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Prepositions
A preposition is a word (often a short word) that expresses the relationship between two other nearby words. In the examples below, each preposition (in bold) shows us the relationship between the word book and the wordwizard.

The book about the wizard

The book by the wizard

The book near the wizard

The book behind the wizard

The book under the wizard

Exercise

Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions.

1. We live _____ London.

2. Would you like to go ______ the cinema tonight?

3. No, thanks. I was ________the cinema yesterday.

4. We are going _______ holiday next week.

5. There is a bridge ____________ the river.

6. The flight from Leipzig to London was _________Frankfurt.

7. _________ my wall, there are many picture postcards.

8. Who is the person ________ this picture?

9. Come _____ the sitting room, we want to watch TV.

10. Munich lies 530 meters ___________ sea level.

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Choose the correct answer (is or has)

1)She's /  is excited about the project
2)He's /  has made a cup of tea.
3)Alan's /  has done the job.
4)There's /  is nothing to eat in the fridge.
5)It's /  has a quiet neighborhood.
6)She's /  is been working as a teacher for twenty years.
7)It's /  is a silly question.
8)John's /  is making a trip next weekend.
9)It's /  is too difficult to do.
10)It's /  has taken me a lot of time to convince my parents.
Thank you :

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Put in am / is / are:
1) I (be) a teacher.
.

2) We  (be) hungry.
.

3) Luke  (be) late.
.

4) They  (be) Spanish.
.

5) You  (be) happy.
.

6) I  (be) thirsty.
.

7) It  (be) cold.
.

8) She  (be) German.
.

9) He  (be) early.
.

10) We  (be) tired.
.

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Preposition is a word or group of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.

Choose from the following prepositions at, between, below, by, in, on, via and complete the sentences and questions.

1. My mum studied __ university.

2. There is a spider __ the corner of my room.

3. Death Valley is 56 metres ______ sea level.

4. The train to London stopped __ the station.

5. Emily sits ______Susan and Greg.

6. There was an accident __ the crossroads.

7. Congratulations __ your new job!

8. Would you buy a coffee __ credit card?

9. What is behind the rise __ Wall Street?

10. This flight goes to Washington DC ___Charlotte.

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A - AN - SOME

1. Do you have ..........  milk?

2. Can you give him ............  tea?

3. Do you want ...........  orange?

4. Give him ..........  present.

5. Father buys me ............ stickers.

6. Do you want ...........  apple?

7. Have you got ............. stamps?

8. Does he like .......... orange juice?

9. Do you like some butter and   ........... jam?

10. Mum, please give me .......... melon.

11. Does the monkey eat ...........  apple?

12. Tom gives me ...........  nice present.

13. This is ........... excellent test.

14. Please buy me ............  little hamster!

15. We need ............ eggs to bake a cake.

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Nur Adleena Najwa

Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of the adjective given in the brackets.

1. He is ………………… than his neighbors. (rich)

2. The brides were much ……………… than the grooms. (young)

3. He is too …………………… to be taught. (intelligent)

4. He is ………………… than I thought him to be. (clever)

5. When the old woman became ……………………, she began to move about. (strong)

6. He is much ………………… now. (good)

7. The offer was too ………………… to be true. (good)

8. He fishes with …………………… success than I do. (great)

9. Shakespeare is the …………………… playwright in English. (great)

10. The pain was …………………… than he could bear. (much)

11. The ………………… thing of all was that his son was rude to him. (bad)

12. Jane was the ………………… player of the two. (good)

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at, in or on? – Choose the correct prepostition from the dropdown menu and form correct time phases.

1. (in,on,at) September

2. (in,on.at) 12o'clock

3. (in,on,at) winter

4. (in,on,at) Easter Monday

5.  (in,on,at) 4th July, 1776

6. (in,on,at)  Christmas

7.  (in,on,at) Tuesday

8. (in,on,at) the weekend.

9.   (in,on,at) my birthday.

10.(in,on,at) the end of the week

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COLLECTIVE NOUNS EXERCISE 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION:
1.   A _______ of playing cards.
flock | pack

2.   A shoal of ______
fish | birds

3.   A _____ of keys.
bunch | group

4.   A ______ of events.
group | series

5.   A choir of ______.
singers | painters

6.   An army of _____
ants | birds

7.   A pack of ______
cats | dogs

8.   A swarm of ______.
bears | bees

9.   A herd of ______
elephants | lions

10.   A bunch of _____
apples | bananas

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Fill in the words in brackets as adjective or adverb.
EXAMPLE:

Peter works  . (slow)
ANSWER:

Peter works slowly.

1. He  _______  reads a book. (quick)

2. Mandy is a _______  girl. (pretty)

3. The class is  _______ loud today. (terrible)

4. Max is a _______  singer. (good)

5. You can ________  open this tin. (easy)

6. It's a _______  day today. (terrible)

7. She sings the song . (good)

8. He is a  driver. (careful)

9. He drives the car . (careful)

10. The dog barks . (loud)

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1) She_______ (play) tennis every Sunday.
2) He _________ (buy) a cup of coffee every morning.

3) Julie________  (study) French at school.
4) Luke_______5) She  (enjoy) going swimming.

5) She________  (enjoy) going swimming.
6) Lucy________  (wash) her hair every day.
7) John never_______  (cry)
8) My mother always_______  (say) that love is more important than money.
9) I hope Julie_______  (pass) the exam.
10) The plane_______  (fly) low over the airport.

^_^ -FARAH INSYIRAH-

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When is a verb not a verb? When it is a verbal.

You remember that in English there are only four forms of each verb: the present, the present participle, the past, and the past participle. Sometimes when you see these forms in a sentence, they are not actually being used as verbs.

Definition: A verbal (or non-finite verb) is a verb form that is not being used as a verb. Verbals can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. There are three types of verbals: the present participle, the past participle, and the infinitive, which is formed by putting to in front of the present tense form. (A verb being a verb is called a finite verb.)

Verb: We were walking along the midway at the carnival.
Verbal: Walking along the midway at the carnival, we ate our funnel cakes. (present participle)

Verb: All that dancing tired me out.
Verbal: Tired out by all that dancing, I went home and collapsed. (past participle)

Verb: We always sing the National Anthem at the ball game.
Verbal: I really like to sing. (to + present = infinitive)Running down the roof, the water dripped onto the leaves.
verb / verbal
?2.
Squawking loudly, the mockingbird chased the crow away from its nest.
verb / verbal
?3.
Learning to tie your shoes is something you work on in kindergarten.
verb / verbal
?4.
Please turn off the running water in the sink.
verb / verbal
?5.
The woman waving the pink umbrella is our tour guide.
verb / verbal
?6.
I am falling asleep.
verb / verbal
?7.
The boy crying in pain has been stung by a bee.
verb / verbal
?8.
Going for a walk with your dog is good exercise.
verb / verbal
?9.
We are going to go skating this afternoon.
verb / verbal
?10.
I forgot to do my homework last night.
verb / verbal

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Test

Form of Affirmative Sentences - Part 1

Choose the correct form.

1. We sometimes readreads books.

2. Emily gogoes to the disco.

3. It often rainrains on Sundays.

4. Pete and his sister washwashes the family car.

5. I always hurryhurries to the bus stop.

Form of Affirmative Sentences - Part 2

Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. I (to like)  lemonade very much.

2. The girls always (to listen)  to pop music.

3. Janet never (to wear)  jeans.

4. Mr Smith (to teach)  Spanish and French.

5. You (to do)  your homework after school.

Simple present with 'have' and 'be'

Fill in the correct form of the verbs.

1. We (to have)  a nice garden.

2. She (to be)  six years old.

3. Simon (to have)  two rabbits and five goldfish.

4. I (to be)  from Vienna, Austria.

5. They (to be)  Sandy's parents.

Negative Sentences

Make negative sentences.

1. My father makes breakfast. →

2. They are eleven. →

3. She writes a letter. →

4. I speak Italian. →

5. Danny phones his father on Sundays. →

Questions

Make questions.

1. you / to speak / English →

2. when / he / to go / home →

3. they / to clean / the bathroom →

4. where / she / to ride / her bike →

5. Billy / to work / in the supermarket →

Signal Words

Find the signal words for simple present.

1. Which is a signal word for simple present?
now  last Monday  often

2. Which is a signal word for simple present?
sometimes  at the moment  yesterday

3. Which is a signal word for simple present?
last Friday  every Friday  next Friday

4. Which is not a signal word for simple present?
never  already  usually

5. Which is not a signal word for simple present?
Listen!  first ... then ...  seldom

Before submitting the test, check the following:

Got the spelling right?

Put in the full stop or question mark where required?

Used the correct key to type the apostrophe (Shift and #)?

In the test we cannot give you a second try. Such careless mistakes would therefore cost you valuable points.

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The basic unit of English grammar is the clause:

[An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]

[when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.]

[William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother]

[and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.]

Clauses are made up of phrases:

[An unlucky student] + [almost lost] + [a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]

[when] + [he] + [left] + [it] + [in the waiting room of a London station.]

[William Brown] + [inherited] + [the 1698 Stradivarius violin] + [from his mother]

[and] [had just had it valued] + [by a London dealer] + [at £180,000.]

We can join two or more clauses together to make sentences.

An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000 when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.

William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.

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Articles exercise

1. Question 1 of 20

1. Question

1. Who is …………………… girl over there with Mike?

the

a

a / the

no article is needed

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Practice What You've Learned

why grammar?

English grammar

Directions:

Choose the correct plural spelling of each word.

1.

monstermonstersmonsteres ... glassglasssglasses ... calfcalfscalves ... moviemoviesmoviees

75%

2.

brushbrushsbrushes ... chiefchiefschieves ... giraffegiraffesgiraves ... pencilpencilspenciles

3.

switchswitchsswitches ... cookiecookiescookiees ... shelfshelfsshelves ... candlecandlescandlees

4.

angelangelsangeles ... boxboxsboxes ... leafleafsleaves ... teapotteapotsteapotes

75%

5.

dishdishsdishes ... scarfscarfsscarves ... airplaneairplanesairplanees ... treetreestreees

50%

6.

buzzbuzzsbuzzes ... cliffcliffsclives ... dashdashsdashes ... turtleturtlesturtlees

75%

7.

poolpoolspooles ... flashflashsflashes ... chefchefscheves ... televisiontelevisionstelevisiones

8.

dressdresssdresses ... wolfwolfswolves ... flagflagsflages ... fireplacefireplacesfireplacees

50%

9.

cardinalcardinalscardinales ... churchchurchschurches ... elfelfselves ... castlecastlescastlees

75%

10.

lightbulblightbulbslightbulbes ... halfhalfshalves ... wishwishswishes ... bridgebridgesbridgees

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In the following phrases, supply either a or an:

1. ____ bingo game

2. ____ idiot

3. ____ good job

4. ____ rotten plum

5. ____ used fork

6. ____ uncle

7. ____ historian

8. ____ apple

9. ____ hair

10. ____ artichoke

11. ____ horrible movie

12. ____ opera

13. ____ fine opera

14. ____ television

15. ____ earthquake

16. ____ icicle

17. ____ plant

18. ____ eggplant

19. ____ honorable discharge

20. ____ intelligent man

21. ____ table

22. ____ up stairway

23. ____ paper clip

24. ____ animal

25. ____ usual feeling

26. ____ interest

27. ____ alibi

28. ____ early bird

29. ____ couch

30. ____ airplane

31. ____ grade

32. ____ pair

33. ____ idea

34. ____ energy level

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Pronouns are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is already known, often to avoid repeating the noun. For example:

Kate was tired so she went to bed.

Michael took the children with him.

Kieran’s face was close to mine.

That is a good idea.

Anything might happen.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for example I,me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:

subjective pronouns

objective pronoun s

possessive pronoun s

reflexive pronoun s

Subjective pronouns

The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, we, and they are known as subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs:

She saw Catherine.

We drove Nick home.

I waved at her.

Objective pronouns

The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions:

Catherine saw her.

Nick drove us home.

She waved at me.

Here’s a table setting out the different forms:

| SINGULAR | PLURAL
| subjective | objective | subjective | objective
first person | I | me | we | us
second person | you | you | you | you
third person | he/she/it | him/her/it | they | them

Notice that the personal pronouns you and it stay the same, whether they are being used in the subjective or objective roles.

Possessive pronouns

The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as possessive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or something previously mentioned. For example:

That book is mine.

John’s eyes met hers.

Ours is a family farm.

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, andthemselves. These are used to refer back to the subject of the clause in which they are used:

I fell and hurt myself.

Daisy prepared herself for the journey.

The children had to look after themselves.

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1. How many players are in a handball team?

2. How much pocket money do you get per week?

3. How much time is left?

4. How many sisters does Ella have?

5. How many coins did you find yesterday?

6. How much water is in this bottle?

7. How many crosswords did she solve correctly?

8. How much milk do they have for breakfast?

9. How many bikes were stolen last year?

10. How much coffee do your parents drink per day?

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Why do we use adverbials?

We use adverbs to give more information about the verb.

We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done:

The children were playing happily.
He was driving as fast as possible.

We use adverbials of place to say where something happens:

I saw him there.
We met in London.

We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens:

They start work at six thirty.
They usually go to work by bus.

We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.

Perhaps the weather will be fine.

He is certainly coming to the party.

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possessive nouns

We use a noun with ’s with a singular noun to show possession:

We are having a party at John’s house.
Michael drove his friend’s car.

We use s’ with a plural noun ending in -s:

This is my parents’ house.
Those are ladies’ shoes.

But we use ’s with other plural nouns:

These are men’s shoes.
Children’s clothes are very expensive.

We can use a possessive instead of a noun phrase to avoid repeating words:

Is that John’s car? |   | No, it’s Mary’s [car]. | > | No, it’s Mary’s.
Whose coat is this? |   | It’s my wife’s [coat]. | > | It’s my wife’s.

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A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if, or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.

There are two main kinds of conjunction.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions join items that are of equal importance in a sentence:

You can have ice cream or strawberries.

He plays football and cricket.

The weather was cold but clear.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to the main clause of a sentence:

I waited at home until she arrived.

He went to bed because he was tired.

Starting a sentence with a conjunction

You might have been taught that it’s not good English to start a sentence with a conjunction such asand or but. It’s not grammatically incorrect to do so, however, and many respected writers use conjunctions at the start of a sentence to create a dramatic or forceful effect. For example:

What are the government’s chances of winning in court? And what are the consequences?

Beginning a sentence with a conjunction can also be a useful way of conveying surprise:

And are you really going?

But didn’t she tell you?

It’s best not to overdo it, but there is no reason for completely avoiding the use of conjunctions at the start of sentences.

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A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front ofnouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:

the position of something:

Her bag was under the chair.

The dog crawled between us and lay down at our feet.

His flat was over the shop.

the time when something happens:

They arrived on Sunday.

The class starts at 9 a.m.

Shortly after their marriage they moved to Colorado.

the way in which something is done:

We went by train.

They stared at each other without speaking.

Some prepositions are made up of more than one word, for example:

They moved here because of the baby.

We sat next to each other.

The hotel is perched on top of a cliff.

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Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.

Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no". Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.

So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way - like a signpost or a map.

* Except invented languages like Esperanto. And if Esperanto were widely spoken, its rules would soon be very different.

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We use adjectives to describe nouns.

Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:

They have a beautiful house.
We saw a very exciting film last night.

or after a link verb like be, look or feel:

Their house is beautiful.
That film looks interesting.

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We use adjectives to describe nouns.

Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:

They have a beautiful house.
We saw a very exciting film last night.

or after a link verb like be, look or feel:

Their house is beautiful.
That film looks interesting.

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Pronouns are words we use in the place of a full noun.

There are many different kinds of pronouns.
Pronouns - personal pronouns (I, me, you etc)

Pronouns are words we use in the place of a full noun.

We have both subject and object pronouns:

SubjectObjectI | me
you | you
he | him
she | her
it | it
we | us
you | you
they | them

We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are talking about a man or a woman we use they/them.

This is Jack. He’s my brother. I don’t think you have met him.
This is Angela. She’s my sister. Have you met her before?
Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.
You could go to a doctor. They might help you.

Subject pronouns

We use subject pronouns as subject of the verb:

I like your dress.
You are late.
He is my friend
It is raining
She is on holiday
We live in England.
They come from London.

WarningRemember: English clauses always have a subject:His father has just retired. Was a teacher. > He was a teacher.
I’m waiting for my wife. Is late.  > She is late.If there is no other subject we use it or there. We call this a dummy subject.

Object pronouns

We use object pronouns:

• as the object of the verb:

Can you help me please?
I can see you.
She doesn’t like him.
I saw her in town today.
We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn’t see us.

• after prepositions:

She is waiting for me.
I’ll get it for you.
Give it to him.
Why are you looking at her?
Don’t take it from us.
I’ll speak to them.

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We use one (singular) and ones (plural) to avoid unnecessary repetition.

See those two girls? Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one.
Which is your car, the red one or the blue one?
My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.
See those two girls. Helen is the one on the left.
Let’s look at the photographs. The ones you took in Paris.

We often use them after Which ... in questions:

You can borrow a book. Which one do you want?
There are lots of books here. Which ones are yours?

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Verbs in English have four basic parts:

Base form-ing formPast tensePast participle work | working | worked | worked
play | playing | played | played
listen | listening | listened | listened

Most verbs have past tense and past participle in –ed (worked, played, listened). But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular.

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Directions:

The end-point punctuation has been omitted for the following sentences. Click to select the correct end-point punctuation from the choices at the end of each sentence.

?1.

Has the rain stopped (.) (?)

?2.

The rain has stopped (.) (?)

?3.

We are having good weather (.) (?)

?4.

I like that song (.) (?)

?5.

Who is the singer (.) (?)

?6.

These are the videos, aren't they (.) (?)

?7.

Wyoming is a large state (.) (?)

?8.

You won't forget, will you (.) (?)

?9.

I wish I had not written that letter (.) (?)

?10.

Tomorrow is another day (.) (?)

?11.

Are you preparing yourself (.) (?)

?12.

I submitted an application for that job (.) (?)

?13.

Are you looking for work (.) (?)

?14.

Will you ever forgive me (.) (?)

?15.

I enjoy watching the evening news (.) (?)

?16.

Who is your favorite announcer (.) (?)

?17.

Is that the best you can do (.) (?)

?18.

I am the best player (.) (?)

?19.

My favorite season is fall (.) (?)

?20.

What is your score (.)(?