# data[].attributes.body
Summers, Richard. "The Ethics of Human Experience". The Crimson.com 21 April. 1968. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. <http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/4/21/the-ethics-of-human-experimentation-pbebxperimental/>

This article summarizes the goods and bads onn human experiment with Harvard. This articled tried comparing what scientific experiments have yielded the Theory of Relativity, and what might happen when it yields to human. Harvard does many human experiments, most of them are psychological and some perplexing ethical, legal, and humanistic issues, but some can cause danger. Human experiments are limited on how dangerous it should be now. Some evidence shows in The Faculty of Arts and Science Standing Committee on the Use of Human Subjects got rid of using different kinds of acid on human beings, but occasionally, controversies occur, like students getting electric shocks. In Harvard, in order to be able to experiment with or on human subjects, they have to submit a proposal to the committees who are in charger of those kinds of things.

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Wrigley, Anthony. "Human Experiments – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." The Conversation. N.p., 8 June 2015. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.

This article talks about the rights and wrongs about human experimentation. Human experimentation is unreasonable. The text describes the Nazi experimentations on concentration camp prisoners, and scientists exposing little kids to dangerous diseases to find vaccines. In ethics, this experimentation that involves human subjects is very bad and should not be performed. The article also talks about how bad it is to test a human subject without consent or permission. In Octavian Nothing, no one told Octavian about anything. In fact, they told him lies while the scientists were experimenting on him. It is unfair that Octavian was finally told he was being experimented on when he was about seven years of age. It is wrong that the scientists experimented on Octavian without telling him for seven years. This relates to the text because it states the bad things about experimentation because there are laws involved.

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Wrigley, Anthony. "Human experiments – the good, the bad, and the ugly." The Conversation. Keele University. 8 Jun 2015. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.
<http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>

Human experimentation can lead to several scientific breakthroughs and discoveries as well as the lack of consideration to the experiment as a human. Some say that no matter the age or risk, experimentation can be justified with consent. The novel Octavian Nothing features a boy named Octavian who has lived his entire life ignorant of his role as a experiment. In the College Of Lucidity, scholars monitor his life closely Octavian and when he finally realizes that he is not a normal boy, he is understands his purpose and reason for living and strives to have an identity among all the scholars that surround him. Octavian never had a chance to choose whether he wanted to be an experiment. Human experimentation can lead to great knowledge and discovery but can also lead the loss of human identification for the experiment as they regard themselves as nothing more than an experiment.

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Human Experimentation. Faqs.org. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. < http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/36/Human-experimentation.html>
This article talks about how human experimentation benefits medical and health achievements and how it is not accepted by many.  Human experimentation is demonstrated as one who is being observed or experimented on.   From experimenting on human subjects, results of benefits for fields of study and mankind are made.  However, the use of human subjects for various experiments is in fact wrong and should not have been taken into  consideration.  Human testing's do not occur as often but are still required for the ability to use new products that benefit life.  This article relates to Octavian because throughout his life he had been experimented on.  Octavian is constantly being observed and used as a source of knowledge as a developing human for science, by scientists.  Octavian had never been aware that he was experimented on throughout his life, for he had always been confused as to why he was asked to perform strange tasks. Octavian had never had the official right to choose whether he wanted to be apart of these actions, for he was a slave and was dedicated to science.

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Tsuchiya, Takashi. "In The Shadow of the Past Atrocities: Research Ethics with Human Subjects in Contemporary Japan”Web. 18 September, 2016. <http://www.eubios.info/EJ133/ej133f.htm>

Human experimentations done by Japan was after world war II. At that time Japan ruled some parts of China. Many doctor-researchers have done violent experimentation and vivisections. For that reason, normal Japanese people had some knowledge about it. This caused the human experimentation framework to be absent in Japan. They now believe that only cruel doctors do that. However, abuses were done in some hospitals. One of the published paper about this talked about the patients killed by failures in excision and the force toward patient to all have anesthesia before surgery. The author considers this harming subject as not a achievement. I say this can relate to a novel called Octavian Nothing by M.T. Anderson because the human experimentation was also done in the college of lucidity. They both gave negative affects to human who were experimented. Octavian are one where he have some punishments like getting no dinner or holding his paperwork for over hours. Although he is not a patient in hospital, he are a slave who can not do what he wants to like the patient in Japan. Therefore, he is not free by whom he is like a mouse used for experimentation.

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"Human experiments – the good, the bad, and the ugly" Web. 8 June 2015.
<http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>

The article states that human experimentation is full with a history of outrageous that shapes societies views of the ethics of research. One experiment was is 1796 where Edward Jenner injected pus into an eight year old child taken from a cowpox injection and exposed her to smallpox, which ended up being successful. Like in the novel Octavian Nothing, Octavian’s mother was bought by 03-01 because she was pregnant and it gives 03-01 a chance to experiment on both the mother and the new born child. 03-01 has experimented on Octavian since birth, Octavian is being taught everyday and taken care of, and the scientists there record almost his every move. An example is when Octavian receives a dog (he calls cloud) to take care of and play with before his lessons, but after a few weeks 03-01 poisons the dog’s food and records Octavian’s reaction to the dog’s death.

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"A History Of US Secret
Human Experimentation" Web. 18 September 2016. <http://www.rense.com/general36/history.htm>.

These paragraphs summarize how people can be used in experiments. These are all examples of how people have been used to be human guinea pigs and lab rats for other people or groups at their expense. The experiments could cause permanent damage or even be fatal in some cases, depending on the intensity of the experiment. People have been used to look at the process of cancer cells and infections like malaria or yellow fever. In these cases, they will be either used and guinea pigs to see what cures can be used for these experiments or watched to see the process of the disease. Either way, they are being used as subjects for experiments. There are sometimes gas experiments. In o\some cases, people will be put in a gas chamber where they will be exposed to lethal gasses for hours at a time. All of these horrible experiments on people are terrible yet, even though Octavian is not being but on such dangerous experiments, he is still looked upon by 03-01 and the other philosophers like an object. An object that is disposable and unimportant.

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Walter, Andrew. Human experiments: First, do harm. Nature. 8 February 2012. Web. 18 September 2016.<http://www.nature.com/news/human-experiments-first-do-harm-1.9980>.

This article talks about a soldier being experimented on. The soldier's name is Federico Ramos. Ramos received multiple injections from Guatemalan colleagues. He was under life-long suffering because of the injections that he was given. Ramos was trying to cure himself after undergoing his suffering. Apparently, the people who caused do much pain to Ramos have done this many times before. What's even worse is that they didn't ask for the people's consent to do so. They experimented on over five-thousand Guatemalan soldiers. This relates to Octavian because he was experimented on by other scientists without allowing them to do so. He wasn't treated like human. He was treated poorly even though he was only a child. Octavian also saw what the scientists would do to the other test subjects and was mentally scarred because of it. Octavian had to experience all of these events at a very young age.

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Zakaria, Farid. US RESEARCHERS AND BIG PHARMA CONDUCTING HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION IN AFRICA. Infowars. Peoples Constitution. November 9, 2011. Web.  September 18, 2016
<www.infowars.com/us-researchers-and-big-pharma-conducting-human-experimentation-in-africa/>

This article mentions about human experimentation, that takes place in Africa and how prominent institutions drug companies like Pfizer, Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, and the Population Council. Were behind the scenes through the involvement of illegal experimentation. It talks about the illegal human experiment conducted in Tuskegee, Alabama between 1932 to 1972 by the US public service. And in it were 600 African-Americans men were observed in the study of progression of untreated syphills. This tells you the United States didn't really abide by there rules and through these past actions show of their capability towards human experimentation. This also shows you the corruptness and power scientists wanted for knowledge by experimenting on living beings. This relates to Octavian Nothing due to the fact Octavian's being experimented by scientists. In order to seek more knowledge through the capacity of African minds and seek the results throughout this experiment.

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Wrigley, Anthony. Human experimentation-the good, the bad, and the ugly. The Conversation. Keefe University, 8 June 2015. Web. 14 September 2016. <https://theconveration.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>

Research for illnesses involve children testing out the possible cure which could lead to life or death. Although sometimes these experiments lead to advancement in medicine, people now see that it is harmful since it is a fifty-fifty. Experiments involving or conducted on human subjects is considered unethical or 'dubois'. People begin to question if they should continue to help scientific advancement and harm human subjects or vise versa. The crucial thing about research is that if we want to advance scientifically or medically some people would have to be forced to be experimented on.This relates to Octavian by him being unaware that he is part of an experimentation since he is hidden from the real truth. Cases now require people being aware of what is happening. People tend to be unaware of what is happening, we need to make sure humans aren't 'lab rats' or even our animals.

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Krans, Brian. "Pain, Suffering and the History of Human Experimentation". HealthLine. 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2016. <http://www.healthline.com/health-news/strange-the-sordid-history-of-human-experimentation-101213#1>

Human experimentation is very brutal to our society. It is like abuse to animals, but to humans and  way worse. There was a boy named James Phipps. This boy was an 8 year old and he was used for an experiment. Scientists injected a disease that was very deadly to a boy at that time. He was injected with cowpox. Soon, from a different part of the world, a couple other scientists injected mentally retarded kids with hepatitis to see the growth rate of the virus. the virus grew and infected 700 children in a school. Octavian is a boy slave and is being used by his owner, Mr. 03-01. He id being abused and poorly treated in order for a couple of scientists to get research on how a kid would react. Octavian has gone through traumatic experiences where he has lost something important to him or gets hurt.

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"Natzi Medical Experiments" Web. July 2, 2016. September 15, 2016 <www.ushmm.org>

In this article of human experimentation, it show what the Natzi solders did to the Jewish people to have some of their questions answered. One of the tests on people was to see how different races of twins would be affected with different diseases in the body. Many children were harnessed then would be dead after days with the different diseases. In "Octavian Nothing" it talks about how the were doing experiments on Octavian and his mother, just because they were different from the other slave owners. There race being African made them a unique "discovery" to run tests on. This is also showing that the Natzi's thought that all the people, expecially the Africans were very different from their own kind. The tests the scientists run in the house are usually unfair to the people and are tested with no big knowledge about what will be happening.

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Veracity, Dani. Human medical experiments in the United states. naturalnews.com. March 6, 2006. web.9/15/16. <https://www.naturalnews.com/019189.html>

This article talks about lots of human experiments that doctors,  medicine companies, scientist, and the government have preformed between 1833 and 1965. All the experiments listed are real experiments that haven't been spoken of until 2006. These experiments have been tested on many different types of people. From children to adults, criminals to civilians, colored people to whites, poor, and people with disadvantages. These experiments hurt many innocent people. This relates to Octavian nothing because the scientist seem as if they don't care about the people in their experiments. The scientist hurt people during their experiments and they just continue to do the experiment.

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Lambardi stone, Kate. "5 Reasons The Mother Son Relationship is so Important".Web. May. 9, 2012.
<http://www.telegram.com/article/201220509/NEWS/120509477>

This article talks about how a mother-son relationship is so important. Like Octavian he talks about the moments that he spent with his mother as a younger child. In the article that I chose the author talks about how having these relationships with your mother can lead to having a more successful path in life. Like Octavian, he is very determined to impress his mother from all his hard works. If it weren't for this close relationship Octavian would would have been getting into alot of trouble. Due to these relationships Octavian has a more likely chance of becoming a good example to others.

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5 reasons the mother-son relationship is so important

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For generations, mothers have gotten the same old message when it comes to raising sons: beware of keeping him "too close." A mom who nurtures a deep emotional bond with her boy will prevent him from growing up to be a strong, independent man.

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Bekier, Manny. The Ethical Consideration of Medical Experimentation on Human
Subjects. Nov. 18 2010, Web. Sep.15, 2016. <http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_7_Human_Experimentation/Reading-Nazi-experimentation.htm>

This article talks and mentions the ethics of the cruel experiments conducted and masked by the government of the U.S., Germany and Guatemala. These experiments were forced upon its participants without there knowledge. In one of the experiments, the participants were lied to by the scientists holding the experiments. This is significant to Octavian Nothing because Octavian had no knowledge of Mr. 03-01's intentions with Octavian and he doesn't know that the experiments being done to him aren't normal. The participants were forced into abusive and tedious experiments like the experiments done on Octavian in the college. The doctors and scientists responsible for the experiments done on the prisoners and participants were so cruel and inhumane to the participants and prisoners that most scientists were put on death trial. The doctors and scientists claimed that the experiments done , though torturous and inhumane, were for the greater good of society and to better understand the human body.

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Summers, Richards. The Ethics of Human Experimentation. The Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson, Inc., 27 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/4/21/the-ethics-of-human-experimentation-pbebxperimental/>

In this text, several accounts of Human Experimentation are shown. One of these experiments, the Milgram experiment, included "students" who were shocked by their "professors" to see their reaction to discover the results of punishment on learning. The voltage strengths ranged from "slight shock" to "XXX". Although a major amount of the test subjects could withstand the shocks, there was record that some were screaming during the experiment. The lethal voltage levels may have caused permanent damage to the "students", but since the experiment was for the sake of scientific discovery so it was considered ethical. This text relates to Octavian Nothing since there were examples of human testing, i.e. the little girl who was beat for not learning language quickly. This young girl was part of a human experiment for the College of Lucidity along with Octavian and his mother. This text is significant to Octavian Nothing because it allows the reader to infer problems that may occur with the experiment such as Octavian being punished to a state of almost death. This also allows the reader to decide whether or not the human experimentation in the novel is ethical or not since it is to make scientific discoveries about the human species. Although Octavian has not yet been put under hostile punishment, it may be a possibility under 03-01's power.

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Gorski, David.
Ethics in human experimentation in science-based medicine. Science Based Medicine, 7 March 2011. Web. Sep 15, 2016. <https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/ethics-in-human-experimentation-in-science-based-medicine/>

In this article about science based human experimentation, scientists are having experiments on how a humans are tested on disease mechanisms and on DNA molecule. Like in Octavian Nothing, both sides of the scientists test humans to see what is the end result of their experiments. Many of the scientists tests to see if the human that is being tested on is responding back to what the experiments would help the real human patients to be better. In the story, Octavian is surrounded by several scientists that are testing whether an African can do as much as any other people with different races. Octavian wants to prove how since he is different from others, he wants to show others how capable of anything he wants to prove to others.

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Equally Bekier, Manny. "The Ethical Consideration of Medical Experimentation on Human Subjects".  qcc.cuny.edu. Human Experimentation. 15 Aug. 2016. Web. <http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_7_Human_Experimentation/Reading-Nazi-experimentation.htm>.

This article expresses how human experimentation conducted by the Nazi was based on race because many believed that some races were superior over the others. This is relevant to Octavian Nothing because Octavian is being used for an experiment to prove basically this, if people of different traces should be treated differently or if everyone should be treated equally, no matter what your race is! These types of experiments were to see how different races performed in comparison to one another, given the same opportunities. The goal was to improve the genetic composition of their citizenry in which to create a society where individuals would be economically useful. This idea is similar to Octavian Nothing and his experiment because overall, the goal is the same, to prove that race doesn't affect the performance of a specimen and that everyone should be treated equally; in hope to diminish distinctions among humans.

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"Human Experimentation: An Introduction to the Ethical Issues."  Web. Sep. 14, 2016. <www.pcrm.org/research/healthcare-professionals>

Human experimentation has been a problem since the 1900s where people were doing experiments on humans involving hazardous materials. They kept on doing unnecessary experiments with unnecessary drugs meaning that they did all that meaningless work for no reason. Males, females, and even children were turning into experimentation victims. Scientists were putting growth hormones into these unfortunate children and recorded the data. The reason why human experimentation is corrupt is because they turn everybody into test subjects and not as their fellow friends. This information is not as accurate today because there are less known human experimentations since America knows that it is unfair and against the law. This is relevant to Octavian Nothing because Octavian was used as a human experiment as well. He was being given the chance to be educated unlike other African slaves and his data was being recorded for the past few years to see his progress. Since he was black, the scientists and philosophers he was sold to wanted to know if he had the ability to be intelligent and smart since he was a different race. He was the subject of this science experiment. I would not use this resource unless I want to know the history of human experimentations, otherwise everything here is not as accurate since there are less human experimentations being conducted nowadays and more freedom between the races

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"Natzi Medical Experiments" Web. July 2, 2016. September 15, 2016 <www.ushmm.org>

In this artical of human experimentation, it show what the Natzi solders did to the Jewish people to have some of their questions answered. One of the tests on people was to see how different races of twins would be affected with different diseases in the body. Many children were harnessed then would be dead after days with the different diseases. In "Octavian Nothing" it talks about how the were doing experiments on Octavian and his mother, just because they were different from the other slave owners. There race being African made them a unique "discovery" to run tests on.

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Anthony Wrigley Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Keele University. "Human Experiments – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." The Conversation. N.p., 08 June 2015. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. <http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>

Despite the fact that we are all different , the usage in human experimentation is clearly wrong . In this article , the talk about human subjects states that its an advantage of a human over another. The ethical standards in research that involves the use of humans themselves certify that there are standards that are met to how scientists justify the risk that the human who is being tested on that is at stake. This relates to Octavian Nothing because so far the story revolves around how Octavian is being experimented on to see if his race is different from others. Conducting experiments such as weighing his everyday waste, feeling his pulse , and seeing how his feelings would adjust to certain situations like  the death of his dog, Cloud, impacts a lot towards Octavian because just these very things make him a human subject of the pressing questions that 03-01 and the other scientists of The College of Lucidity want to solve. Therefore, these researches and experiments that are conducted towards Octavian as a human subject is an interest that these scientists are pondering to conclude on everyday and ever since the day he was born.

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Summers, Richard. The Ethics of Human Experimentation. The  Harvard Crimson, Web. 14 Sep 2016. <thecrimson.com>.

This article is about how experimental subjects don't always know what they are being subjected to. Numerous experiments at Harvard use human subjects but these experimenters who use humans may cause damage unlike a experiment not involving humans. This article states that these experiments raise questions by which demand ,human experimention limits the classical freedom of academic research. This idea human experiments limit the freedom of real research learning is just one opinion on these experiments. This is relevant to the big idea that human subjects in experiments raises ethical concerns because just how this raises questions is this ethical or not. Subjects may not even know they are part of an experiment or that these experiments can cause harm.
This experimental way of being is highly unethical especially to the human subject since a person doesn't have the right to do anything they want with a person. This is also relevant to Octavian Nothing because just like this Octavian new of nothing or why he was even there. Poor Octavian just lived his life being experimented on for a very wrong reasons. Octavian should not be an experiment only for the benefit of the college.

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Reitz, Ken. "Don't compromise Ethics in Human Experimentation, Bioethics Expert Says". University of Virginia School of Law. 18.April.2008 Web. 14. Sept.2016.
<http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2008_spr/milstein.htm>
Human experimentation could be viewed as something that would benefit all of the future generations as well as something that is disgraceful and unethical.  According to dictionary.com, the definition of ethics is "a system of mortal principles". Your ethics is the voice in your head that tells you the difference between right and wrong. However, some people seem to lack that voice and that sense of ethics. Sadly, this group of people is made up of great scientists who have the privilege to experiment. This article talks about how many of the great scientific researchers used human experimentation in their experiments and didn't always tell their human subjects what was going to happen. Thousands of innocent lives were taken away as a result of failed human experiments. In addition, this article also talks about how a successful human experiment doesn't change the experiment from being unethical to ethical. Scientists will often use humans in their experiments whether they want to be a part of it or not, especially during the time that Octavian Nothing is taking place. This is relevant to Octavian because when his mother was bought by 03-01, she made a deal that her son would be experimented on, but she never told Octavian that deal. Octavian is a real, living, breathing, human being that the scientists at the College of Lucidity are currently taking advantage of and experimenting on only because he has a different skin color than them and because he is from a different part of the world. However, Octavian had no knowledge whatsoever of any of the experiments taking place because nobody felt the need to tell him and get his consent. It was only when he looked behind the forbidden door that he realized what was going on.

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Gorsiki, David. Revisiting the Issue of Human Experimentation. Respectful Insolence. Science Blogs, 14 March. 2011. Web. 14 September. 2016.<http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/03/14/revisiting-the-issue-of-ethics-in-human/>
This article speaks about how there are many situations of human experimentation, even by large communities such as the Public Health Services. The article describes people being studied without consent, patients being studied without any concern for their well being, and how human experimentation is considered as abuse in the medical and the overall science community. The willingness to experiment on different people during different times is also a touched upon topic in this article. The article speaks about how scientists are more willing to test on humans that have less rights, such as slaves, especially during a time when a disease is greatly affecting a large amount of people. This relates to Octavian Nothing because problems with human experimentation also shows up in the book. The scientists seem to have no trouble experimenting on an African slave, possible torturing him mentally, while still being able to sleep at night.

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Puja, Panjwani. A review of the Ethical Issues in Human Experimtattion. Cyberpt. Cyberpt Inc , 10 Jul. 2009. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. <www.cyberpt.com/ethicshumanexp.asp

This article is about how many scientic research depends on human experimentation. To make sure if the drug or fluid is able for human to consume, they test it on animals first. They test the products to know if they can be put into clinical practice. There can be many concerns when it comes to human experimatation due to many reasons.  Sometimes you can harm human life without knowing or meaning to. For example when you are hurting embryo and fetuses without a sufficient reason, then it is considered not moral. Studies show that people used for human experimentations were orphans, mentally retarded, prisoners, and charity patients. Even the people who were defenseless, weren't safe from the scientific researchers who had no heart. All these science advances have been discovered because of numerous trials and experimintation. it is true to say that experimenting chemicals on animals and humans can have a very different outcomes. Doctors and scientist have realized the importance of human experimentation.

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Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Human Experimentation: An Introduction to the Ethical Issues. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <http://www.pcrm.org/research/healthcare-professionals/research-compendium/human-experimentation-an-introduction-to-the>

This article is about how experiments were tested on seamen that were in the navy. They found different navy members that volunteered and put them into a chamber that had chemicals inside of it. These men were seriously injured and not cared for by the people that did the testing on them. many other instances included civilians and people in the military to be experimented on, which caused some to die, and others injured. This relates to Octavian Nothing because Octavian was having experiments done on him in which he didn't know about when he lived with Mr. 03-01. This form of human experimentation was done on Octavian having no knowledge of this happening. He discovered this when he snuck into a room to find many files of experiments done on him. This human testing is similar to the testings done to the soldiers and seamen, but not as deadly.

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Bekier, Manny. "The Ethical Considerations of Medical Experimentation on Human Subjects." The City University of New York. 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 14 Sept. 2016
<http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_7_Human_Experimentation/Reading-Nazi-experimentation.htm>

This article talks about the Nazi's human experiments. The Nazi's performed some nasty experiments on their prisoners. This article also talks about a little about some of the experiments that America tested on humans. This relates back to Octavian Nothing because it shares a common topic—human experimentation. In addition to a common subject, this article also talks about people being experimented in against their will. The people that were used in the experiments were mainly prisoners, and Octavian is pretty much a prisoner in his own house. Octavian is being tested on against his own will, much like the prisoners in Nazi prisons were. Although Octavian isn't getting hurt or physically damaged by these experiments, he is still the subject of an experiment against his own will.

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Reitz, Ken. "Don't Compromise Ethics in Human Experiments, Bioethics Expert Says". University of Virginia School of Law, 18 Apr. 2008. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2008_spr/milstein.htm>.

This article talks about how medical research on humans, or human experimentation, could benefit the future of mankind. Even though many students agree with the law that human experimentation should not be allowed, as once, in the past, the Nazi experimented on humans, as most of the most infamous research was found during the Holocaust. The experiments resulted in the Nuremberg Code, a bunch of accepted rules for conducting human experimentation. By observing the way people acted, they could tell how smart they could be, or useful, to their wide variety experiments. Many scientists believe that the experiments, taking place during the Holocaust led to lots of discoveries today. This relates to Octavian Nothing as the College of Lucidity experiments, with him, to see if he could become the equivalent of other races.

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Anthony Wrigley Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Keele University. Human Experiments the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.The Conversation. N.p., 2015. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
<http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>

This article is about how the ethics of experiments was really doubtful and saddening for both the subject and those wanting answers. It tells us that there was a lot of emotional problems between the subject and the master, which started conflicts and violence was the result of science. This relates to Octavion Nothing because it relates to how Octavion's mom doesn't want 03-01 to experiment with Octavion, but to live there they have to. The ethics of this is wrong because they put Octavion into this life, and he had no choice in it.

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McLeod, Saul. Stanford Prison   Experiment. Simply Psychology, 2008- 2016. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.

Zimbardo, Philip. Stanford Prison Experiment. Social Psychology Network, 1999- 2016. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.

These articles talk about how a psychology professor wanted students to assume roles of prisoners and guards in a real prison. The students were to act the part, such as the prisoners getting uniforms with ID numbers on them and sleeping with a cellmate on a cot. Whereas the guards were to get police uniforms and shades. The guards were told to do what is necessary to maintain order in the prison. As the guards got swept up in the state of having authority and controlling other people, the men became aggressive and started to lose their identity as they put on these uniforms. Prisoners had to be released because they were starting to show early symptoms of depression. This shows how people act differently when given authority. This relates to Octavian Nothing because Octavian starting acting differently when he knew he was being experimented on and was affected psychological.

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Gorski, Daniel. Ethics in human experimentation in science-based medicine. Science Based Medicine, 7 Mar. 2011. Web. 14 Sep. 2016.
<https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/ethics-in-human-experimentation-in-science-based-medicine/>

Science based medicine relies on human experimentation. Highly unethical human experiments out of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire during World War II is known for Tuskegee syphilis study. This was a study that examined the natural progression of untreated syphilis in black men who had free health care from the government. This experiment was conducted by the Public Health Service between 1932 and 1972. By the end of the study, the original number of 399 men that were included in the study, 28 had died of syphilis; 100 of related complications; 40 wives infected; and 19 children born with congenital syphilis. The Tuskegee study is not the only abuse committed by the PHS. Human experiments had been more widespread than ever. In fact, the PHS had deliberately infected prison inmates with syphilis. This relates to Octavian Nothing  as Octavian finds out that 03-01 is using him as an experiment.

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Summers, Richard. The Ethics of Human Experimentation. The Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson Inc,. 27 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <www.thecrimson.com>

Experiments at Harvard employ human subjects, but these experiments raise a host of complicated ethical, legal, political, and humanistic issues. Although any institution needs approval by a committee for permission to conduct experiments using humans, any humans involved are put into a dangerous situation whether they know it or not. The days when experimenters could do what they wanted are gone, and this is a great thing until you refer back to Octavion. Octavion had it bad. His whole life, he was a part of this experiment, but he didn't even know about it. He didn't give his consent whatsoever. Even though his opinion was completely irrelevant, it isn't fair that Octavion can be easily manipulated for the better good of the college. This article was written by someone who had the expertise and credentials to author the information because in the article, the process of correctly proposing an experiment involving humans is clearly stated.

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Anthony Wrigley Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Keele University. "Human Experiments – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." The Conversation. N.p., 2015. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
<http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>
This article discusses why many believe human experimentation is unethical, why in some ways it could be useful, why some believe as long as the person agrees to it it's okay, and how scientists abuse the power by experimenting on vulnerable people, such as children. The author provides examples of these human experiments such as Edward Jenner's development of smallpox vaccine (an eight-year old girl was experimented on), Nazi experiments on concentration camp prisoners, the Tuskegee Syphilis trials, and UK run Porton Down chemical experiments. This relates to Octavian Nothing because the novel describes an experiment conducted on a young girl who couldn't speak. She was beat to the point of gagging and coughing. This is an example of what would be considered an unethical human experimentation, for this is considered morally wrong. This article also helps us better understand the novel, for we see how though human experimentation exists today, this particular experiment would still be labeled as completely wrong.

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Gorski, David.Ethics in human experimentation in science-based medicine. Science Based Medicine, 7 Mar. 2011. Web. 9/14/16 <https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/ethics-in-human-experimentation-in-science-based-medicine/>
This article talks about the surprising similarities of the Tuskegee Studies and the Guatemala Syphilis Studies. These two studies focus on Syphilis and the treatment Penicillin. This treatment was present at the time of these experiments but was not given to the participants and prisoners involved in the two experiments. They weren't provided with the proper treatment because the experiments were focused on the affect of syphilis without the Penicillin. In both studies more than half of the participants died and spread the illness to others in their family or that they had contact with. The differences between the two studies are that the Guatemala study was conducted in a prison and the participants were forced into the experimentation while the Tuskegee study was open for any African American to come but were just forced to stay after the study had started. The other difference was that the prisoners got the disease from prostitute who tested positive for syphilis and were told to visit the prisoners and the Tuskegee participants already had the disease.

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Egilman, David. Military radiation research at the university of Cincinnati, 1960-1972. Web. 9/14/16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989629808573921

This article talks about some experiments conducted in the University of Cincinnati from 1960-1972. The experiment consisted of administering near-lethal to lethal doses of radiation to hospital patients. This goes to prove to show to what extent people would go to in order to find out more information on people. The nurses and doctors secretly put radiation on unsuspecting victims. This relates to Octavian Nothing because 03-01 tested on Octavian. But the things is that Octavian never was told about this experiment and was forced to find out about it on his own. He sneaked into a forbidden door to learn that he was going to be analyzed to see if he was a different species.This is the same as the other experiment, the subjects were unknowingly tested on and in some cases the subjects actually died because of the radiation exposure. This again shows that some people would go to unethical levels of human experimentation in order to find out things about humans and never tell them they were tested on.

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Physicians Committee for     Responsible Medicine. Human Experimentation. pcrm.org. Web. 9/14/16. <http://www.pcrm.org/research/healthcare-professionals/research-compendium/human-experimentation-an-introduction-to-the>.
This article talks about many different human experimentation related things ,but the one that relates to Octavian nothing the most is about unnecessary experiments. This section talks about how scientist preformed unnecessary experiments on children. The experiment was to see if children could grow more with the growth hormones given to them. This experiment was pointless and put these children's health at risk. This relates to Octavian nothing because a lot of the experiments that Mr. 03-01 preform are pointless and harm others. For example he beat a child because she couldn't speak, and this was his way of teaching her.

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Summers, Richard. The Ethics of Human Experimentation. Web. 9/14/16. <http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/4/21/the-ethics-of-human-experimentation-pbebxperimental/>

This article is about how committees in the present  going against people that experiment on humans. They decided that this had many ethical, legal, political, and humanistic problems. Experimentation  has to follow the guidelines of the government and others, and that human experiments are wrong for giving toxic materials, illegal drugs, etc. This relates to Octavion Nothing because he was kept in captivity, and was always watched everywhere he went. This type of experimentation goes against what people in the present value, like freedom. They even measured what he ate and what came out.

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Mabrey, Vicki. A Dark Chapter in Medical History. CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc, Feb. 09, 2005. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-dark-chapter-in-medical-history-09-02-2005/>

Mark Dal Molin was a three-year-old boy with cerebral palsy and was considered mentally retarded. His mother, Rosemarie, was suggested by Mark’s doctor to commit her son, so she sent her son to Sonoma State Hospital. Later, when Mark was six, the doctors called Karen Dal Molin, his thirteen-year-old sister, and told her that her brother had died. Karen questioned the death of her brother and out of curiosity, researched and found out how he had died. Along with thousands of other cerebral palsied children, Mark Dal Molin had been unknowingly used for radioactive research. He spent the last months of his life suffering from high fevers due to radioactive poisoning. When he died, his brain was removed without consent.  Like in the story Octavian Nothing, a group of highly educated people conducted experiments on other people in disturbing ways that were out of nowhere and were extremely bizarre.

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Wrigley, Anthony. Human Experiments- the good, the bad, and the ugly. The Conversation. 8 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. <http://theconversation.com/human-experiments-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-39876>.

This text is about the assorted experiments that utilized humans as their subjects without their approval. It discusses the many cases of the use of human subjects from around the world at different periods of time, such as England, United Kingdom government, and during World War II as the Nazis experimented on concentration camp prisoners. This included English physician Edward Jenner injecting an 8 year old girl with cowpox infection pus, which would be unacceptable in today’s society. Another example of human experimentation was the Nazis sterilizing and infecting involuntary camp prisoners to things such as hypothermia and tuberculosis. Although these subjects participated in these experiments involuntarily, there is one reason this might be acceptable by the slightest. This being the fact that these participants were crucial in finding diseases, as well as cures for them, to save more lives in the future. For this reason, human experimentation is a debatable topic and can be considered but under certain circumstances.

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The Physician's Committee. Human Experimentation: An Introduction to the Ethical Issues. Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine.Web. 9/14/16 <http://www.pcrm.org/research/healthcare-professionals/research-compendium/human-experimentation-an-introduction-to-the>

This article is about the various inhumane experiments done by the U.S. Government on people who have either served our country or were simply looking for the proper treatment for an illness that they had. The article talks about experiments including exposing people to dangerous substances used in nuclear bombs in an air-tight chamber without proper protection. The teenager exposed to these substances would stay in the chamber for an hour a day and collapsed on the fifth day with burns that the scientists refused to treat. Another major experiment was one that included over six hundred African American male, with over half of them having syphilis, called the Tuskegee Studies. Before the studies started, the participants were told that they would receive free meals, medical exams, and burial insurance with the addition of proper treatment for syphilis. However the participants were treated cruelly and weren't given the proper treatment, which at the time was Penicillin.

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Krans, Bryan. Pain, Suffering, and  the History of Human Experimentation. Healthline News. Healthline News, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 14 Sep. 2016. <http://www.healthline.com/health-news/strange-the-sordid-history-of-human-experimentation>

This text is about the different experiments performed of different people. These tests were performed on soldiers, the poor, the mentally ill, and prisoners. These test subjects often didn't know that they were being tested. These experiments included things from infection of deadly diseases to mind alteration and torture. There was a case of a doctor injecting an eight year old boy first, with cowpox, and then with smallpox. This doctor wanted to test the theory that exposure to cowpox can lead to immunity to smallpox. This can be related to the book Octavian Nothing by M.T. Anderson. In a section of this book, 03-01 mixed a "mercurious compound into the meat and rice" , Octavian's pet dog's food, "to determine whether it was fatal to mammals"(Anderson 15). In this section of the text 03-01 mixes the dog's food with mercury to determine whether it was fatal. In this text it also mentions torture. There is also torture in Octavian Nothing when the academicians tortured and beat the mute girl when she couldn't speak.

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Your Name and Period Number                                                                  
  MLA Citation with URL if available                                                                                                           150 word summary of source content and its relevance to both the big idea and the novel.

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Your Name and Period Number                                                                  
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