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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - June 28, 1914

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - June 28, 1914

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The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
(thoughtco.com)

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The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.

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Germany entered into World War I -  August 1, 1914

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Germany entered into World War I -  August 1, 1914

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When it declared war on Russia. In accordance with its war plan, it ignored Russia and moved first against France–declaring war on August 3 and sending its main armies through Belgium to capture Paris from the north.

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Belgium's ports were close to the British coast and German control of Belgium would have been seen as a serious threat to Britain. In the end, Britain refused to ignore the events of 4 August 1914, when Germany attacked France through Belgium. Within hours, Britain declared war on Germany.

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Austria-Hungary invades Russia - August 10, 1914

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Austria-Hungary invades Russia - August 10, 1914

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Serbia was viewed as the supporter of the assassins who had murdered the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and therefore, the Austro-Hungarians wanted to conquer them. However, Russia was sworn to protect Serbia, which meant Russia had to fight Austro-Hungary.

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 Soldiers start digging trenches - September 15, 1914

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 Soldiers start digging trenches - September 15, 1914

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In the wake of the Battle of the Marne—during which Allied troops halted the steady German push through Belgium and France that had proceeded over the first month of World War I—a conflict both sides had expected to be short and decisive turns longer and bloodier, as Allied and German forces begin digging the first trench

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Germany begins naval blockade of Great Britain - February 18, 1915

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Germany begins naval blockade of Great Britain - February 18, 1915

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The British, with their overwhelming sea power, established a naval blockade of Germany immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, by issuing a comprehensive list of contraband that all but prohibited American trade with the Central Powers and in early November 1914 by declaring the North Sea to be a war zone

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Ivor Gurney's letter to Miss Scott - 16 June, 1915

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Ivor Gurney's letter to Miss Scott - 16 June, 1915

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Naval Battle of Jutland takes place between British and German fleets -May 31, 1916

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Naval Battle of Jutland takes place between British and German fleets -May 31, 1916

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Battle of Jutland, also called Battle of the Skagerrak, (May 31–June 1, 1916), the only major encounter between the main British and German battle fleets in World War I, fought near the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea, about 60 miles (97 km) off the west coast of Jutland (Denmark).

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The start of the Russian Revolution - March 8, 1917

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The start of the Russian Revolution - March 8, 1917

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On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government.

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The United States declares war on Germany - April 6, 1917

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The United States declares war on Germany - April 6, 1917

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On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany. ... On April 4, 1917, the U.S. Senate voted in support of the measure to declare war on Germany. The House concurred two days later.

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Peace conference begins at Paris - Jan. 18, 1919

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Peace conference begins at Paris - Jan. 18, 1919

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On January 18, 1919, in Paris, France, some of the most powerful people in the world meet to begin the long, complicated negotiations that would officially mark the end of the First World War.

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- https://www.loc.gov/collections/stars-and-stripes/articles-and-essays/a-world-at-war/timeline-1914-1921/
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Jutland
- https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/post-world-war-i-peace-conference-begins-in-- paris#:~:text=On%20January%2018%2C%201919%2C%20in,of%20the%20First%20World%20War.
- thoughtco.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g2/backgroundcs1.htm

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Battle of Jutland, also called Battle of the Skagerrak, (May 31-June 1, 1916), the only major encounter between the main British and German battle fleets in World War I, fought near the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea, about 60 miles (97 km) off the west coast of Jutland ( Denmark).

Battle of Jutland De Agostini Editore/age fotostock

Planning and positioning

In late spring 1916, after months of calm in the North Sea following the naval action at the Dogger Bank, the main British and German fleets met in a face-to-face encounter for the first time. Paradoxical as it may seem, it was no accident that the navies had avoided a direct confrontation until then. For the Royal Navy, command of the seas was of paramount importance. Its whole outlook, fashioned by centuries of tradition, was based on the premise that so long as the sea routes were open for trade, the future of Britain and its empire was secure. While the German main fleet was penned in German ports, this condition was amply fulfilled. Only German U-boats (submarines) were capable of jeopardizing the safety of the British merchant fleet, and their success was limited at this stage of the war.

The British were not averse to a clash with their German opponents. In fact, the British welcomed an engagement on the high seas, as they believed that their superior numbers and firepower would strongly favour them in open water. Sailing into the submarine and torpedo-boat trap of German home waters, however, was obviously not to be recommended. So long as the German High Seas Fleet was doing no direct harm, the British felt that it was best left alone.

The Germans, similarly, were well aware of the dangers inherent in a battle with the British Grand Fleet and had no intention of hazarding their ships in such a way. Instead, their policy had been to keep the High Seas Fleet back and to let the submarines carry out the clandestine work of reducing the Grand Fleet piece by piece until it was sufficiently small for the Germans to face it with some hope of success. As it turned out, the submarines failed in this function, and the policy was modified to take into account the possibility of attacking the Grand Fleet in separate parts. In mid-January 1916 Vice Adm. Reinhard Scheer replaced cautious Adm. Hugo von Pohl as commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet. Scheer felt that a more aggressive war policy might prove fruitful, and he soon formulated a plan in accordance with that belief.

Scheer, Reinhard

The bombardment of Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth, England, by German cruisers on April 25 was intended to lure one part of the British fleet south into a position where the High Seas Fleet could attack it. The scheme worked: Adm. Sir John Jellicoe, commander in chief of the Grand Fleet, sent the 5th Battle Squadron south from the main British base at Scapa Flow, Scotland, to augment Vice Adm. Sir David Beatty's 1st and 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadrons at Rosyth. It was this augmented fleet which Scheer now sought to ensnare and destroy before the remainder of the Grand Fleet could sortie south from Scapa to its rescue.

Beatty, Sir David Photos.com/Jupiterimages

The German plan was simple. Vice Adm. Franz von Hipper would command a scouting group consisting of the battle cruisers Lützow, Derfflinger, Seydlitz, Moltke, and Von der Tann, accompanied by four light cruisers. Hipper's fleet was to steam north from Wilhelmshaven to a point off the Norwegian coastline. This force would be followed at an interval of about 50 miles (80 km) by the battle squadrons of the High Seas Fleet under Scheer. It was hoped that the presence of the scouting group in waters so far from its base would lure the southern section of the Grand Fleet into a pursuit. The main German fleet would then close the gap and destroy the British. At 3:40 pm on May 30, 1916, all units of the High Seas Fleet received the executive signal to put this plan into operation.

Unfortunately for Scheer, this signal was intercepted by British listening stations, and, though its exact details were not completely understood, it was obvious from its wide distribution that a large-scale movement by the High Seas Fleet was imminent. Jellicoe was informed, and by 10:30 pm-before even the German scouting group had left the Jadebusen (Jade Bay)-the entire British Grand Fleet was at sea, Jellicoe's force making for a rendezvous with Beatty's near the entrance to the Skagerrak, fairly across the planned route of the German fleet. Hipper led his group to sea at 1:00 am on May 31-the van of a fleet of 100 ships manned by approximately 45,000 officers and men. Though they did not know it, they were to meet 151 ships and some 60,000 men in history's biggest naval battle up to that date.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The clash of fleets

By 1:30 pm on May 31, the rival fleets were approaching each other, but each was unaware of the other's presence. The High Seas Fleet had rigidly adhered to Scheer's plan, though Hipper was as yet uncertain whether his scouting group had lured Beatty's fleet across the North Sea.

Jellicoe, Sir John Rushworth Project Gutenberg

For their part, the British were inclined to believe that another fruitless sweep to find the Germans had taken place and that they would soon return to their respective bases. The call sign of the German flagship was, in fact, still being heard from the Jadebusen. Jellicoe, unaware that the transference of this call from ship to shore was a normal practice when the High Seas Fleet put to sea, believed that the main body of that fleet was still in German waters. Beatty's battle cruisers, with the 5th Battle Squadron in attendance 5 miles (8 km) astern, were reaching the eastern limit of their sweep and would soon turn northward to meet Jellicoe's force at the rendezvous point. It was a clear, calm spring day. At 2:15 pm the turn commenced, a light-cruiser screen spreading out between the heavy ships and the Helgoland Bight.

Just before 2:00 pm the light cruiser Elbing, on the western flank of the German scouting group, sighted the smoke of a small Danish steamer, the N.J. Fjord, on the horizon to the west. Two torpedo boats were dispatched to investigate. Roughly 10 minutes later, Commodore E.S. Alexander-Sinclair, commanding the British 1st Light Cruiser Squadron aboard the Galatea, also saw the Danish ship and steamed off to investigate, accompanied by the light cruiser Phaeton. At 2:20 pm, the cause of their meeting forgotten, both forces were signaling "Enemy in sight," and at 2:28 pm the Galatea fired the first shots of the Battle of Jutland.

This chance meeting was extremely fortunate for the Germans, for Jellicoe's battle squadrons were still 65 miles (105 km) to the north. Had the N.J. Fjord not attracted so much attention, Hipper's scouting group would inevitably have led the High Seas Fleet toward the Grand Fleet when the latter was fully concentrated under Jellicoe's command. As it was, the British trap was sprung prematurely.

On receipt of the signals from their light cruisers, both Beatty and Hipper turned and raced toward the sound of gunfire, and at 3:20 pm the two opposing lines of battle cruisers were in sight of each other, maneuvering for position. At 3:48 pm Hipper's flagship, the Lützow, opened fire, which was promptly returned, but during the next 20 minutes the British line suffered severely: the Lion, the Princess Royal, and the Tiger were hit repeatedly, and the Indefatigable, caught by two salvoes from the Von der Tann, capsized and sank. The 5th Battle Squadron (left behind by the faster battle cruisers) now joined the British line, and its heavy guns caused such damage to Hipper's battle cruisers that the German torpedo-boat screen moved in to launch a torpedo attack. At this moment another British battle cruiser, the Queen Mary, blew up with a shattering explosion, having been hit in a main magazine.

While this action was in progress, British Commodore W.E. Goodenough 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron was patrolling south of Beatty's main force, and at about 4:40 pm Goodenough reported having sighted the main body of the High Seas Fleet. Beatty immediately withdrew northward to lure the enemy toward the rest of the Grand Fleet, the 5th Battle Squadron covering the withdrawal.

To Jellicoe, Goodenough's signal came as an illuminating surprise, but, unfortunately, it was not sufficiently detailed. Some 40 miles (64 km) still separated him from Beatty's battle cruisers-and how much farther away was the main enemy force? Jellicoe's battleships, steaming in six columns abeam of each other, would need to be deployed in one line before action. Both the method and the moment of deployment were matters of vital importance, and the admiral could make no decision on them until he knew the enemy's position and course.

Just before 6:00 pm Jellicoe sighted Beatty's battle cruisers, now augmented by the 3rd Battle Cruiser Squadron under Rear Adm. Horace Hood. Visibility was rapidly worsening, however, and it was 6:14 pm before Jellicoe received a reply to his urgent signal "Where is the enemy battle fleet?" Twenty seconds later he ordered his main battle fleet to deploy on the port wing division, thus giving the British the benefit of what light remained and also cutting the line of Scheer's retreat. It was the most vital decision of the battle, and it was taken not a moment too soon. As the last battleship turned into line, the murk cleared slightly to reveal the leading ships of the High Seas Fleet heading for the middle of the Grand Fleet. The broadside of Jellicoe's entire line could thus be brought to bear on the Germans, who could only reply with the forward guns of their leading ships. For Jellicoe it was a moment of triumph; for Scheer it was one of unparalleled danger.

Three factors contributed to the extrication of the German ships from the trap: their own excellent construction, the steadiness and discipline of their crews, and the poor quality of the British shells. The Lützow, the Derfflinger, and the battleship König led the line and were under broadside fire from 10 or more battleships, yet their main armament remained undamaged, and they fought back to such effect that one of their salvoes fell full on the Invincible (Hood's flagship), causing an explosion which tore the ship in half and killed all except six of the crew. This success, however, did little to relieve the intense bombardment, and the High Seas Fleet was still pressing forward into the steel trap of the Grand Fleet. Placing full reliance in the seamanship of his captains, Scheer at 6:36 pm ordered a 180° turn for all ships together (the last ship becoming the leader), and, as the battleships and cruisers steered away in retreat, torpedo boats draped thick smoke screens across their rear. Miraculously, there were no collisions.

To Jellicoe it was by no means clear what had taken place. Visibility had worsened, and smoke lay thick over the seas. By 6:45 pm contact with the Germans had been lost, and an unnatural silence descended. Yet the Grand Fleet was still between the High Seas Fleet and the German ports, and this was the situation which Scheer most dreaded. Then at 6:55 pm he ordered another 180° turn, possibly in the hope that he would pass astern of the main British line. He was mistaken, and a few minutes after 7:00 pm he was in a worse position than the one from which he had just extricated himself: his battle line had become compressed, his leading ships were under merciless bombardment again, and it was obvious that he must once more turn away. At 7:16 pm, therefore, to cause a diversion and win time, he ordered his battle cruisers and torpedo-boat flotillas to virtually immolate themselves in a massed charge against the British.

This was the crisis of the Battle of Jutland. As the German battle cruisers and torpedo boats steamed gallantly forward, the battleships astern became confused in their endeavour to turn away. Had Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet forward through the Germans' oncoming screen at that moment, the fate of the High Seas Fleet would have been sealed. As it was, because he overrated the danger of a torpedo attack, he ordered a turn away, and the two opposing lines of battleships steamed apart at more than 20 knots (23 miles [37 km] per hour). They did not meet again, and, when darkness descended, Jellicoe faced the task of covering Scheer's possible escape routes-southward directly to the Jadebusen or southeastward to the Horns Reef and then home.

Unfortunately for Jellicoe, the British Admiralty failed to inform him that Scheer had requested airship reconnaissance of the area around Horns Reef for the following dawn, with the result that the British battleships steamed too far south during the night. Scheer had turned again after nightfall and crossed astern of Jellicoe's battle squadrons, resolutely brushing aside the British rearguard of light cruisers and destroyers in a series of sharp actions which caused losses on both sides. Scheer reached the security of the Horns Reef minefields at about 3:00 am on June 1. Just before daylight, Jellicoe turned his battleships to search again for the High Seas Fleet, but he was too late.

Outcome and aftermath

The British sustained greater losses than the Germans in both ships and men: three battle cruisers, three cruisers, and eight destroyers had been sunk against one battleship, one battle cruiser, four light cruisers, and five torpedo craft lost by the Germans; 6,768 British officers and men had been killed or wounded, against 3,058 officers and men killed or wounded in the High Seas Fleet. It was the bloodiest day in British naval history, and the triumphant publication of such figures in the German press gave a worldwide impression that the Royal Navy had suffered a serious reverse. The significant fact, however, was that despite these losses the balance of power in European waters was not essentially changed. The British still dominated the North Sea, and the Germans had not inflicted sufficient losses on their adversary to stand any chance of victory in a new action against its main fleet.

Scheer, did, however, have one more card up his sleeve which he sought to play in 1916. On the evening of August 18, 11 weeks after the Battle of Jutland, he again put to sea with the High Seas Fleet, hoping this time that a bombardment of Sunderland would lure the Grand Fleet into a trap set by his U-boats. The Grand Fleet was ordered south to intercept, and a British force of submarines was amassed off various ports of the North Sea. It was the submarines on both sides which caused the first damage: on the German side, the battleship Westfalen went limping home with damage from a torpedo; on the British side, the light cruiser Nottingham sank off the Farne Islands after being hit three times on the morning of August 19. The U-boats' sinking of the Nottingham contributed unwittingly to the German failure to lure the bigger game into their trap. Jellicoe, not knowing whether a mine or a torpedo had been responsible for the sinking, turned north and for two hours steamed away from the enemy. By the time he recovered and regained his position, the High Seas Fleet, believing that a small British force coming from Harwich in the south was the main body of the Grand Fleet, had turned tail and made for home.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Michael Ray, Editor.

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Battle of Jutland | History, Facts, & Outcome

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Battle of Jutland (May 31-June 1, 1916), naval engagement off the west coast of Denmark that was the only major encounter between the main British and German fleets in World War I. Both sides claimed victory: Germany because it had destroyed or damaged more ships, Britain because it retained control of the North Sea.