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North America had hundreds of different Indigenous cultures and almost two thousand different languages. Communities had perfected the art of agriculture, were using irrigation canals, built dams, and engaged in many of the same activities and agricultural advancements as peoples in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Families were matrilineal. Estimates of the numbers of people living on the continent range from 5 to 10 million.

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Franciscans establish a school in St. Augustine in what will become the state of Florida.

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Boston Latin School established for young men of all classes, presumably white. Instruction in Latin and Classical Greek.

Free school established in Virginia.

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South Carolina passed one of the earliest laws prohibiting teaching an enslaved person write. In other parts of the South the mid-eighteenth century saw an expansion of earlier laws forbidding the education of enslaved people.

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1817 The American school for the Deaf (The American Asylum) 

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1817 The American school for the Deaf (The American Asylum) 

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The first school for children with disabilities anywhere in the western hemisphere was founded April 15, 1817, West Hartford, CT

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1837 - The African Institute (later called the Institute for Colored Youth) opens in Cheyney, Pennsylvania. Now called Cheyney University, it the oldest institution of higher learning for African Americans.

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1837 - The African Institute (later called the Institute for Colored Youth) opens in Cheyney, Pennsylvania. Now called Cheyney University, it the oldest institution of higher learning for African Americans.

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In 1839, Ohio became the first state to adopt a bilingual education law, authorizing German-English instruction at parents' request

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1849 -  In the case of Roberts v. City of Boston, the Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that the Boston Public Schools can deny enrolment of African American children to segregated, "whites-only" schools. The case is later cited as a precedent for the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruling.  

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1849 -  In the case of Roberts v. City of Boston, the Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that the Boston Public Schools can deny enrolment of African American children to segregated, "whites-only" schools. The case is later cited as a precedent for the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruling.  

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1854 - Ashmun Institute, now Lincoln University, is founded on October 12, and as Horace Mann Bond, the university's eighth president states in his book, Education for Freedom: A History of Lincoln University, it becomes the "first institution anywhere in the world to provide higher education in the arts and sciences for male youth of African descent." The university's many distinguished alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall.

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1854 - Ashmun Institute, now Lincoln University, is founded on October 12, and as Horace Mann Bond, the university's eighth president states in his book, Education for Freedom: A History of Lincoln University, it becomes the "first institution anywhere in the world to provide higher education in the arts and sciences for male youth of African descent." The university's many distinguished alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall.

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1922 Woodson published a college textbook

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1922 Woodson published a college textbook

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"The Negro in Our History", which was used in many African-American schools and colleges.

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In 1954, requires public schools to educate all children, regardless of race.

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The Free Breakfast Program is started by the Black Panthers in January 1969 at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in West Oakland, California, the program became so popular that by the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the US, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school.[2]

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The Free Breakfast Program is started by the Black Panthers in January 1969 at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in West Oakland, California, the program became so popular that by the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the US, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school.[2]

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Fall 1963 First Multilingual School in the US

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Fall 1963 First Multilingual School in the US

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Coral Way Elementary School in Dade County, Florida, is considered to be the first public school bilingual bicultural education program for both English and Spanish speakers in the United States.

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The Head Start program, an educational preschool program for children from low-income families, is founded by Jule Sugarman.

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View Data Table

In 1980, the five most commonly spoken languages other than English were Spanish, Italian, German, French, and Polish. By 2010, Spanish was still the most widely spoken language after English but it was followed by Chinese, French, Tagalog, and Vietnamese. More information about language spoken at home can be found at www.census.gov/topics/population/language-use.html.

SOURCE: Decennial censuses 1980-2000 and 2010 ACS 1-year estimates

NOTE: Square area is proportional to the number of people speaking a given language. Data are for the population 5 and older.

Spanish includes Spanish Creole, French includes Patois, Cajun, and French Creole; Portuguese includes Portuguese Creole. The languages highlighted are the languages where comparable data were available for the four time periods: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Other languages spoken in 2010 at least as widely as those shown above include Arabic, Cambodian, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Navajo, Thai, and Urdu.

As is the case with all surveys (including the 1980, 1990, and Census 2000 "long-form"), statistics from sample surveys are subject to sampling and nonsampling error. For more information, go to www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation.html.

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Top Languages Other than English Spoken in 1980 and Changes in Relative Rank, 1990-2010

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Weekly data visualization from the U.S. Census Bureau looks at the most commonly spoken languages other than English in 1980 and how they have changed in the last 30 years. http://go.usa.gov/4HB4

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California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English-speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education