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http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction/videos/the-failure-of-reconstruction?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/abraham-lincoln/videos/gilder-lehrman-second-inaugural

http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/andrew-johnson/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war

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http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/reconst.htm

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https://www.pinterest.com/breaman0154/the-reconstruction-era-through-cartoons/

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President Abraham Lincoln’s Plan, otherwise known as the 10% Plan, called for the nation to get back together as one, quickly. Lincoln started planning for the reconstruction of the South during the Civil War while Union soldiers occupied huge areas of the South. He wanted to bring the Nation back together as quickly as possible and in December 1863 he offered his plan for Reconstruction which required that the State's new constitutions prohibit slavery. Throughout the war, Lincoln had felt sympathy for the South and had hoped that southern states would rejoin the Union after the war. Because of this, in 1863, Lincoln established a Proclamation of Amnesty (official pardon) and Reconstruction, also known as the “10% Plan”. This meant that when 10% of a state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government. However, some of Lincoln’s own party opposed his plan. Known as
“Radical Republicans”, they insisted that the Confederates had committed crimes. They wanted freedom for all people, including African Americans, to vote, so they passed the Wade-Davis Bill. It required that a majority of a state’s prewar voters swear loyalty to the Union before the process of restoration could begin. A year later, Abraham Lincoln is assassinated and Vice President Andrew Johnson takes charge into presidency.

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Moderate and Radical Republicans blamed President Johnson’s policies for the violence against African Americans in the South. Congress then miraculously passed The Civil Rights Act of 1866 disregarding the President. To protect freedmen’s rights from presidential vetoes, southern state legislatures and Congress passed the 14th Amendment. This amendment guaranteed equality for all citizens. Soon after, Congress passed the Military Act of 1867. It divided the 10 southern states, which had yet to be readmitted into the Union, into 5 military districts governed by former Union generals. Because the President and Congress kept getting into disagreements, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act. This would limit the President’s power. When Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, Stanton barricaded himself in his office for about two months. The House of Representatives were mad so they voted to impeach Johnson. In the end, the Radicals failed because of low votes. Some Republicans felt that impeaching the president would upset the balance of power in the government. During his trial, Johnson had promised to enforce the Reconstruction Acts, which he ended up doing in his remaining time in the office. After Johnson finished his term in the office, former Union general Ulysses S. Grant became president. In 1869, Congress passed the 15th Amendment. This meant that states could not deny a person the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This allowed any the right to vote, even African Americans. However some voting restrictions were made by the states that could exclude blacks from voting.

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Andrew Johnson also wanted to restore the political status of southern states quickly. Because it was like Lincoln’s, his plan was also very lenient toward the country. Johnson offered pardons and the restoration of land to Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union and Constitution. The main requirement was that each state must ratify, or approve, the 13th Amendment. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States. By December 1865, most Confederate states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission. Radical and moderate Republicans however wanted African Americans to have rights. Johnson’s Presidential Plan had begun to take some impact to southerners, as they proceeded to rebuild their land. Since Radical and moderate Republicans wanted African Americans to have more rights, the states created Black Codes. These were laws that limited the rights of African Americans. This allowed blacks to have some rights, but also have certain unfair restrictions. The Radical and moderate Republicans were angered by the South’s emotion toward Reconstruction. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 to overturn black codes. The act created federal guarantees of civil rights and superseded any state laws that limited them. Johnson however vetoed this law, showing that he obviously disregarded Congress. Since Congress was getting fed up, they then decided to create Congressional Reconstruction.

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Reconstruction lasted from 1865-1877. It was the era after the Civil War for rebuilding the United States. There are 3 types of Reconstruction; Lincoln’s Plan, Andrew Johnson’s Plan, and Congress’s Plan.