies I was not sure what to expect. My biggest challenge was with time, with a full time job and a family it was as if there were not enough time for me to focus on my courses particularly Caribbean Civilization which entailed a lot of reading. I struggled to meet deadlines especially the book report. The padlet also has it share of challenges for me, since I have never done a padlet nor a book report. Apart from these challenges I must say the overall course was a very interesting one. The text as well as the lectures were very informative. I am a lot more knowledgeable now as it relates to Caribbean Civilization and our cultural practices in particular.  I wish to thank Dr. John Campbell and the e tutors as well as the members of my group for they hard work and dedication.
C.Cox-Peters
23th Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Natural Disasters and its impact on the  Caribbean Islands

# data[].attributes.subject
Natural Disasters and its impact on the  Caribbean Islands

# data[].attributes.body
Heavy rains from Hurricane Matthew caused major flooding and landslides on many of the islands. 29th Sept. 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Natural Disasters and its impact on the Caribbean Islands 

# data[].attributes.subject
Natural Disasters and its impact on the Caribbean Islands 

# data[].attributes.body
C.Cox-Peters 23.Nov.2016
The Caribbean islands are prone to natural disasters, particularly hurricanes, as recently as September 29th 2016, several islands in the Caribbean were under treat from Hurricane Matthew, although we escaped the actual hurricane, there were much damage done to many of the islands as a result of the heavy rains and winds. Disasters affect the growth and development of the islands. The infrastructure and Agriculture as well as private properties are greatly affected, which results in major set back in terms of productivity. This can be compared to the issues which affected the cultivation of the Sugar crop in the 18th century. Sugar crops were often plagued be diseases and natural disasters which hindered productivity. These small vulnerable island take a very long time to rebuild after the impact of these disasters.

# data[].attributes.headline
                 Big drum dancing in Carriacou our culture

# data[].attributes.subject
                 Big drum dancing in Carriacou our culture

# data[].attributes.body
C.Cox-Peters
22 Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Education a contributing factor to Caribbean Civilation 

# data[].attributes.subject
Education a contributing factor to Caribbean Civilation 

# data[].attributes.body
The Caribbean's heritage is part of our identity. So don't steal it. It is what that makes us who we are.

Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNhXG0ZCsNI
Johanna Faustin- 11/22/16

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
White House Caribbean Heritage Month Celebration

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heritage is identity, don’t steal it – Caribbean

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dear tourist, make sure that the souvenir you take home from the Caribbean hasn't been looted from a museum or illegally excavated from an archeological site. Please check its provenance and verify that it can be exported out of the country!

# data[].attributes.body
This picture depicts our unique culture in the Caribbean that makes the outsiders identify who we are and where we came from. Even those that migrate out of the Caribbean to else where, carries along their culture and shares it with the world. Hence, culture is part of our identity.

Reference:
https://www.google.dm/searchq=dominica+identity&biw=1242&bih=602&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxnPHB57zQAhWHyyYKHb5JCJoQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1.1#tbm=isch&q=caribbean+identity&imgrc=Tp4LkN6gOF6i8M%3A
Johanna Faustin - 11/22/16

# data[].attributes.body
Johanna Faustin- 11/22/16

# data[].attributes.body
This picture depicts a break down of the various religions which are practiced in the Caribbean today. Catholicism and Protestantism in particular were practiced by the earliest settlers.

Reference
Caribya: Religion in the Caribbean (n.d) Retrieved 20th Nov 2016 from http://caribya.com/caribbean/religion/
Geryl Winston-20/11/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Emancipation Day celebration in Grenada, Big Drum Dancing handed down by our African Ancestors and practiced up to present day as part of our culture on the sister isle Carriacou. C.Cox Peters 20th Nov. 2016.   https://www.google.com

# data[].attributes.subject
Emancipation Day celebration in Grenada, Big Drum Dancing handed down by our African Ancestors and practiced up to present day as part of our culture on the sister isle Carriacou. C.Cox Peters 20th Nov. 2016.   https://www.google.com

# data[].attributes.body
Aspects of our culture inherited from the enslaved. Carnival on Grenada's sister isle Carriacou. 20th Nov. 2016.  C.Cox Peters Nov 20th 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Video of Caribbean Persons who live in the United States prior to the election of Donald Trump. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Video of Caribbean Persons who live in the United States prior to the election of Donald Trump. 

# data[].attributes.body
This video comically depicts the way that Caribbean people reacted after the news that Donald Trump was elected US president.

"Haitiansbelike"(n.d) retrieved 9th Nov 2016 from https://www.facebook.com/HaitiansBeLike/

Geryl Winston-20/11/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Individuals who excelled in the Religious Field in Dominica. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Individuals who excelled in the Religious Field in Dominica. 

# data[].attributes.body
"When it comes to religion, the Caribbean is dominated by Christianity. However, many different sects and cultural adaptations of Christianity can be found throughout the islands. From the religions of slaves and indentured servants to styles developed on the islands themselves, the Caribbean is full of a vibrant variety of faiths" (Caribya,p.1)

The Spaniards brought Catholicism to the Caribbean after the seventeenth century. In addition, the French and Dutch were also devout Roman Catholics while the British were protestants. To date there exists a wide cross section of Religions in every Caribbean Island particularly those which were claimed and passed on by different nations including Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada.

In addition, according to Caribya, "slavery and indentured servitude brought many different religions to the Caribbean. In fact, the African influence on Caribbean religious practices are evident in our belief of voodum and superstition.

To date, Catholicism is still the most widely practiced religion in the Caribbean. Therefore, a catholic bishop and cardinal were highlighted to depict the accomplishments of religious individuals as per the instruction for activity 7.2.

Reference
Caribya: Religion in the Caribbean (n.d) Retrieved 20th Nov 2016 from http://caribya.com/caribbean/religion/

Geryl Winston-20/11/2016

# data[].attributes.body
In this song, International recording artist Destra Garcia states "it's in my blood, it's in my veins, can't wash it off, I'm forever stained" in reference to the Trinidadian Carnival. This shows that Carnival is taken seriously by Trinidadians and Caribbean people by extension; it is a part of our culture.

Reference
askimaginemedia."Destra Garcia-Bacchanal [Official Music Video]".Online Video Clip. Youtube. Youtube, 16 May 2012. Web. 20 November 2016.

Geryl Winston-20/11/16

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Destra Garcia- Bacchanal [Official Music Video]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Artiste: Destra Garcia Track: Bacchanal Directors: Sheldon Felix & Lisa Wickham Producer: Lisa Wickham Production: E-Zone Entertainment- Imagine Media International Ltd. / Militainment Year: 2009

# data[].attributes.headline
Ways in which the US election results may affect the Caribbean. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ways in which the US election results may affect the Caribbean. 

# data[].attributes.body
According to FOUN 1101 unit notes, "following the end of the American Civil War, the United States went into a period of isolationism, within which it was decided that the country would not be involved in the affairs of other states and further, would only focus it's attention on it's own internal development" (p.10). However, by the 1880's, this was reconsidered.
President Trump's famous slogan is "make America great again." The president elect believes that the United States has spent too long helping to develop other countries and this is the time to focus on America. He has stated " I make no apologies for this country, my pride in it, or my desire to see us become strong and rich again. After all, wealth funds our freedom. But for too long we've been pushed around, used by other countries." These 'other countries' he speaks of definitely includes the Caribbean as the United States has made considerable investments here in terms of disaster relief and immigration to mention only a few.

References
Donald Trump on Foreign Policy (n.d) retrieved 19th Nov 2016 from http://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Donald_Trump_Foreign_Policy.htm

University of the West Indies, Open Campus (n.d) FOUN: Caribbean Civilization, Unit 6-Caribbean Identity.

Geryl Winston-19/11/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Impact the election of Donald Trump as US president could have on Dominica and the Caribbean by extension. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Impact the election of Donald Trump as US president could have on Dominica and the Caribbean by extension. 

# data[].attributes.body
Many may wonder why Caribbean are concerned with the US election. Some may claim that this has nothing to do with us in the Caribbean but this is by no means an accurate statement.
We are well aware that the United States has a great influence on us in the Caribbean from the way we dress, the shows we look at on television, the music we listen to and even the way we speak. In fact, many Caribbean people dream of the day that they will gain the opportunity to visit The United Stated; the land of greener pastures and many have already migrated for better or worse. Some Caribbean persons have been living in the US for over thirty (30) years and still do not have proper documentation. President elect Trump has clearly articulated his position on immigrants, does this mean that many of our Caribbean people will be returning home after so many years of living in the United Stated and identifying solely with US culture?  If this is the case, how will they adapt to Caribbean life after the have chosen "another homeland to identify with" (Foun 1101 unit notes, p.10).
In Dominica, there is an exceptionally high unemployment and underemployment rate. Therefore many of our citizens depend on their family members to send the money from the US in order to have their bills paid. When these family members return to Dominica, they will more than likely be unemployed as well. Then how will the family sustain itself?

Many of the Caribbean citizens who have migrated to the US did not attain higher education. Many work at chain food restaurants and stores like Walmart or Kmart. We do not have many of these to provide these individuals with jobs in the Caribbean.

Reference
Dominicans could be impacted by Trump presidency says Gabriel Christian. 13 November 2016. Dominica News Online. Web. 20 Nov 2016

Geryl Winston 19/11/2016

# data[].attributes.headline
St Kitts and Nevis foreign affairs minister Mark Brantley reacts to the election of Donald Trump as US president. 

# data[].attributes.subject
St Kitts and Nevis foreign affairs minister Mark Brantley reacts to the election of Donald Trump as US president. 

# data[].attributes.body
Caribbean leaders are hopeful that the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States will not hinder the Caribbean's relationship with the United States but will in fact enhance it. They also hope that many systems will continue being run in the same way they are now.

Geryl Winston 19/11/16

# data[].attributes.headline
Learning Activity 7.3: Should a relationship exist between Religion and Education in your country?

# data[].attributes.subject
Learning Activity 7.3: Should a relationship exist between Religion and Education in your country?

# data[].attributes.body
In Dominica, most persons identify with some religion be it Catholicism or Protestantism. Therefore, many parents see the need to enroll their children in schools which offer some soft of religious guidance. In this way, it is fair to state that a relationship between education and religion does exist in Dominica.

Geryl Winston-19/11/16

# data[].attributes.body
NeoIndian people in the Caribbean before the arrival of Europeans.
1.     The indigenous people of the Caribbean were the Tainos and the Kalinagos who were the first group to meet Columbus and his crew when they arrived in the Caribbean.  The Tainos (known as the rain forest, agricultural people) and the Kalinagos (known as the sea-fearing reefs and forest wetlands people), lived in large communities mainly in Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico which is known as the Greater Antilles.  They arrived in the Caribbean from today’s Yucatan and Belize in Central America.  Other groups came from South America, primarily from the Orinoco and Amazon River valleys and Venezuela, they use canoes to travel.

History supports that the tribal groups called the Ciboney (known as the stone people) were the first group of indigenous people to arrive in the Caribbean region.  They lived in Florida and inhabited the western part of the Bahamas and parts of Cuba and also the Leeward Islands and the US British Virgin islands, before Columbus arrived in the Caribbean.

Jennifer Charles-Mohammed 316102350
November 2016
http://www.keyword-suggestions.com/d2hvIHdlcmUgdGhlIGNhcmlicw/

# data[].attributes.body
This document provides a comment on the statement "before the arrival of Columbus the area was one of "darkness."

Geryl Winston-18/11/16

# data[].attributes.body
This presentation discusses the division of the Caribbean region and includes maps which depict the Caribbean boundaries.

Geryl Winston-18/11/16

# data[].attributes.body
By the nineteenth century, special ships known as slavers were used to transport slaves to the West Indies through the middle passage while another ship was used to transport sugar back to Europe.

Slaves on the ships were referred to as cattle but were treated far worse than cattle. These people were treated like inanimate cargo. The sailors were aware that they were capable of revolt and therefore were branded, chained and separated from their tribesmen and families (Greenwood and Hamber p.127). This made plotting rebellions impossible however there were still many cases of spontaneous rebellion as is spoken about the the book Beyond Massa.

The men and women were kept apart on the ship. They were chained below the deck and brought up once a day for exercise. This exercise according to Greenwood and Hamber (p.127) consisted of dancing or jumping around in one spot in an effort to restore circulation.

Below the deck, the slaves were packed like sardines in a tin (Greenwood and Hamber p.127). Greenwood and Hamber state that "an area approximately six feet long and and two feet wide was allowed for a male slave; less for a female"(p.127). In addition, the slaves were confined to this one spot, they therefore fouled in this exact area. A bucket was water was sometimes thrown over them as the laid to wash away the excrement.

The worse conditions in the middle passage were experienced between the years 1650 and 1750. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, conditions aboard the ships improved as the health of the slaves became increasingly important. This was not for humanitarian reasons but simply for profit.

Reference
Greenwood, R and Hamber, S. Malaysia: Macmillan Publishers Limited , 2003. Print.

Image retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=slavery+in+the+caribbean+sugar+plantations&tbm

C.Cox-Peters 10th October 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Dangers of Working at the Mill and Boiling House 

# data[].attributes.subject
Dangers of Working at the Mill and Boiling House 

# data[].attributes.body
Work in both the mill and boiling house was unpleasant and dangerous. The work was exhausting and led to horrific accidents; a slave with a machete stood beside the slave who fed cane into the mill, ready to cut off the arm of the mill feeder in case it became trapped. Sir Thomas Lynch wrote in 1672 that "plantations are subject to abundance of ill accidents, especially Sugar workers, because they have so many Machines" Contemporary writers record some of the hazards:
"If a Mill-feeder be catch'd by the finger, his whole body is drawn in, and is squees'd to pieces, If a Boyler gets any part into the scalding Sugar, it sticks like Glew, or Birdlime, and 'tis hard to save either Limb or Life."

Reference
Conditions in Sugar (n.d) retrieved 10 October 2016 from http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean35.aspx

C.Cox-Peters 10th October 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
 Interior of a sugar boiling house at Wetherall's Antigua, by William Clark, London 1823

# data[].attributes.subject
 Interior of a sugar boiling house at Wetherall's Antigua, by William Clark, London 1823

# data[].attributes.body
Image Retrieved from http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean35.aspx

C. Cox-Peters 10th October 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Windmill thought to have been constructed in 1760 on Estridge Plantation, St.Kitts. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Windmill thought to have been constructed in 1760 on Estridge Plantation, St.Kitts. 

# data[].attributes.body
Image retrieved from http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean33.aspx

C.Cox-Peters 10th October 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
This photo depicts the raw material which produced "King Sugar."

# data[].attributes.subject
This photo depicts the raw material which produced "King Sugar."

# data[].attributes.body
Prior to the failed attempts at plantation agriculture in the Caribbean region, sugar cane was seen as the best possible alternative to tobacco and cotton. This was because the climate in the Caribbean was ideal for sugar cultivation and there was a growing demand for sugar in Europe (Campbell 2012).

"The story of sugar was not all sweetness. Sugar and slavery developed hand in hand in the English Islands." (Dunn 1973, 189).

Reference

Campbell, J (2012) Beyond Massa sugar management in the British Caribbean, 1770- 1834. Wellesley, M.A. : Calaloux Publications.

Image retrieved from http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/

C. Cox-Peters 10 October 2016Sugar Cane

# data[].attributes.headline
Ruins of Sugar Mill in Dominica- This picture shows the ruins of the sugar mill which was used by the slaves themselves in Dominica. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ruins of Sugar Mill in Dominica- This picture shows the ruins of the sugar mill which was used by the slaves themselves in Dominica. 

# data[].attributes.body
Once the cane was cut, it was essential that it got processed quickly to avoid fermentation of the juice.

The cane was brought to the sugar mill by donkey or cart. Inside the mill, the slaves fed the cane through wooden or metal rollers which crushed the cane and extracted the juice.

The earliest mills were powered by cattle, mules or oxen which were imported from Europe and North America. The oxen died out quickly therefore in the 17th century, only cattle and horses were used to power the animal mills.

From 1663, the planters began to realize that windmills worked faster than animal mills. Therefore by 1674, over 260 windmills had been erected. (One such windmill is pictured in this portfolio). On the contrary, some planters noted that windmills were useless when it was not windy and therefore opted to keep their animal mills in reserve.

Additionally, in the 19th century, plantation owners began to use steam engines to power their mills. These engines could be used continuously but required large amounts of fuel and water which were exceedingly expensive to acquire.

One such engine is pictured below and is a tourist attraction in Dominica.

Reference

Sugar Mills (n.d) retrieved 27/11/2016 from http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean33.aspx

Image retrieved from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s7V3FdLu8Sg/U2lZm36qzWI/AAAAAAAABqQ/haINmf4sWgI/s1600/IMG_20140415_101616.jpg

Geryl Winston 12/10/2016

# data[].attributes.body
Slaves did not come to the Caribbean by their free will, they were capture in one of five (5) ways. These were through pawning, kidnapping, tribute, raiding and warfare.

Reference
How slaves were acquired in Jamaica (n.d). Retrieved 11/10/2016 from http://www.accessgambia.com/information/how-were-slaves-acquired.html

Geryl Winston 11/11/201

# data[].attributes.headline
Interesting video about Slavery in Jamaica.  

# data[].attributes.subject
Interesting video about Slavery in Jamaica.  

# data[].attributes.body
This video depicts chattel slavery in Jamaica as spoken about in Dr Campbell's Beyond Massa. The video also displays the rise and fall of a great sugar plantation in Jamaica.

Reference
Ian Vassel (2012) Slavery in Jamaica. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/injqATWMRkM

Geryl Winston 10/11/2016

# data[].attributes.body
This Picture Depicts the 18th Century Chattel Slaves on the Jamaican Plantation

Image retrieved from http://cdn.inquisitr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/jamaicaslaves.jpg

Geryl Winston 10/10/2016