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The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds.The Columbian exchange ultimately connected the two regions of the world. Maritime advancements allowed for this connection. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed both European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery.  The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural workings of both sides of the Atlantic. Advancements in agricultural production, evolution of warfare, increased mortality rates and education are a few examples of the effect of the Columbian Exchange on both Europeans and Native Americans.

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The term "Columbian Exchange" was first utilized in by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his book The Columbian Exchange. The coined term "Columbian Exchange" comes from the man who sparked the movement into America, Christopher Columbus, and the exchange done by trade that followed soon after.

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Avocados | Beans (kidney, navy, lima) | Bell peppers | Black-eyed Susans
Cacao (for chocolate) | Chili peppers | Corn | Cotton
Marigolds | Papayas | Peanuts | Petunias
Pineapples | Poinsettias | Potatoes | Pumpkins
Quinine | Rubber | Squashes | Sunflowers
Sweet potatoes | Tobacco | Tomatoes | Turkeys
Vanilla beans | Zinnias

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Bananas | Barley | Cabbages | Carnations
Chickens | Coffee | Cows | Crabgrass
Daffodils | Daisies | Dandelions | Horses
Lemons | Lettuce | Lilacs | Olives
Oranges | Peaches | Pears | Pigs
Rice | Sheep | Sugarcane | Tulips
Turnips | Wheat

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The Arrival of Europeans to the New World

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The Arrival of Europeans to the New World

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Land was becoming an overwhelming need as several nations tried to become nation states. Military needs for empires could not be met entirely due to low wealth among the nations. Several religious disputes had been occurring at this time as Catholic monarchs tried to over power Protestantism .

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Mia Glickman, Jean Paul Salas, Jonny Almonte

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The Europeans wanted to diffuse their language and cultural preference so they could claim more dominance in the world.  Another reason for European colonization was for land. The land was wanted for bigger fields and more cultivation of crops such as maize.

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Europe received new crops and goods from the Americas like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes that made their population grow drastically.They also colonized land in the Americas and used it to grow more cash crops to sell for their benefit. Received many slaves threw the Columbian exchange as well giving them more forces of labor.

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The Americas, like the Europeans received new crops and animals from the Columbian Exchange, including wheat, rice, horses, and chicken. The introduction of the horse transformed the native's lifestyle's, it made hunting animals, like oxen, for them easier. New animals and crops were not the only things that went to the Americas, new diseases, such as small pox and yellow fever, were introduced to them as well. These new diseases caused mass death and made the natives population decline drastically. Some natives were also enslaved by the Europeans and died because of the harsh conditions they were put through. Some land from the Americas was taken and used by the Europeans for their own crops.

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The only people who benefited from the Columbian exchange were the Europeans, who sailed the Atlantic Ocean and colonized the Americas. While both The Americas and Europe received new types of plants and animals in the Columbian exchange, only the Europeans saw a large growth in their population and improvement to their society while the natives of The Americas only found death and destruction to their society through their interactions with the Europeans.

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An instrument used to make astronomical measurements, typically the altitudes of celestial bodies

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An instrument with a graduated arc of 60 degrees and a sighting mechanism, used for measuring the angular distances between objects.

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New technology that the Europeans developed helped them sail to the Americas. Two key inventions were the sextant and astrolabe

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The three words above (god, glory, and gold) are what drove the Europeans to conquer and colonize the New World. Spain wanted to spread their religion, Christianity, so they colonized the New World and tried to convert the natives to Christianity and get ride of their belief systems to benefit their religion. They also wanted to expand their own empire, bringing them more power. The Spanish also believed that they could find gold and other valuable resources to make them and their country more wealthy.

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                                                                                               THE BIG CHANGE: WHAT SPARKED THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

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                                                                                               THE BIG CHANGE: WHAT SPARKED THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

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Following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, many of the European nations were interested in colonizing the new world. As a result, they sent men by maritime with orders to conquer territory, and convert the local civilians to their religion. However, with the arrival of these foreign colonizers, came the introduction of new varieties of animals, plants and diseases.

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(Northeastern)

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(Easy water access, log homes)

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(Southwestern)

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(Northeastern)

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2/3 of the Native americans had their lifestyle based on farming crops such as maize(corn), potatoes, and several fruits. To clear space for new crops to be planted, they used a method of intentional burning of the vegetation to mimic forest fires in clearing the field.

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What are some similarities between slavery and peasants?

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What are some similarities between slavery and peasants?

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Concepts of both slavery and peasantry are based on a superior-inferior relationship between subjects and their masters. The term serf is derived from the Latin word "servus" which translates to slave. Serfs belonged to their land, in the same way that slaves were workers on plantations. In both cases, whether serf or slave, workers were often born, and often died on the same land.
When Europeans began extracting Africans from Africa at the initiation of the Atlantic slave trade, many of the practical methods and ideologies were results of Feudalism.

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In medieval European feudalism, a contract system was developed in the relationship between superior and inferior. Vassals were required to provide their lords part of their cultivated food in exchange for land, and they were also required to give the same to knights, in exchange for protection.

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Interactions with superior:
Enslaved people had less of a legal obligation to serve their superiors. Instead, they were forced into this lifestyle. They were seen as property, and ownership was determined by superiority. When it came to denial, any act of rebellion or any sign of defense would result in homocide, or brutal abuse.

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                                                              SLAVERY VS. PEASANTRY

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                                                              SLAVERY VS. PEASANTRY

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How The Two Concepts Fused

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Feudalism was the strongest social stratification system held in pre- Columbian times. Feudalism is best explained by class rank. Kings took rule and the top rank, followed by nobles, knights, and lastly; peasants/serfs. Peasants were due to complete cultivation, and were obliged to provide food for knights in exchange for protection.

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The social structure of Africa prior to the Columbian Exchange is slightly undefined. However, it is connected to the European social systems due to the existence of Atlantic Slave trade. Slaves from Africa fall under the category of peasants of European Feudalism, and due to the fact that Europeans were the slave owners and traders, they fit Africans into their society in this way.

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(Northwestern) ca. 1913

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The concept of Native American chiefdom was a European concept. Hierarchies had not been established prior to their arrival, however their views altered as European influence expressed the confusion in not being able to identify or designate a superior force, or chief.

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Life Prior To The Colombian Exchange (Cont.)

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Life Prior To The Colombian Exchange (Cont.)

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What were other areas of the world like prior to the Columbian exchange?

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Prior to the arrival of Europeans, and prior to the establishment of the Colombian exchange, Native American people were given no choice but to adapt to, and make use of the natural resources given to them.
For example, the prime cause for Southwestern Indian success in farming was due to their irrigation techniques. It is important to keep in mind that the Southwest climate is dry and rocky; and had they not established a irrigational system, they would not have been able to grow anything. Their adaptation methods enabled their food sources to grow.
The Northwest tribes were surrounded by water, therefore fishing was prevalent, and a major source of food. Their houses we're made of wood and log.
The Northeastern Indians, as mentioned before, were resourceful, and utilized trees, and tree sap in order to develop their shelters. Due to the fact that they were woodland indians, the access to wooded areas, trees, and dirt allowed building opportunities.
Overall, the Native Americans were savvy, and did well when it came to working with the resources given to them.

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(Southwestern)

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Inhabitants of The Americas Prior to the Columbian Exchange, and Their Lifestyles

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Inhabitants of The Americas Prior to the Columbian Exchange, and Their Lifestyles

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Southwest- Southwestern tribes including the Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo tribes were large on the arts. Arts were a large part of their culture, they often made pottery for every day use and display. They fufill the stereotype of what indians truly do look like. For example, they wear large and decorated head dresses. Dolls called Kachina dolls were carved of wood. Turquoise stones were precious stones, and baskets were often made as gifts or offerings. They had a well established agricultural system as a result of crop irrigation.

Northwest- A hunter/ gatherer lifestyle. Access to water also allowed them to fish often. Tribes include Tlingit, Alsea, Bella Bella, Cowlitz, Nootka, and many others. They had a fairly well developed agricultural system, and also utilized hunting and gathering. Gathered foods include berries, trees and nuts.

Northeast- The largest distributed Indian tribe across the United States consists of the Northeast, or woodland tribes. They were most likely the most developed tribe as they had their own alliance of confederate states, known as a confederacy. They were resourceful, and established shelters out of the utensils around them. Tribes included in the Northeastern regional tribes include the Shawnee, Wampanog, and Delaware.

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What were the americas like before Columbian Exchange?