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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1d_Q96ZNySqReChvnD-MVbj8LSidCSRGRlbX3pyKinjo/edit#slide=id.g14487ca2f77_0_0

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Cryotherapy, PRICE, EPAs

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Inflammation is defined as a normal response to an injury resulting from
various causes whereby the body removes damaged tissues and
establishes blood supply to support repair (scar tissue).

Cardinal signs of inflammation:

-Heat
-Redness

-Swelling

-Pain

-Disturbance of function

3 stages of healing
1. acute - injury (0-3 days)
2. subacute - repair (3days to 6 weeks)
3. Chronic - remodeling (6 weeks to 6 months)

Stages of Healing for Bone Fracture

Reactive Phase

- Inflammation and haematoma formation

- Granulation tissue formation

Reparative Phase

- Callus formation

- Woven bone

Remodeling Phase

- Trabecular bone

Pain measurement -
Pressure Algometer: This device measures the intensity of pain (pain threshold) caused by pressure
Numerical rating scale: To rate the pain on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible)

Swelling measurement
girth measurement, using the tape to measure the swollen part of the body
volumetric measurement - volumetric and tape measure
used to measure and quantify edema using water

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Lesson 5 & 10: Brace/Guards/Insoles/Splints, ACL/Ankle Sprain/ Meniscus

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Lesson 5 & 10: Brace/Guards/Insoles/Splints, ACL/Ankle Sprain/ Meniscus

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Chapter 5 - Google Docs

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Two mechanisms to stabilize the pelvis, form closure and force closure.

Form closure is the stability from the design of the pelvic anatomy( sacrum and the ilium each have one flat surface and one ridged surface which interlock together )

Force closure is stability created from other forces across the joint ( Muscles, ligaments and the thoracolumbar facia). Particularly important in activities like walking.

Pelvic stabilizer muscles include  Abdominal obliques Transverse abdominis Multifidus Erector Spinae (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis) Hip rotators Gluteal muscles Quadratus lumborum Latissimus dorsi.

Posterior oblique sling consists of Latissimus dorsi, Contralateral gluteus Maximus, Contralateral biceps femoris

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Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc
- Inner softer part of the disc (nucleus pulposus) bulges out through a weakness in the outer part of the disc and may press on nearby structures such as a nerve roots coming from the spinal cord.
- Caused by forceful flexion of back or lateral rotation when lifting heavy object or by trauma.

Spondylosis represents the natural degenerative process of the cervical motion segment. Spondylosis is caused by chronic wear on the spine. This includes the disks or cushions between the neck vertebrae and the joints between the bones of the cervical spine. Over time these changes can press down on (compress) one or more of the nerve roots. In advanced cases, the spinal cord becomes involved. It results from the process of degeneration of the intervertebral discs and facet joints of the cervical spine. Biomechanically, the disc and the facets are the connecting structures between the vertebrae for the transmission of external forces. They also facilitate cervical spine mobility.

Spondylolisthesis Condition which a vertebra slips forward over the one below it. Commonly occurs in lumbar region. Forward slipping of vertebra may lead to impingement (compression/ irritation) of surrounding spinal cord/ nerve roots. Caused by Defective joint since birth (Congenital), Joint damaged by accident or other trauma, Vertebra with stress fracture from overuse of joint (e.g., in weightlifting/ gymnastics)

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QWgZ1UOGUKUu2IRWIaytv4J5LtjrWDUnH373WiA1D-w/edit

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Team 'I'

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https://myrp-my.sharepoint.com/:w:/g/personal/21037744_myrp_edu_sg/Ed_GUaqTrjtLmX7T9RRjRPwBMr8cMi7SlfIIperhw1GvRA?rtime=JO92r0Z_2kg