# data[].attributes.body
Review past tenses

Past tenses in the passive voice

https://youtu.be/Qe6dHB0MC94

When the subject of the verb, is more important than the person or thing carrying it out, the object

The object of the passive form is usually left out (not important) or preceded by “by”

The object in the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

The passive always contains a form of the auxiliary verb “to be” and past participle form of a verb

The auxiliary “to be” takes the tenses of the verb in the active sentence

The main verb in the active sentence is turned into a past participle

Past simple: was/were + past participle)

Past continuous: was/were + being + past participle)

Past perfect: (had + been + past participle)

They sold the car yesterday. — The car was sold yesterday.

They were cleaning the house, — The house was being cleaned.

They had given him a job. — He had been given a job.

# data[].attributes.body
Review past tenses

Past perfect continuous

https://youtu.be/88L7ErhfLFQ

Had + been + verb +ing

Verbs ending in a -e (live, make, close, etc): drop “e”

In questions: had + been + verb + ing

In negations:  had + not (hadn’t) + been + verb + ing

For activities that started in the past, but before something else in the past

I had been working a lot.

It had been snowing.

He had been making a lot of noise.

Had you been playing tennis?

I hadn’t been listening to the news.

I had been traveling before I met her.

# data[].attributes.body
Review past tenses

Past perfect

https://youtu.be/mOQ_VnC6dtU

Regular verbs: had + past participle (verb + ed)

Verbs ending in an -e (live, close, wipe, etc): had + past participle (verb + ed)

Verbs ending in a -y preceded by a consonant (spy, study, etc): y becomes i

Irregular verbs: had + past participle (unique past perfect form)

In questions: had + past participle (verb +ed)/(unique past perfect form)

In negations: had + not (hadn’t) + past participle (verb + ed)/(unique past perfect form)

For things that happened in the past, but before something else in the past (past simple)

I had painted the door yellow.

They had paid for dinner themselves.

I had lived there.

We had studied hard.

She had bought some flowers at the market. (To buy)

Had they worked on a farm?

Had she quit her job? (To quit)

They hadn’t closed the window.

You hadn’t ever driven her car.

I had brushed my teeth, before i went to bed.

# data[].attributes.body
Review past tenses

Past continuous

https://youtu.be/Lm7BJV3sizM

Was/were + verb + ing

Verbs ending in -e (take, make, close, etc)

One syllable, ending in a consonant, preceded by a vowel: double the consonant. (Sit, get, run)

In questions: was/were + verb + ing

In negations: was/were + not (wasn’t/weren’t) + verb + ing

A temporary activity in the past

A temporary activity in the past, interrupted by a short action (past simple)

For something that was planned before a certain time in the future

I was talking on the phone.

We were cooking dinner.

I was sitting outside.

You were running fast.

Was I getting close?

Were you running late?

Were we going in the right direction?

I wasn’t waiting for you.

You weren’t looking for me.

Wes weren’t putting up a tent.

# data[].attributes.body
Review past tenses

Simple past

https://youtu.be/xLA58CSIf3M

Regular verbs: verb + ed

Verbs ending in a -e (live, close, wipe, etc): verb + d

Verbs ending in a -y preceded by a consonant (spy, envy, study, etc): y becomes i

Irregular verbs. Unique past simple form

In questions (regular & irregular): did + verb

In negation: (regular & irregular): did + not (didn’t) + verb

For things that happened at a specific time in the past (yesterday, this morning, in 2009, etc)

In questions after “when”

I walked to school yesterday.

He paid for dinner last week.

I lived here in 2012.

They wiped the floor.

He spied on his neighbors.

I built that shed last year. (To build)

Did she talk to him this morning?

We didn’t walk to school this morning.

When did you buy that t-shirt?

# data[].attributes.body
Language diversity

Metalanguage: set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.

Morphology: the study of the forms of words.

Syntax: the arrangement of words to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Phonetics: the study of the sounds made by the human voice in speech.

Phonology:the study of sounds in a particular language or in languages generally.

Semantics: the study of meanings in a language.

Pragmatics: branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.

Neurolinguistics: branch of linguistics dealing with the relationship between language and structure and functioning of the brain.

Sociolinguistics: study of language in relation to social factors.

Language Acquisition: process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.

Historical Linguistics: the study of the history and development of languages.

# data[].attributes.body
Migration and population diversity

Migrations: movement from one part of something to another.

Deportation: the removal from a country of an alien whose presence is unlawful or prejudicial.

Emigration:  the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Chain migration: process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination.

Expatriates: a person who lives outside their native country.

Ancestors: a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended.

Ethnic: relating to a population subgroup 8within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition.

Political asylum: the right to live in a foreign country, and is given by the government of that country.

Population transfer: the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and more often by ethnic or religious origin, but also by economic development.

# data[].attributes.body
Subcultures

Culture: word for the “way of life” of groups of people, meaning the way they do things.

Microculture: the culture of a small group of human beings with limited perspective.

Subculture:  group of people within a large culture, such as a country, who have something in common.

Counterculture: culture with values and mores that run counter to those of established society.

Macroculture: the dominant culture in a society, it’s over culture; a collection of related microcultures.

# data[].attributes.body
Minorities

Glass ceiling: is unofficially acknowledged to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities.

Minority: a smaller number or part.

Majority: the larger number or part of something.

Sexism: one sex is superior to or more valuable than another sex.

Racism: discrimination on the basis of race.

Prejudice: an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge.

Stereotype: an image or an ideal of a particular personas, and the way the society looks at it.

Segregation: setting apart or separation of people or things from others of from the main body

or group.

Race: categories into which society places individuals on the basis of physical characteristics.

Ethnicity: an equality that belongs to a group of people (common cultural background).

# data[].attributes.body
Review present tenses

Present tenses in the passive form

https://youtu.be/Qe6dHB0MC94

When the subject of the verb, is more important than the person or thing carrying it out, the object

The object of the passive form is usually left out (not important) or preceded by “by”

The object in the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

The passive always contains a form of the auxiliary verb “to be” and past participle form of a verb

The auxiliary “to be” takes the tenses of the verb in the active sentence

The main verb in the active sentence is turned into a past participle

Present simple: Am/are/is + past participle

Present continuous: Am/are/is + being + past participle

Present perfect: Have/has + been + past participle

She buys tomatoes. — Tomatoes are bought by her.

They are taking down the police station. — The police station is being taken down.

I have painted the door. — The door has been painted.

# data[].attributes.body
Review present tenses

Present perfect continuous

https://youtu.be/A4LNCzd5JU4

Have/has + been + verb + ing

Verbs ending in a -e (live, make, close, etc): drop “-e”

In questions: have/has + been + verb + ing

In negations: have/has + not (haven’t/hasn’t). Been + verb + ing

For activities that started in the past, but have continued in the present

For things that happened in the past, but it is not important when they happened

For things that are annoying

I have been working a lot lately.

It has been snowing since Friday.

We have been playing computer games all night.

I have been living here for quite some time now.

Has she been talking about him?

Have you been playing tennis?

I haven’t been listening to the news.

She  hasn’t been waiting for you for over an hour.

# data[].attributes.body
Review present tenses

Present perfect simple

https://youtu.be/5vJOJrVIgek

Regular verbs: Have/has + past participle (verb + ed)

Verbs ending in -e (live, close, wipe, etc): have/has + past participle (verb + d)

Verb ending in a -y (spy, study, etc): y becomes i

Irregular verbs: Have/has + past participle (unique present perfect form)

In questions: have/has + past participle(verb + ed)/(unique present perfect form)

In negations: have7has + not (haven’t/hasn’t) + past participle (verb + ed)/(unique present perfect form)

For things that happened in the past,but it is not important when they happened

For things that started in the past, that have continued in the present.

For, yet, never, ever, just, already, since

I have painted the door yellow.

They have paid for dinner themselves.

It has snowed.

You have listened carefully.

He has closed the door.

He has spied on his neighbors.

I have built that shed with my own two hands. (To build)

She has bought some flowers at the market. (To buy)

Has she talked to him yet?

Have you kicked the ball?

Has she quit her job yet?

Have you ever driven a car?

I haven’t listened to the news.

It hasn’t rained since Friday.

She hasn’t quit her job. (To quit)

You haven’t ever driven a car. (To dive)

# data[].attributes.body
Review present tenses

Present continuous

https://youtu.be/oBbJNjjSYBo

“To be” + verb + ing

Verbs ending in an “e” (take, make, etc)

One syllable, ending in a consonant, preceded by a vowel: double the consonant. (Sit, run, get)

In questions: “to be” + verb + ing

In negations: “to be” + not + verb+ ing

Things that are happening now

For plans in the near future

I am working late.

He is watching television.

It is raining.

We are singing a song.

You are doing your homework.

I'm sitting outside.

Am i getting close?

Is he playing tennis?

Are we going in the right direction?

Are you arriving by ferry?

I am not waiting for you.

You aren’t looking for me.

He isn’t sleeping late.

We aren’t putting up a tent.

They aren’t cutting paper.

# data[].attributes.body
Review present tenses

Present simple

https://youtu.be/XkY4mo0VcIQ

Infinitive form of the verb

3rd person singular (he, she and it): infinitive verb + s

Verbs ending in a -s sound (kiss, catch, etc): verb + es

Verbs ending in a -y proceder by a consonant (spy, fly, worry, envy, etc): y becomes ie

In questions: does + verb

In negations: don’t/doesn’t + verb

For things that happen always (every day, constantly, etc)

For things that happen regularly (often, frequently, etc)

For things that happen sometimes (occasionally, rarely, etc)

For things that happen never

For facts

For schedules

I walk to school everyday.

They play football on Sunday.

He walks home.

He missed his wife.

He spies on his neighbors.

Does he ride his bike often?

I don’t need a ticket.

We don’t go to school.

He doesn’t clean the house.

# data[].attributes.body
Concepts of beauty and health

https://youtu.be/RT9FmDBrewA

https://youtu.be/y3tsfkY6Dpk

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/magazine/fashion/everybody-beautiful

# data[].attributes.body
Public health issues

https://youtu.be/7TmcXYp8xu4

# data[].attributes.body
Diet and nutrition

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vVhjai3_7wJz0ebhPKvpXQITdLae5Jl5ppXfGPfPGJc/edit

Obese: very fat or overweight corpulent.

Balanced diet: a diet consisting of the proper quantities and proportions of foods needed to maintain health or growth.

Variety: the quality or state of being different or diverse; the absence of uniformity, sameness, or monotony.

Vital: necessary to the existence, continuance, or well-being of something; indispensable; essential.

Free-range: permitted to grade or forage for gain, etc., rather than being confined to a feedlot or a small enclosure.

Nutritious: providing nourishment, especially to a high degree; nourishing; healthful.

Strongly advise: mean that you believe very definitely that someone should do it, use it, etc.

Servings: a single portion of food or drink.

Fattening: to make fat.

Cut down on: to reduce or curtail volume or activity cut down on smoking. cut down to size.

Moderate: kept or keeping reasonable or proper limits; not extreme, excessive, or intense.

Snacking:to have a snack or light meal, especially between regular meals.

Food allergy: the body’s immune system reacts unusually to specific foods.

Eliminate: to remove or get rid of, especially as being in some way undesirable.

Appetite a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food.

Vitally: necessary to life.

Obesity:  the condition of being grossly fat or overweight.

Proteins: a vitamin K-dependent anti thrombotic protein that functions as a cofactors with active protein C.

Carbohydrates: substance composed of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon molecules. Sugar, starch, and cellulose are all carbohydrates.

Fats: cattle fattened and ready for market.

Vitamins: complex organic compounds that are needed in small amounts by the body for normal growth and metabolism.

Minerals: elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally.

Calories: quantity of food capable of producing such an amount of energy.

High fibre: when food contains a lot of fibre.

Fast food: food that is prepared in quantity by a standardized method and can be dispensed quickly at inexpensive restaurants for eating there or elsewhere.

Lactose intolerant: the inability to digest lactose causing gastrointestinal symptoms.

Coeliacs: disease where your immune system attacks your own tissues when you eat gluten.

Diabetics: a person who has diabetes.

Halal relating to or nothing meat prepared or animals slaughtered in the manner prescribed by Islamic law.

Kosher: fit or allowed to be eaten or used, according to the dietary or ceremonial laws.

Fast: done in comparatively little time; taking a comparatively short time.

Vegetarians: a person who doesn’t eat meta, and sometimes other animal products, especially for moral, religious, or health reasons.

Vegans: a person who doesn’t use any animal products, such as leather or wool.

# data[].attributes.body
Physical excercise

https://youtu.be/rBUjOY12gJA

Quest: a long or arduous search for something.

Tub: a wide, open, deep, typically round container with a flat bottom used for holding liquids, plants, etc.

Carbohydrates: substances, found in certain kinds of food, that provide you with energy.

Buff: attractive or well-toned. Somebody who has an attractive body, they look “fit”.

Esthetic: concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

Idle: to be inactive or not working at a job.

Bulk up: to gain weight especially by becoming more muscular.

Settle on: to choose after thinking about other possible choices.

Looking to:  hope or help, advice etc from someone.

Steer clear: to keep away from cleverness or trickery.

Comfortable in your own skin: relaxed and confident in one’s manner of presenting oneself and interacting with others/ contented and happy with the way you are.

Sound advice: good advice. The word “sound” in this context means trustworthy or sensible.