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UoN Harvard Referencing Guide (UoN link)

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UoN Harvard Referencing Guide (UoN link)

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If you enter the Referencing tool website from the University of Nottingham, you can download the contents with a PDF file.

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Referencing Tool - School of Health Sciences - The University of Nottingham

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Referencing provides an ability to quickly refer back to the source of the literature you are using to write about your topic. If you need to refresh your knowledge of what and why you need to use references, then please click on the two podcasts to hear a brief explanation.

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ibid.(ibidem); "in the same place", as per the previous reference.
op.cit.(opere citato);  "the work cited", as per the previous reference to this author.but may not be the most recent citation.

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* It is recommended that you refer to an article in a respected peer review journal that is considered the best standard for academic publishing. Since the journal title is a publication, it should be marked in italic rather than article title. The volume and issuance number (if available) must be specified, and the issuance number must be enclosed in parentheses after the volume number.
Since e-journals (online journals) are often used, follow the format in appropriate combination with other formats.

Required information and layout:
Author’s name (Initial year of publication) Title (in Italics) : pp page number(connect with hyphen '-')

-If more than one author exists, use 'and' rather than symbols & to indicate.
-If the author of the journal is not known, write 'Anon' in the place where the author's name should be written.
--In the case of e-journals, you should write down the address of the valid website where someone can view the journal, and add the year, month, and day you accessed.
And you have to mark [online] after the title of the journal.
layout : e-journal title [online] ~ Available at :  URL [Accessed dd mm yyyy].
-Online journal documents have a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), which can usually be found on web pages before accessing the full text. DOI is switched into a URL when http://dx.doi.org/ is placed in front of it.
-In the case of several works by the same artist in the same year,
-Lower case characters must be added to the date in the order cited in your writing.

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Required information and layout:
Author’s name (Initial year of publication) Title (in Italics), Publisher, Place of Publication : The name of the publishing company.

-If you want to write an edition of a book, add an ordinal number after the title of the book.
-If more than one author exists, use 'and' rather than symbols & to indicate.
-If you know the editor, not the author, write the editor's name where you write the author's name and add (Ed.).
-The in-text citation should contain the date of the version you read.
layout : (Translated year [Published year])
-In the case of e-books, you should write down the address of the valid website where someone can view the book, and add the year, month, and day you accessed.
And you have to mark [online] after the title of the book.
layout : e-book title [online] ~ Available at : URL [Accessed dd mm yyyy].
-Reading is a collection of previously published works. Sometimes it's edited a little differently from the original publication. However, even if the excerpt has not been changed from the original one, the reference should indicate that the reader has read it, not the original publication. An excerpt from a book is mentioned in a similar way to a chapter in the book. However, the cited year should be the year in which the original text was published.

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cf) et al. (et alia, and others)
Several works in one year; distinguish between them by adding lower case letter.
More than one sources; use semi-colons.
Different source written by different people with the same family name; use initials or forenames.

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A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them, unaltered, directly into your work.
Direct quotation; no confusion between which are your own words and which are those of the author.
A longer quotation; use a block quotation, do not need quotation marks.

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Citing a source cited in another source (secondary referencing)

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Citing a source cited in another source (secondary referencing)

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Secondary referencing; one author who cites work by another author.
Citation must include both the primary text and the secondary text, using the words "cited in"

(If you find a useful secondary reference, it is recommended that, where possible, you find and read the original source for yourself rather than rely on someone else’s interpretation.)

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If the sources are written in another language, you should keep the same reference format that you would use for sources written in English.

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Even though your sources are unpublished communication, you should gain permission from the author.

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If your sources are available online, the URL and access date must be provided.

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The date of publication and the conference date might differ, and the reference should include both information.

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When you use web-based sources, you must include the date when the site you're referencing was created or last updated.

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University of Nottingham course materials

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University of Nottingham course materials

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When you use materials from teaching sources from the University of Nottingham, the name of the author will be The University of Nottingham unless your sources has a named author.

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Reference; What is the type of your sources?

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Reference; What is the type of your sources?

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In-text citations: Include the author’s last name and the year of publication. It cannot be allowed Author’s initials and given name except for needing disambiguation.

Citing is not a substitute for using quotation marks.
Use the exact words of a source: must both give a citation and use quotation marks (or present as a block quotation)

Citations do not allow to use bold or italics. Should use in the same font as the text.

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How to access the UoN Havard Referencing Guide

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How to access the UoN Havard Referencing Guide

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Do you want to mention the sources in the body of your writing? Or at the end of your paper?

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Do you want to mention the sources in the body of your writing? Or at the end of your paper?

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Do you know how to access the referencing guideline?

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Do you know how to access the referencing guideline?

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Have you used the information from other sources?

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Have you used the information from other sources?