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How and why did American settlement and westward expansion result in the displacement of native peoples? 

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How and why did American settlement and westward expansion result in the displacement of native peoples? 

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What are the Indian Land Cessions that occurred between 1790-1820?

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What are the Indian Land Cessions that occurred between 1790-1820?

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The Indian Land Cessions that occurred around 1790-1820 were mostly made due to new settlers expanding west, into native territory. The Natives started with a vast aboriginal land, but only ended up with a mere 52 million acres, smaller than the state of Minnesota.

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Manifest Destiny and the Displacement of Indians

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Manifest Destiny and the Displacement of Indians

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With the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, a new concept of manifest destiny arised and many settlers rushed to settle the rest of America and expand west. Because of this rapid expansion, Native territory was reduced drastically and land cessions were made to accommodate the new American settlers with the Natives.

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This primary source is from a testimony from a friend of Sitting Bull and a significant Dakota, Chief Gall. In the source, he speaks of the way the natives were mistreated in the past during the times of the land cessions and how their land which they found to be very sacred was sold cheaply and taken. He says, “We have gotten entirely through, and have brought this matter to a conclusion in a good humor. We have spoken to you pleasantly, and we have got much to do at home, and we are going home today.” He shows his anger in his speech and says that he’s through with how their land was treated by the colonists.

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This image shows the schedule of the Indian Land Cessions from between January 9, 1789 to November 11, 1794. It describes where the Natives were forced to move and where the boundaries are drawn for each of their properties. The natives had no option other than selling their land and as the schedule dates go up, the natives have to sell and lose more and more of their land.

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The map below helps visualize the expansion of the American settlers over time from 1784 - 1899.  It shows how quickly this expansion happened, as it took only 80 years for colonists to settle from the original 13 colonies all the way to the western shore, and soon after that they had made up most of current America. Especially considering that there were other foreign powers, such as France and Spain, attempting to gain influence in the Americas, the extreme rate at which the settlers colonized is very surprising.

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This data table, similarly to the map, show the colonist expansion over time.  However, this also includes the Native American population over that same time frame. In 1810, there were around 600,000 natives in America, but less than 100 years later, there were only 228,000, less than half of their previous numbers. Although this is not proof that settlers were the sole cause of the native population decreasing, it very clearly shows that there was a correlation between the colonization of America and the depopulation of the native people.

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Starting in the late 1700s, British colonists began to move out of their small 13 original colonies.  However, there was a lot of competition in these new lands.  Lots of farmers and wealthy landowners wanted more land, but Native Americans, many of which had friendly relations with settlers, occupied lots of the land that settlers wanted to live in.  This caused lots of disagreement and eventual conflicts to happen between natives and colonists.  As colonization increased well into the 18th century, so did the spread of diseases to natives, ravaging their societies.  Population growth and natural resources continued to encourage expansion, creating an endless need for more land.  Native tribes continued to get into fights both with colonists and each other, further lowering their numbers.  In the end, it was the colonists who had the power, and although there were many initial attempts for peace with the natives, it was impossible for them to continue to live in harmony without issues.

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Waldman, Carl. “Indian Land Cessions and the Growth of the United States.” Atlas of the North American Indian, Third Edition, Facts On File, 2009. American History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17283&itemid=WE52&articleId=190347. Accessed 24 Nov. 2020.

Waldman, Carl. “Land Cession.” Word Dance: The Language of Native American Culture, Facts On File, 1994. American Indian History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17283&itemid=WE43&articleId=187550. Accessed 24 Nov. 2020.

History.com Editors. “Manifest Destiny.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 5 Apr. 2010, www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny.

“Atsina Indians Moving Camp. Gallery H (2 of 20).” Free Web Stats, www.firstpeople.us/american-indian/photographs/atsina-indians-moving-camp.html.

McCarthy, Matthew. Native American Population Study, 1 May 2014, nativestudy.wordpress.com/.

“American Indian Wars.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars.

Chief Gall's “Speech at the Pratt Commission”. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs,
RG 75. Accessed November 11, 2015, http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/largerimage.html?i=/publications/prologue/2008/fall/images/gall-testimonyl.jpg&c=/publications/prologue/2008/fall/images/gall-testimony.caption.html