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class handout

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Chapters 12 & 13 from your book should be finished to be studied by the end of week 3 (September 23rd).
--> lesson test on September 23rd.
--> prepare your questions for Thursday, Sept. 22nd.
--> REMEMBER that efficient work can only be achieved if you study PROGRESSIVELY.
--> VOLUNTEER for a presentation on a press article (or based on another source of your choice) for week 4.

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handout from Sept. 15th

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The portrait of Ronaldo

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A footballer's career does not end when he retires. The reputation of a player can change after the event because of anything from evolution to nostalgia. Some players have their achievements diminished by the next generation; others age beautifully. For the Brazilian Ronaldo, who turns 40 on Sunday, this is particularly acute. A number of forwards, from Thierry Henry to Lionel Messi, have achieved greatness - and in some cases surpassed him - by paying homage to his style of play; another has changed how we respond to his name. The need to distinguish the two Ronaldos has led to some unflattering comments. In 2013, when considering the merits of both, Sir Alex Ferguson absent-mindedly spoke for many in both his judgment and description. "If I compare Cristiano with the fat one, the old one, Cristiano is better."

The fat one. The old one. There are still plenty of people who remember him as the one: Il Fenomeno or - if you're into the whole Edson Arantes de Nascimento thing - Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima. Even before Cristiano, there were two Ronaldos: the one that returned after long-term injury in 2002 was a great goalscorer, but the 1990s version was a great everything.

The knee injuries suffered at Internazionale took away the explosiveness that made him possibly the greatest young footballer of all time, a futuristic fusion of speed, strength and skill. That is not to belittle Ronaldo's achievements in the second half of his career, when he scored eight goals in a single World Cup and became the first Ronaldo to receive a standing ovation at Old Trafford, but it is the memory of the early years that puts mist in the eyes of grown men.

By the time he suffered his first career-threatening injury in 1999, Ronaldo was 23 and had already scored more than 200 goals for Cruzeiro, PSV Eindhoven, Barcelona, Inter and Brazil. His solitary season at Barcelona went straight into folklore: he scored 47 in 49 games, many of them outrageous solo goals. That total looks relatively tame since the bar was raised by the other Ronaldo and Messi, but at the time it was almost unprecedented. In quantitative terms, you need to judge Ronaldo by the standards of 1996, not 2016. Qualitatively, he stands up to the fiercest contemporary scrutiny. Old football can look relatively slow and clumsy, evolution being what it is, yet Ronaldo's speed is awesome even to modern eyes. If you do only one worthwhile thing today, watch a YouTube video of his season at Barcelona.

Those highlights packages can be deceptive, but rewatching a full match such as the 1998 World Cup semi-final against Holland confirms the sheer menace and excitement of Ronaldo with the ball at his feet. You can hear or see it in the defenders' body language, the pitch of the ITV commentator Brian Moore's voice or the noise of the crowd. "Ronaldo could start from the halfway line and the whole stadium would ignite," said Sir Bobby Robson, his manager at Barcelona. "A current would course through the stands."

That was because Ronaldo played like a winger - but he did so in the centre of the pitch, which made him infinitely more dangerous. He played like every attack had a 10-second deadline and the Brazilian would explode into life with no warning for defenders. His 50-yard dash in extra time of the 1998 World Cup semi-final, when he scorched past Frank de Boer and Jaap Stam before De Boer made an immense recovery tackle, is among the most exhilarating moments in modern World Cup history.

There were centre-forwards before Ronaldo who roamed and ran with the ball - Dixie Dean, Eusébio, Preben Elkjaer and especially George Weah - but none did it as devastatingly or excitingly. He did not get between the lines of the defence and midfield; he got between the lines of the defenders, with or without the ball. He did not pass the ball through the eye of the needle; he squeezed through it himself. His famous hat-trick against Valencia in 1996 included two remarkable goals in which he bulldozed through the tiniest gap between defenders. "He's not a man," said the former Real Madrid striker Jorge Valdano. "He's a herd."

That Barcelona team is seen as one of the great coaching seminars, with Pep Guardiola, Luis Enrique and Laurent Blanc on the pitch and José Mourinho on the bench. Ronaldo did not bother with all that theory. He could link play when necessary but at his best he was the antonym of tiki-taka: he just ran through everything and scored a goal.

He was faster with the ball than most people were without it. "When Ronaldo had the ball, he ran at 2,000 miles per hour," said Zinedine Zidane. His love of dribbling was such that in the majority of his one-on-ones he ran straight past the goalkeeper as if he was just another defender. Other times he would make a fool of the keeper: in the 1998 Uefa Cup final, he used sleight of hip to put Lazio's Luca Marchegiani on his backside without touching the ball.

At times Ronaldo was so unstoppable that you could have allowed all 11 players to use their hands and he would still have scored. "When he stripped, he looked like a boxer," said Robson. "He had wonderful biceps and shoulders with terrific definition." That speed and strength made him football's Jonah Lomu - but with the best of David Campese as well. He was very much a head-up dribbler. "I've never seen a player able to show such precise control at such high speed," said Marcel Desailly. "Watching him was like watching a character in a video game." In many ways he was the first PlayStation footballer. His stepover was a form of hypnosis, and his signature trick, the elastico, could certainly have come from a computer screen.

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Ronaldo during his single season at Barcelona, when he scored 47 goals in 49 games and won the European Golden Shoe and La Liga top scorer awards. Photograph: Action Images

His most famous was on the great Alessandro Nesta in the 1998 Uefa Cup final. That match had been hyped as a meeting between the best attacker and the best defender in Serie A. Ronaldo destroyed his opponent. "It was the worst experience of my career," he said. Nesta watched the match repeatedly on video, trying to work out what he had done wrong, until he finally had his Eureka moment: there was nothing anyone could have done. "Ronaldo," he said, "was simply unstoppable."

Some defenders, particularly in Serie A, would try to stop him by foul means or fouler. But for the most part Ronaldo left a great generation of centre-backs at their wits' end, their brains melting with the demands of concentrating against him for 90 minutes. Gary Neville, who played in the centre of defence against Brazil during Le Tournoi in 1997, recalled Ronaldo and Romário laughing their heads off at a joke while play was going on at the other end and England's defenders were gulping oxygen.

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Ronaldo hoists the World Cup aloft in 2002. He scored both goals in the 2-0 win over Germany, to make it eight in total for the tournament in Japan and South Korea. Photograph: Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images

An opposing defence could not even contemplate relaxing while he was on the field, whether it was 22 seconds into the second half of a World Cup semi-final or in the 89th minute of his final game for Barcelona. They were drawing 0-0 against Deportivo in a match they had to win to retain a realistic chance of winning the title. Ronaldo went on one last charge but was knocked over 35 yards from goal. He stayed on the floor for a second or two, watching the play; then, when a Deportivo player fractionally miscontrolled the ball, he sprang to his feet, surged through the defence and scored. One moment he was on his back 35 yards from goal; three touches and four seconds later he was celebrating. It was a perfect summary of his year in Catalonia. "He's the most spectacular player I've ever seen," said Luis Enrique, who played with him at the Camp Nou and is now Barcelona's manager. "He did things I'd never seen before. We're now used to seeing Messi dribble past six players, but not then. He was strong, a beast."

When Ronaldo put Compostela on the football map by scoring his most famous goal against them in 1996, Robson turned away and put his hands over his head. He looked like he could not cope with seeing such brilliant football, especially from somebody who had only turned 20 less than a month earlier.

Nothing in sport excites like the emergence of a brilliant young player, such is the seductive infinity of potential. Ronaldo is easily the best of the past 30 years, possibly ever. The other Ronaldo and Messi were brilliant teenagers but had nothing like the same impact at that age. Only Pelé, Diego Maradona and George Best can really compare. In 1997, aged 21, Ronaldo became the youngest winner of the Ballon d'Or, a record he still holds. He received 38 votes for first place that year; nobody else got more than two. He also broke the world transfer record twice before his 21st birthday; Maradona is the only other player to break it twice at any age. "If it wasn't for injury I think he would be talked about on the same level as Pelé and Maradona," said the Juventus and Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon. "He had all the skills needed to be the best ever. He was like an alien because of what he could do on the pitch." That is not an isolated view. Robson said: "Had he managed to stay free of injury, he had every chance of becoming the best footballer ever."

Most blame those knee injuries for the fact he peaked so early, though others think it was more down to lifestyle. Either way, the romantic "what if" has enhanced his legend in some ways. We get to have our cake and not eat it; to wonder wistfully how good it might have tasted.

There are players who have achieved more but nobody has yet replicated Ronaldo's blend of skill, strength and astonishing speed. He brought the visceral thrill of the 100 metres to the football field. Every time he was involved in an attack it was like a starter pistol went off: on your marks, get set, goal.

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Ronaldo at 40: Il Fenomeno's legacy as greatest ever No9, despite dodgy knees | Rob Smyth

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A footballer's career does not end when he retires. The reputation of a player can change after the event because of anything from evolution to nostalgia. Some players have their achievements diminished by the next generation; others age beautifully. For the Brazilian Ronaldo, who turns 40 on Sunday, this is particularly acute.

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A big multinational and Jessica Alba

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Unilever is attempting to buy Hollywood actor Jessica Alba's household goods company Honest for more than $1bn (£760m), according to reports.

The London-listed Unilever, which owns Dove soap, Lynx body sprays and Ben & Jerry's ice cream, is on an acquisition spree buying up new and innovative companies that appeal to younger people to help maintain its stronghold on the global consumer goods market.

The planned-purchase of Honest, which the Golden Globe-nominated actorco-founded in 2011, comes hot on the heels of Unilever's $1bn purchase of Dollar Shave Club.

Both Unilever and Honest declined to comment on the proposed sale, which was first reported by the Wall Street Journal. Honest, which has built up a loyal customer base of young mothers who buy its diapers (nappies), household cleaners and beauty products via online subscription, is also exploring the possibility of floating on the stock market.

The speculated $1bn sale price is significantly lower than the $1.7bn Honest was reportedly valued at in its most recent fundraising drive last year.

Honest is attractive to Unilever for its "natural" and "green" household cleaning goods, which are a booming market in the US and overseas. But, Honest has been hit with class-action lawsuits by customers claiming that its products have been deceptively labeled as "organic" and "natural" when they contain non-natural ingredients.

Alba, 35, who has been acting since she was 13 and starred in Fantastic Four and Dark Angel, has dismissed the lawsuits as baseless. "If an organization wants to bring awareness to their cause, I'm an easy target and our brand is an easy target obviously, because I get a different kind of attention than other brands would," she said on the Today show last month. "We stand by our ingredients, the effectiveness of the products and we're pretty optimistic that we're going to win every case."

Paul Polman, Unilever's chief executive, said Unilever was seeking to buy up fresh ideas rather than attempting to come up with new products and business models in house. "An innovative company has to go outside as much as inside. The main incubators for our future innovation capabilities are more likely to be outside than inside," he said in an interview with Bloomberg earlier this week.

Polman, who was paid €10.4m (£8.9m) last year, described Dollar Shave Club - which has shaken up the razor market by posting grooming products to subscribers for as little as $1 a month - as a "disruptor".

Alba is not the first Hollywood star to swap the silver screen for the product development and the boardroom. Paul Newman created Newman's Own in 1982, it has expanded to more than 200 products including pizza, cookies and pet food and donated more than $450m of profits to charity.
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Unilever in talks to buy Jessica Alba's Honest company for $1bn

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Unilever is attempting to buy Hollywood actor Jessica Alba's household goods company Honest for more than $1bn (£760m), according to reports. The London-listed Unilever, which owns Dove soap, Lynx body sprays and Ben & Jerry's ice cream, is on an acquisition spree buying up new and innovative companies that appeal to younger people to help maintain its stronghold on the global consumer goods market.

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Winning in spite of everything

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GRAPEVINE, Tex. - The mariachi band played with unmistakable pride. Fans screamed, desperately scrambling to get a glimpse of their hero.

Young and old, several hundred of them came out Wednesday to pay homage to Saúl Álvarez, the Mexican boxer widely known as Canelo, who is viewed as one of the most popular - and marketable - stars of a sport entering its post-Floyd Mayweather Jr., post-Manny Pacquiao era.

"I took my girls out of school for the day so they could see him," Jessica Muniz of Dallas said as she watched Álvarez's public workout Wednesday at Gaylord Texan Resort here. Muniz said her 10-year-old daughter, Aubrey, is an aspiring boxer who has modeled her style on Álvarez's aggressive, power-punching approach.

"Girls her age normally have posters of boy bands on the wall," Muniz said. "She has pictures of Canelo."

The appeal is there for all to see. Álvarez, 26, a handsome, dynamic technician, is considered by some to be the best fighter in the world. He is in Texas this week to attempt to seize the junior middleweight title of Liam Smith, an unbeaten Englishman from Liverpool.

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Álvarez, right, beat Miguel Cotto for the middleweight title last November in Las Vegas, but has relinquished it to return to his more natural weight. Credit Isaac Brekken/Getty Images

The fight, on Saturday night at the Dallas Cowboys' AT&T Stadium in Arlington, will take place less than 24 hours after Mexican Independence Day, and that convergence of a national holiday and a popular Mexican fighter in a big fight has set up what amounts to a perfect boxing storm.

Oscar De La Hoya, the former world champion who now acts as a promoter and mentor to Álvarez, predicted this week that more than 70,000 fans would attend the fight, putting it in a category with the 63,315 who turned out to see Muhammad Ali beat Leon Spinks in 1978 at the Superdome in New Orleans. The audience willing to pay to see the Álvarez-Smith bout on television will be multiples of the in-person crowd.

In interviews this week, Álvarez (47-1-1, 33 knockouts) called the chance to represent Mexico this weekend "a great honor."

"It is great to know there will be so much love from them," he said.

Raised in the rural town of Juanacatlán, Álvarez grew up in a family of seven siblings - including six brothers who became professional fighters. He learned to ride horses on his family's farm as a boy, and at times, he still appears happier riding bareback at breakneck speed than he is in aiming for his third world title. Even as his talent in the ring has won praise, it is a different word people often ascribe to him - humility - that has added to his appeal.

"Mexico is paralyzed when Saúl fights," his trainer, Chepo Reynoso, said. "I've known him since he was a kid, and he hasn't changed over the years despite the fame."

The only difference, Reynoso said, is that now "he rides better horses."

For now, the only blemish on Álvarez's record is a defeat - on points, at age 23 - at the hands of the ultimately unbeaten Mayweather. Since then, Álvarez's performances have impressed, especially his 2015 encounter against Miguel Cotto. The victory over Cotto won him the middleweight title, a belt that he defended once and then relinquished to return to his more natural weight, but it also helped elevate Álvarez to boxing's apex.

Yet as far as Álvarez has come, support for him is not universal. There are those who doubt him as a fighter, or as a box office draw. For some of his countrymen, though, the main problem is aesthetic: With his fair skin and red hair, which earned him the nickname Canelo (cinnamon), Álvarez stands out in a country where such a combination is not that common.

"Some Mexicans don't recognize what a great fighter he is," said Ernesto Amador, a television commentator for the Univision Sports network.

He added: "You have two different types of Mexican fans. Those who live in the United States know their stuff and appreciate the efforts. He is an idol. But in Mexico, his critics know nothing about boxing. They drink two beers and think they are experts. I was a fighter. I know how good he is."

The sales for HBO's pay-per-view coverage of Saturday's fight will be a good sign of Álvarez's drawing power. His fight with Cotto produced more than 930,000 subscription buys, but Álvarez drew half that number earlier this year when he successfully defended his newly won middleweight title against Amir Khan of England.

That means reputations, as well as quite a bit of money, will be on the line Saturday night, not to mention an even bigger payday on the horizon, against the current middleweight champion, Gennady Golovkin.

Golovkin, a ferocious and fearsome puncher from Kazakhstan, may be the most dangerous boxer in the world at the moment, and one of the few rivals to Álvarez as a marquee draw. The possibility of his being paired with Álvarez in a head-to-head rivalry similar to Mayweather-Pacquiao is creating a frenzy.

An Álvarez-Golovkin encounter, however, will not happen as quickly as either camp desires. Golovkin operates as a middleweight, at 160 pounds, while Álvarez will weigh in for Saturday's fight against Smith at 154. Álvarez has never fought heavier than 155, and his camp has shown little interest - so far - in moving up.

Still, while there are risks in agreeing to fight a bigger, more experienced opponent - at 34, Golovkin is eight years older than Álvarez - the potential of a multimillion-dollar payoff has given everyone involved a sense of urgency to set a date.

"It will happen next year," De La Hoya said Wednesday, not for the first time.

Until then, Álvarez will fight for himself, for his fans and for Mexico.

"He is a humble man, and that's why Canelo is so popular," said Robert Montano, a fan from Fort Worth.

Montano, too, acknowledged that Álvarez still had doubters. Just not at the gate.

"The fact he doesn't look Mexican makes some think twice," Montano said. "The girls like him, though, which is important. And if the girls buy tickets, the boys will follow."

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page D1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Dynamic Pugilist, With His Homeland Firmly in His Corner. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

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Despite His Doubters, Canelo Álvarez Humbly Fights for Mexico

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GRAPEVINE, Tex. - The mariachi band played with unmistakable pride. Fans screamed, desperately scrambling to get a glimpse of their hero. Young and old, several hundred of them came out Wednesday to pay homage to Saúl Álvarez, the Mexican boxer widely known as Canelo, who is viewed as one of the most popular - and marketable - stars of a sport entering its post-Floyd Mayweather Jr., post-Manny Pacquiao era.

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Job hunting with apps

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A company manager can swipe left or right on your profile as well, and if the two of you are a match, you can then chat and exchange more detailed information. Switch works anonymously at first, with potential managers seeing only your profile and not your name. The company that makes it also promises that there are no headhunters or recruiters on the system; only staff members with the company posting the job can correspond with you. Switch is easy to use, and it's free on iOS and Android.

Monster is a big name in online job hunting, and the company has an app to complement its more traditional web-based service. Monster's app works similarly to Indeed - you search for job offers by keyword, and then you can see information on available positions in the app and apply for some of them immediately.

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The Resume Free CV Builder also features a clean, minimalist design.

The Monster app also has a system for uploading your résumé and standard cover letters, so you can forward them to an employer if you are interested in a position - this could definitely speed up the application process, which may be important for jobs that are snapped up quickly. The app is simple to use and cleanly designed, and it's free on iOS and Android.

Monster also owns the Jobr app, which is a fast-paced, swipe-if-you're-interested system similar to Switch. Because of the way it works, Jobr may be a speedier way to browse Monster's list of millions of available jobs. The app also includes a "concierge" service, which guides you through the search process depending on whether you are looking for a new job with a higher salary or more challenging work that matches your skill set and so on. It's free on iOS and Android.

There is still a place for the traditional résumé when it comes to applying for new jobs, and the Resume Free CV Builder app is a good option. This iOS app includes résumé templates that you can populate with your information. Once you have perfected a résumé, you can email it to yourself as a PDF, ready to forward to a potential employer. The app is free, but to gain access to some of the more interesting design templates, you have to pay a few dollars. Android users should check out My Resume Builder, which has similar features and is also free.

Quick Call

Discovering music in a social way is the goal of Lisn. The new app lets you share songs with friends and listen to the music together while chatting about it in real time. The idea is that the best recommendations for new music may come from people who already know your tastes. Lisn is free and ad-free for iOS users only.

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Looking for a New Job? These Free Apps Can Help

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A company manager can swipe left or right on your profile as well, and if the two of you are a match, you can then chat and exchange more detailed information. Switch works anonymously at first, with potential managers seeing only your profile and not your name.