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Changes in the following non-price level factors or determinants cause changes in aggregate demand and shifts of the entire aggregate demand (AD) curve.

Autonomous consumption (autonomous consumer spending) C a, which depends upon:

consumer nominal wealth

consumer expectations and confidence concerning job security and future income

money supply

autonomous taxes Ta (e.g., sales and property taxes)

Planned investment spending I, which depends upon:

real interest rates (i.e., changes in interest rates not caused by changes in the price level)

business profit expectations or the expected rate of return

business taxes

money supply

Government spending G:

Net export spending X:

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ThinkEconomics: The Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model

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Changes in the following non-price level factors or determinants cause changes in aggregate demand and shifts of the entire aggregate demand (AD) curve.

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1. What is aggregate demand?

2. What is aggregate supply?

3. What is long-run aggregate supply?

4. What is a recessionary gap?

5. What is an inflationary gap?

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Consumption is financed primarily out of our income. Therefore real wages will be an important determinant, but consumer spending is also influenced by other factors, such as interest rates, inflation, confidence, saving rates and availability of finance.

Interest Rates - Interest Rates influence the cost of borrowing and mortgage interest payments. - Higher interest rates increase the cost of mortgage payments. Therefore higher rates will lead to lower spending as consumers have lower disposable income. It is also important to note real interest rates - interest rates - inflation.
However, higher interest rates will also increase the income from savings, so some groups of people may feel they have more income.

Wage growth. Higher wages are the most significant factor in encouraging consumer spending.

Inflation. Inflation can be influential in determining spending. If inflation is greater than nominal wage growth, then consumers will see a fall in disposable income.

This graph shows nominal wages and inflation. Between 2008 and 2014, inflation was higher than nominal wages - causing weak consumer spending.

Deflation - periods of deflation (falling prices) can also have a negative impact on consumer spending. If prices are falling, consumers may feel that prices will be cheaper in the future and therefore, they delay purchasing goods - hoping they will be cheaper. Deflation can also cause a rise in the real value of debt, squeezing incomes.

House prices - Housing is the biggest form of wealth. When house prices are rising people are more confident to spend and they can also remortgage their houses. Rising house prices cause a wealth effect - with higher prices encouraging spending.

In the late 1980s, the UK experienced rapid house price inflation, this was a factor in causing the "Lawson Boom' - a period of rising consumer spending.
However, very expensive house prices and rent can reduce consumer spending amongst the younger population who spend a high percentage of income on rent and try to save for a deposit.

Consumer confidence. Higher confidence will encourage people to spend more. With higher confidence about future incomes, consumers will be more willing to borrow and spend.

Difficulty/ease of borrowing money. If finance is easily available, it will encourage people to take out personal loans and credit on credit cards. e.g. after the credit crunch, it was more difficult to borrow from banks leading to lower consumer spending.

Tax rates - A cut in income tax would give consumers more disposable income

Propensity to save. The opposite of consumption is saving. If consumers become more pessimistic and increase savings, then consumption will tend to fall.

Demographic factors. Another factor that influences consumer spending is demographic factors. If a population has an ageing population, the ratio of saving may rise and consumer spending may fall.

The sharp rise in saving ratio in 2008/09 - corresponded with the recession of 2008/09 and sharp fall in consumer spending.

Autonomous and Induced Consumption

In Keynesian models of consumption, it is argued that even with zero income, people will still consume a certain amount (to buy food to live). This consumption may be financed by borrowing or running down savings. This consumption is known as autonomous consumption

See: Keynesian Consumption Function
Related
see also: Causes of economic growth

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Consumption is financed primarily out of our income. Therefore real wages will be an important determinant, but consumer spending is also influenced by other factors, such as interest rates, inflation, confidence, saving rates and availability of finance. Interest Rates - Interest Rates influence the cost of borrowing and mortgage interest payments.

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Just as demand & supply yield the price and quantity of a particular product, Aggregate Demand (AD) & Aggregate Supply (AS) determine the macroeconomic equilibrium - price level (telling whether we have inflation), quantity of goods and services (real GDP), and, indirectly, unemployment. "(Macro) Episode 24: AD & AS" by Dr. Mary J.

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Honors Unit 3 Lesson 2 - ASAD Model Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Honors Unit 3 Lesson 2 - ASAD Model. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.