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small pox

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cold sores

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The symptoms of SARS are usually begins with flu-like signs and symptoms like fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and occasionally diarrhea. After about a week, signs and symptoms include a fever of 100.5 F (38 C) or higher, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Prevention- Researchers are working on several types of vaccines for SARS, but none has been tested in humans. If SARS infections reappear, follow these safety guidelines if you're caring for someone who may have a SARS infection like wash your hands, wear disposable gloves, wear a surgical mask, wash personal items, and disinfect surfaces.              Who gets it/ how it is acquired- it first appeared in China in November 2002. Within a few months, SARS spread worldwide, carried by unsuspecting travelers.It showed how quickly infection can spread in a highly mobile and interconnected world. On the other hand, a collaborative international effort allowed health experts to quickly contain the spread of the disease. There has been no known transmission of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004.                         Treatment- Despite a concerted global effort, scientists have yet to find an effective treatment for SARS. Antibiotic drugs don't work against viruses, and antiviral drugs haven't shown much benefit.

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The symptoms of SARS are usually begins with flu-like signs and symptoms like fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and occasionally diarrhea. After about a week, signs and symptoms include a fever of 100.5 F (38 C) or higher, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Prevention- Researchers are working on several types of vaccines for SARS, but none has been tested in humans. If SARS infections reappear, follow these safety guidelines if you're caring for someone who may have a SARS infection like wash your hands, wear disposable gloves, wear a surgical mask, wash personal items, and disinfect surfaces.              Who gets it/ how it is acquired- it first appeared in China in November 2002. Within a few months, SARS spread worldwide, carried by unsuspecting travelers.It showed how quickly infection can spread in a highly mobile and interconnected world. On the other hand, a collaborative international effort allowed health experts to quickly contain the spread of the disease. There has been no known transmission of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004.                         Treatment- Despite a concerted global effort, scientists have yet to find an effective treatment for SARS. Antibiotic drugs don't work against viruses, and antiviral drugs haven't shown much benefit.

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The symptoms of cold sores vary depending on whether this is your first outbreak or a recurrence. They can last several days, and the blisters can take two to four weeks to heal completely. Recurrences typically appear at the same spot each time and tend to be less severe than the first outbreak. Some people can experience fever, painful eroded gums, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes.Children under 5 years old may have cold sores inside their mouths and the lesions are commonly mistaken for canker sores. Canker sores involve only the mucous membrane and aren't caused by the herpes simplex virus.                         Prevention-Avoid skin-to-skin contact with others while blisters are present. The virus spreads most easily when there are moist secretions from the blisters.Avoid sharing items. Utensils, towels, lip balm and other items can spread the virus when blisters are present.Keep your hands clean. When you have a cold sore, wash your hands carefully before touching yourself and other people, especially babies.                Who gets it/ how it is acquired- Cold sores spread from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. They're caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) closely related to the one that causes genital herpes (HSV-2). Both of these viruses can affect your mouth or genitals and can be spread by oral sex. Cold sores are contagious even if you don't see the sores.                          Teatment- There's no cure for HSV infection, and the blisters may return. Cold sores generally clear up without treatment in two to four weeks. Several types of prescription antiviral drugs may speed the healing process. Examples include:Acyclovir (Xerese, Zovirax), Valacyclovir (Valtrex), Famciclovir (Famvir), and Penciclovir (Denavir).

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The symptoms of cold sores vary depending on whether this is your first outbreak or a recurrence. They can last several days, and the blisters can take two to four weeks to heal completely. Recurrences typically appear at the same spot each time and tend to be less severe than the first outbreak. Some people can experience fever, painful eroded gums, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes.Children under 5 years old may have cold sores inside their mouths and the lesions are commonly mistaken for canker sores. Canker sores involve only the mucous membrane and aren't caused by the herpes simplex virus.                         Prevention-Avoid skin-to-skin contact with others while blisters are present. The virus spreads most easily when there are moist secretions from the blisters.Avoid sharing items. Utensils, towels, lip balm and other items can spread the virus when blisters are present.Keep your hands clean. When you have a cold sore, wash your hands carefully before touching yourself and other people, especially babies.                Who gets it/ how it is acquired- Cold sores spread from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. They're caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) closely related to the one that causes genital herpes (HSV-2). Both of these viruses can affect your mouth or genitals and can be spread by oral sex. Cold sores are contagious even if you don't see the sores.                          Teatment- There's no cure for HSV infection, and the blisters may return. Cold sores generally clear up without treatment in two to four weeks. Several types of prescription antiviral drugs may speed the healing process. Examples include:Acyclovir (Xerese, Zovirax), Valacyclovir (Valtrex), Famciclovir (Famvir), and Penciclovir (Denavir).

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The most common symptoms of mononucleosis are fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands in the neck, under the arms, and in the groin area. Other symptoms include may be fatigue, muscle aches, weakness, white patches in the throat, skin rash, headache, and loss of appetite.              Prevention- It is nearly impossible to prevent Epstein-Barr infections, because most healthy people carry the virus and can pass it on to others. After the virus enters the body, the immune system begins to produce antibodies against it. The Epstein-Barr virus remains inactive in the body throughout life, but it may become active from time to time. However, reactivation of the virus does not result in clinical symptoms in individuals who have normal immune systems.               Who gets it/ how it is acquired- About 85% to 90% of American adults have developed antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus by the time they are 40 years old, which means that they have been infected with the virus at some point in their lives. Most individuals are infected with this virus early in life (before the adolescent years), and most of these children have no or very mild symptoms from it. Adolescents, especially teens 15 to 17 years of age, and young adults who become infected with this virus are most likely to develop the classic symptoms of mononucleosis. It is usually acquired by contact with the saliva or mucus of a person who is infected with or is carrying the virus. (Mononucleosis is also known as the "kissing disease," because it can be acquired through kissing.) Occasionally, it can be spread by coughing or sneezing, or when an infected person shares food or tableware with another person.       Treatment- There are no medications that can treat mononucleosis, because antibiotics and antiviral drugs are not effective against the virus. If you are diagnosed with mononucleosis, here are some suggestions for how to deal with it: Get lots of rest, preferably bed rest, especially the first week or two. Drink plenty of water and other fluids. You can take nonprescription pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (oracetaminophen, if you cannot take ibuprofen) to help relieve the fever and muscle aches that are common symptoms.To help soothe a painful sore throat, use throat lozenges, and drink cold beverages, or eat frozen desserts, such as popsicles, gargle with salt water several times a day if your throat feels sore.Prepare the salt water solution by dissolving about one-half teaspoon of salt in 8 ounces of warm water.Avoid any strenuous physical activity, such as exercise, heavy lifting, or contact sports, for at least 4 to 6 weeks after being diagnosed with mononucleosis. This is to prevent rupture of the spleen, which is fragile during mononucleosis. 

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The most common symptoms of mononucleosis are fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands in the neck, under the arms, and in the groin area. Other symptoms include may be fatigue, muscle aches, weakness, white patches in the throat, skin rash, headache, and loss of appetite.              Prevention- It is nearly impossible to prevent Epstein-Barr infections, because most healthy people carry the virus and can pass it on to others. After the virus enters the body, the immune system begins to produce antibodies against it. The Epstein-Barr virus remains inactive in the body throughout life, but it may become active from time to time. However, reactivation of the virus does not result in clinical symptoms in individuals who have normal immune systems.               Who gets it/ how it is acquired- About 85% to 90% of American adults have developed antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus by the time they are 40 years old, which means that they have been infected with the virus at some point in their lives. Most individuals are infected with this virus early in life (before the adolescent years), and most of these children have no or very mild symptoms from it. Adolescents, especially teens 15 to 17 years of age, and young adults who become infected with this virus are most likely to develop the classic symptoms of mononucleosis. It is usually acquired by contact with the saliva or mucus of a person who is infected with or is carrying the virus. (Mononucleosis is also known as the "kissing disease," because it can be acquired through kissing.) Occasionally, it can be spread by coughing or sneezing, or when an infected person shares food or tableware with another person.       Treatment- There are no medications that can treat mononucleosis, because antibiotics and antiviral drugs are not effective against the virus. If you are diagnosed with mononucleosis, here are some suggestions for how to deal with it: Get lots of rest, preferably bed rest, especially the first week or two. Drink plenty of water and other fluids. You can take nonprescription pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (oracetaminophen, if you cannot take ibuprofen) to help relieve the fever and muscle aches that are common symptoms.To help soothe a painful sore throat, use throat lozenges, and drink cold beverages, or eat frozen desserts, such as popsicles, gargle with salt water several times a day if your throat feels sore.Prepare the salt water solution by dissolving about one-half teaspoon of salt in 8 ounces of warm water.Avoid any strenuous physical activity, such as exercise, heavy lifting, or contact sports, for at least 4 to 6 weeks after being diagnosed with mononucleosis. This is to prevent rupture of the spleen, which is fragile during mononucleosis. 

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The symptoms of the norovirus are diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and stomach pain. It causes inflammation of the stomach or intestines. This is called acute gastroenteritis. A person usually develops symptoms 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to norovirus. Most people with norovirus illness get better within 1 to 3 days.         Prevention of the norovirus- you can help protect yourself and others from norovirus by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water and following other simple prevention tips. One tip is to practice proper hand hygiene, handle and prepare food safely, when you are sick, do not prepare food or care for others, and cleand and disinfect surfaces.

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The symptoms of the norovirus are diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and stomach pain. It causes inflammation of the stomach or intestines. This is called acute gastroenteritis. A person usually develops symptoms 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to norovirus. Most people with norovirus illness get better within 1 to 3 days.         Prevention of the norovirus- you can help protect yourself and others from norovirus by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water and following other simple prevention tips. One tip is to practice proper hand hygiene, handle and prepare food safely, when you are sick, do not prepare food or care for others, and cleand and disinfect surfaces.

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Who gets it/ how it is acquired-Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. Anyone can get infected and sick with norovirus. You can get norovirus from having direct contact with an infected person,
consuming contaminated food or water, and touching contaminated surfaces then putting your unwashed hands in your mouth. Treatment of the norovirus- there is no specific medicine to treat people with norovirus illness.
If you have norovirus illness, you should drink plenty of liquids to replace fluid lost from vomiting and diarrhea. This will help prevent dehydration.

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The symptoms of smallpox usually appear 10 to 14 days after you're infected. During the incubation period of seven to 17 days, you look and feel healthy and can't infect others.Following the incubation period, a sudden onset of flu-like signs and symptoms occurs. These include fever, overall discomfort, headache, severe fatigue, severe back pain, and vomiting. A few days later, flat, red spots appear first on your face, hands and forearms, and later on your trunk. Within a day or two, many of these lesions turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, which then turns into pus. Scabs begin to form eight to nine days later and eventually fall off, leaving deep, pitted scars.Lesions also develop in the mucous membranes of your nose and mouth and quickly turn into sores that break open.                 Prevention- Immunity or partial immunity after a smallpox vaccine may last up to 10 years, and 20 years with revaccination. If an outbreak ever occurred, people who were vaccinated as children would still likely receive a new vaccination after direct exposure to someone with the virus. Who gets it / how it is acquired- it is a contagious, disfiguring and often deadly disease that has affected humans for thousands of years.                           Treatment- No cure for smallpox exists. In the event of an infection, treatment would focus on relieving symptoms and keeping the person from becoming dehydrated. Antibiotics might be prescribed if the person also develops a bacterial infection in the lungs or on the skin.

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The symptoms of smallpox usually appear 10 to 14 days after you're infected. During the incubation period of seven to 17 days, you look and feel healthy and can't infect others.Following the incubation period, a sudden onset of flu-like signs and symptoms occurs. These include fever, overall discomfort, headache, severe fatigue, severe back pain, and vomiting. A few days later, flat, red spots appear first on your face, hands and forearms, and later on your trunk. Within a day or two, many of these lesions turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, which then turns into pus. Scabs begin to form eight to nine days later and eventually fall off, leaving deep, pitted scars.Lesions also develop in the mucous membranes of your nose and mouth and quickly turn into sores that break open.                 Prevention- Immunity or partial immunity after a smallpox vaccine may last up to 10 years, and 20 years with revaccination. If an outbreak ever occurred, people who were vaccinated as children would still likely receive a new vaccination after direct exposure to someone with the virus. Who gets it / how it is acquired- it is a contagious, disfiguring and often deadly disease that has affected humans for thousands of years.                           Treatment- No cure for smallpox exists. In the event of an infection, treatment would focus on relieving symptoms and keeping the person from becoming dehydrated. Antibiotics might be prescribed if the person also develops a bacterial infection in the lungs or on the skin.

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The symptoms of a wart are  small, noncancerous growths appear when your skin is infected with one of the many viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. The virus triggers extra cell growth, which makes the outer layer of skin thick and hard in that spot. While they can grow anywhere you have skin, you're more likely to get one on your hands or feet. The type of wart depends on where it is and what it looks like. Prevention-   There's no way yet to prevent warts, but you can lower your chances of getting or spreading them: Don't touch, pick, or scratch your warts, or touch someone else's.Wash your hands after treating warts.Keep foot warts dry.Wear waterproof sandals or flip-flops in public showers, locker rooms, and around public pools.                        Who gets it/ how it is acquire-Each person's immune system responds differently to the virus, not everyone who comes in contact with HPV will get a wart. And if you cut or damage your skin in some way, it's easier for the virus to take hold. That's why people with chronic skin conditions, such as eczema, or who bite their nails or pick at hangnails are prone to getting warts. Treatment-Most warts are harmless, and you don't need to do anything -- unless, of course, they're painful or embarrassing. Waiting for warts to go away could backfire, though: A wart might get bigger, new warts may appear, or you could give them to someone else. The best treatment depends on your age and health and the type of wart. But there's no cure for HPV, so some of the virus might stay in your skin after the wart is gone and reappear later. 

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The symptoms of a wart are  small, noncancerous growths appear when your skin is infected with one of the many viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. The virus triggers extra cell growth, which makes the outer layer of skin thick and hard in that spot. While they can grow anywhere you have skin, you're more likely to get one on your hands or feet. The type of wart depends on where it is and what it looks like. Prevention-   There's no way yet to prevent warts, but you can lower your chances of getting or spreading them: Don't touch, pick, or scratch your warts, or touch someone else's.Wash your hands after treating warts.Keep foot warts dry.Wear waterproof sandals or flip-flops in public showers, locker rooms, and around public pools.                        Who gets it/ how it is acquire-Each person's immune system responds differently to the virus, not everyone who comes in contact with HPV will get a wart. And if you cut or damage your skin in some way, it's easier for the virus to take hold. That's why people with chronic skin conditions, such as eczema, or who bite their nails or pick at hangnails are prone to getting warts. Treatment-Most warts are harmless, and you don't need to do anything -- unless, of course, they're painful or embarrassing. Waiting for warts to go away could backfire, though: A wart might get bigger, new warts may appear, or you could give them to someone else. The best treatment depends on your age and health and the type of wart. But there's no cure for HPV, so some of the virus might stay in your skin after the wart is gone and reappear later. 

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The symptom of the measles signs and symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Signs and symptoms of measles are fever, dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, and inflamed eyes. Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots. A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another.                     Prevention - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that children and adults receive the measles vaccine to prevent measles.    Measles vaccine are usually give infants the first dose of the vaccine between 12 and 15 months, with the second dose typically given between ages 4 and 6 years.                      Who gets it/how it is acquired-Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface.About 90 percent of susceptible people who are exposed to someone with the virus will be infected. Treatment-There's no specific treatment for an established measles infection. However, some measures can be taken to protect vulnerable individuals who have been exposed to the virus.Post-exposure vaccination. Nonimmunized people, including infants, may be given the measles vaccination within 72 hours of exposure to the measles virus to provide protection against the disease. If measles still develops, the illness usually has milder symptoms and lasts for a shorter time.Immune serum globulin. Pregnant women, infants and people with weakened immune systems who are exposed to the virus may receive an injection of proteins (antibodies) called immune serum globulin. When given within six days of exposure to the virus, these antibodies can prevent measles or make symptoms less severe.

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The symptom of the measles signs and symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Signs and symptoms of measles are fever, dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, and inflamed eyes. Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots. A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another.                     Prevention - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that children and adults receive the measles vaccine to prevent measles.    Measles vaccine are usually give infants the first dose of the vaccine between 12 and 15 months, with the second dose typically given between ages 4 and 6 years.                      Who gets it/how it is acquired-Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface.About 90 percent of susceptible people who are exposed to someone with the virus will be infected. Treatment-There's no specific treatment for an established measles infection. However, some measures can be taken to protect vulnerable individuals who have been exposed to the virus.Post-exposure vaccination. Nonimmunized people, including infants, may be given the measles vaccination within 72 hours of exposure to the measles virus to provide protection against the disease. If measles still develops, the illness usually has milder symptoms and lasts for a shorter time.Immune serum globulin. Pregnant women, infants and people with weakened immune systems who are exposed to the virus may receive an injection of proteins (antibodies) called immune serum globulin. When given within six days of exposure to the virus, these antibodies can prevent measles or make symptoms less severe.

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typhoid

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Cold virus/ Flu virus symptoms  are both respiratory illnesses but they are caused by different viruses. Because these two types of illnesses have similar symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. In general, flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more intense. Colds are usually milder than flu. People with colds are more likely to have a runny or stuffy nose. Colds generally do not result in serious health problems, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections, or hospitalizations.     Prevention- The best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated every year. This page has resources to help answer your questions about the flu vaccine.  Cold virus usually can be prevented with over counter medicine.      Who gets it/ how it is acquired-    Anyone is able to get the cold virus or the flu virus.                            Treatment- Most people with flu have mild illness and do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. If you get sick with flu symptoms, in most cases, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people except to get medical care.You might need antiviral medication to treat flu:Antiviral drugs can treat flu illness. Antiviral drugs are different from antibiotics. Flu antivirals are prescription medicines (pills, liquid, intravenous solution, or an inhaled powder) and are not available over-the-counter. Antiviral drugs can make illness milder and shorten the time you are sick. They also can prevent serious flu complications, like pneumoniaI. It’s very important that antiviral drugs be used early to treat people who are very sick with flu (for example, people who are in the hospital), and people who are sick with flu and have a greater chance of getting serious flu complications, either because of their age or because they have a high risk medical condition. Other people also may be treated with antiviral drugs by their doctor this season. Most otherwise-healthy people who get flu, however, do not need to be treated with antiviral drugs.

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Cold virus/ Flu virus symptoms  are both respiratory illnesses but they are caused by different viruses. Because these two types of illnesses have similar symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. In general, flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more intense. Colds are usually milder than flu. People with colds are more likely to have a runny or stuffy nose. Colds generally do not result in serious health problems, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections, or hospitalizations.     Prevention- The best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated every year. This page has resources to help answer your questions about the flu vaccine.  Cold virus usually can be prevented with over counter medicine.      Who gets it/ how it is acquired-    Anyone is able to get the cold virus or the flu virus.                            Treatment- Most people with flu have mild illness and do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. If you get sick with flu symptoms, in most cases, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people except to get medical care.You might need antiviral medication to treat flu:Antiviral drugs can treat flu illness. Antiviral drugs are different from antibiotics. Flu antivirals are prescription medicines (pills, liquid, intravenous solution, or an inhaled powder) and are not available over-the-counter. Antiviral drugs can make illness milder and shorten the time you are sick. They also can prevent serious flu complications, like pneumoniaI. It’s very important that antiviral drugs be used early to treat people who are very sick with flu (for example, people who are in the hospital), and people who are sick with flu and have a greater chance of getting serious flu complications, either because of their age or because they have a high risk medical condition. Other people also may be treated with antiviral drugs by their doctor this season. Most otherwise-healthy people who get flu, however, do not need to be treated with antiviral drugs.

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The symptoms of typhoid normally begin between 6 and 30 days after exposure to the bacteria.The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 40 degrees Celsius, and rash, which does not affect every patient, consists of rose-colored spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen.Other symptoms can include weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches. Rarely, symptoms might include confusion, diarrhea, and vomiting, but this is not normally severe.     Prevention- Before traveling to a high-risk area, getting vaccinated against typhoid fever is recommended.This can be achieved by oral medication or a one-off injection:Oral: a live, attenuated vaccine. Consists of 4 tablets, one to be taken every second day, the last of which is taken 1 week before travel.Shot, an inactivated vaccine, administered 2 weeks before travel.Vaccines are not 100 percent effective and caution should still be exercised when eating and drinking. Who gets it/ how it is acquired-he bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It spreads between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person.No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always human to human.If untreated, around 1 in 5 cases of typhoid can be fatal. With treatment, fewer than 4 in 100 cases are fatal.S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1 to 3 weeks in the intestine. After this, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system. Treatment- The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.Other than antibiotics, it is important to rehydrate by drinking adequate water.In more severe cases, where the bowel has become perforated, surgery may be required.

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The symptoms of typhoid normally begin between 6 and 30 days after exposure to the bacteria.The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 40 degrees Celsius, and rash, which does not affect every patient, consists of rose-colored spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen.Other symptoms can include weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches. Rarely, symptoms might include confusion, diarrhea, and vomiting, but this is not normally severe.     Prevention- Before traveling to a high-risk area, getting vaccinated against typhoid fever is recommended.This can be achieved by oral medication or a one-off injection:Oral: a live, attenuated vaccine. Consists of 4 tablets, one to be taken every second day, the last of which is taken 1 week before travel.Shot, an inactivated vaccine, administered 2 weeks before travel.Vaccines are not 100 percent effective and caution should still be exercised when eating and drinking. Who gets it/ how it is acquired-he bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It spreads between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person.No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always human to human.If untreated, around 1 in 5 cases of typhoid can be fatal. With treatment, fewer than 4 in 100 cases are fatal.S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1 to 3 weeks in the intestine. After this, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system. Treatment- The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.Other than antibiotics, it is important to rehydrate by drinking adequate water.In more severe cases, where the bowel has become perforated, surgery may be required.

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chicken pox

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The symptoms of chicken pox is a itchy blister rash caused by chickenpox infection appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and usually lasts about five to 10 days. Other signs and symptoms, which may appear one to two days before the rash, fever, loss of appetite, headache, tiredness,and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise). Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases. The first stage is a raised pink or red bumps (papules), which break out over several days. The second stage is small fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), which form in about one day and then break and leak. The third stage is crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take several more days to heal. New bumps continue to appear for several days, so you may have all three stages of the rash — bumps, blisters and scabbed lesions — at the same time.  Prevention-The chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the vaccine provides complete protection from the virus for nearly 98 percent of people who receive both of the recommended doses. When the vaccine doesn't provide complete protection, it significantly lessens the severity of chickenpox.The chickenpox vaccine (Varivax) is recommended for:Young children. In the United States, children receive two doses of the varicella vaccine — the first between ages 12 and 15 months and the second between ages 4 and 6 years — as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule.The vaccine can be combined with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, but for some children between the ages of 12 and 23 months, the combination may increase the risk of fever and seizure from the vaccine. Discuss the pros and cons of combining the vaccines with your child's doctor. Un-vaccinated older children. Children ages 7 to 12 years who haven't been vaccinated should receive two catch-up doses of the varicella vaccine, given at least three months apart. Children age 13 or older who haven't been vaccinated should also receive two catch-up doses of the vaccine, given at least four weeks apart. Un-vaccinated adults who've never had chickenpox and are at high risk of exposure. This includes health care workers, teachers, child care employees, international travelers, military personnel, adults who live with young children and all women of childbearing age.Adults who've never had chickenpox or been vaccinated usually receive two doses of the vaccine, four to eight weeks apart. If you don't remember whether you've had chickenpox or the vaccine, a blood test can determine your immunity.                              Who gets it/ how it is acquired- You can spread the virus to other people for up to 48 hours before the rash appears, and the virus remains contagious until all broken blisters have crusted over. The disease is generally mild in healthy children. In severe cases, the rash can cover the entire body, and lesions may form in the throat, eyes, and mucous membranes of the urethra, anus and vagina.                      Treatment- Healthy children, chickenpox typically needs no medical treatment. Your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine to relieve itching. But for the most part, the disease is allowed to run its course. If you or your child are at high risk of complications, your doctor may suggest an antiviral drug such as acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig) or another drug called immune globulin intravenous (Privigen). These medications may lessen the severity of chickenpox when given within 24 hours after the rash first appears.Other antiviral drugs, such as valacyclovir (Valtrex) and famciclovir, also may lessen the severity of the disease, but may not be approved or appropriate for everyone. In some instances, your doctor may recommend getting the chickenpox vaccine after you've been exposed to the virus. This can prevent the disease or lessen its severity.   

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The symptoms of chicken pox is a itchy blister rash caused by chickenpox infection appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and usually lasts about five to 10 days. Other signs and symptoms, which may appear one to two days before the rash, fever, loss of appetite, headache, tiredness,and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise). Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases. The first stage is a raised pink or red bumps (papules), which break out over several days. The second stage is small fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), which form in about one day and then break and leak. The third stage is crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take several more days to heal. New bumps continue to appear for several days, so you may have all three stages of the rash — bumps, blisters and scabbed lesions — at the same time.  Prevention-The chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the vaccine provides complete protection from the virus for nearly 98 percent of people who receive both of the recommended doses. When the vaccine doesn't provide complete protection, it significantly lessens the severity of chickenpox.The chickenpox vaccine (Varivax) is recommended for:Young children. In the United States, children receive two doses of the varicella vaccine — the first between ages 12 and 15 months and the second between ages 4 and 6 years — as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule.The vaccine can be combined with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, but for some children between the ages of 12 and 23 months, the combination may increase the risk of fever and seizure from the vaccine. Discuss the pros and cons of combining the vaccines with your child's doctor. Un-vaccinated older children. Children ages 7 to 12 years who haven't been vaccinated should receive two catch-up doses of the varicella vaccine, given at least three months apart. Children age 13 or older who haven't been vaccinated should also receive two catch-up doses of the vaccine, given at least four weeks apart. Un-vaccinated adults who've never had chickenpox and are at high risk of exposure. This includes health care workers, teachers, child care employees, international travelers, military personnel, adults who live with young children and all women of childbearing age.Adults who've never had chickenpox or been vaccinated usually receive two doses of the vaccine, four to eight weeks apart. If you don't remember whether you've had chickenpox or the vaccine, a blood test can determine your immunity.                              Who gets it/ how it is acquired- You can spread the virus to other people for up to 48 hours before the rash appears, and the virus remains contagious until all broken blisters have crusted over. The disease is generally mild in healthy children. In severe cases, the rash can cover the entire body, and lesions may form in the throat, eyes, and mucous membranes of the urethra, anus and vagina.                      Treatment- Healthy children, chickenpox typically needs no medical treatment. Your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine to relieve itching. But for the most part, the disease is allowed to run its course. If you or your child are at high risk of complications, your doctor may suggest an antiviral drug such as acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig) or another drug called immune globulin intravenous (Privigen). These medications may lessen the severity of chickenpox when given within 24 hours after the rash first appears.Other antiviral drugs, such as valacyclovir (Valtrex) and famciclovir, also may lessen the severity of the disease, but may not be approved or appropriate for everyone. In some instances, your doctor may recommend getting the chickenpox vaccine after you've been exposed to the virus. This can prevent the disease or lessen its severity.   