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See all the wonderful things Mrs. Bagley has made

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I agree with most of you said based on your interpretation of Othello’s handkerchief. However, I view Othello’s handkerchief more as just the general telling of truth (specifically if the truth is regarding betrayal). Iago purposefully took Desdemona’s fallen handkerchief to give to Cassio, who in turn gifts it to Bianca. Iago gets Othello to witness Cassio handling the handkerchief, which makes Othello believe that Cassio is carrying an affair with Desdemona. So when Samuel refers to Othello’s handkerchief, he means that he wants to show Adam the truth about Cathy and snap him out of his blind infatuation with her.

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I agree with your response on the significance and meaning of “A goose walked over my grave” (Steinbeck 170). I’d also like to add that this quote also suggests how Samuel senses how Cathy is an evil spirit haunting everyone and everything around her. Like a graveyard, it is thought that dead spirits, good or evil, watch over people. I think his feelings reflect the kind of control Cathy has over Adam-she haunts his mind as he is helplessly in love with her and corrupts his vision of life.
- Lillian Hoang

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I definitely concur with your judgement on the idiom “A goose walked over my grave…” that it refers to one getting goosebumps. I believe it was essential how you emphasized that Samuel sensed that Cathy had a malicious side because of the chilly feeling he obtained when they interacted. However I would like to add on how Samuel acted towards that chilly feeling as he advanced to a distinctive topic afterwards to avoid the feeling.
-Jennifer Nguyen

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I agree with your analysis of this example and also with the example of how this is portrayed with Cathy. I agree how you emphasize how Samuel sense Cathy's dark side.
-Cathy Nguyen

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I agree with your comparison of Doxology to God.

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I agree with what you are trying to explain about how Cathy does cause people to have a sense of shivers or fear. Your analysis does go along with how Samuel did carry out this strange feeling whenever he thinks about Cathy and how Adam's new perspective on Cathy has changed because of all of these situations with Cathy.
I especially like how you mention Adam's old perspective and how it caused him to be this simple-minded person.
- Bryan Nguyen

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I agree with your interpretation of Othello's handkerchief through Adam's realization of his futile love. It reveals the dangerous impact love has on a person, causing him to disregard reality and pursue emotional impulses. Love has the power to destroy a person, as it did to Adam. Othello's handkerchief also sheds light upon the deceitfulness of human beings like Cathy, who obscures a massive weapon behind a handkerchief of innocence.

-Vivian Chau

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I agree with your statement about the sarcastic view of the love between Adam and Samuel. This is especially true because the illusion of Othello's handkerchief symbolizes the false and manipulative love that they have between each other.

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In the novel it is read that Samuel tells Adam to offer his “Othello’s Handkerchief” to Cathy and this gift basically is basically presented as a sign of his affection or love. The meaning behind the gift comes from one of Shakespeare’s plays and what happened was that Othello had given his handkerchief to his loved one just as Samuel is doing as a sign of the purification of his affection. Samuel wants to give Adam his representation of love because he still views Cathy, not as a pure and beautiful person, but a malicious person who is leading Adam the wrong path. Not only does it reveal Samuel’s love for Adam , the gift represents the amount of trust one person has in another because of how hard it is to even give away one’s loved possession to another. Therefore, if the gift had been tainted by the receiver, than it is revealed that there is no true feelings from the receiver but false hopes just as Samuel is trying to explain to Adam.

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I agree with what you said about Cathy giving Samuel the creeps after they first meet and he says, "A goose walked over my grave..." It is important to note that before Samuel met Cathy, he already had told Adam that he had a bad feeling about her which would add to the goosebumps he got when he finally saw her.

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In response to Adam stating that his happiness comes only from Cathy, Samuel tells him that he should give him Othello’s handkerchief. Othello’s handkerchief is an allusion to Shakespeare, in which it represents blind love and deception. The significance of this in East of Eden is that Adam has turned Cathy into a vision of innocence and perfection, regardless of her true characteristics that show through. He is incapable of seeing past this illusion that he is blindly in love with. Adam finally receives Othello’s handkerchief when Cathy reveals her true self-that she doesn’t love Adam and was only using him. This realization, Othello’s handkerchief, allows Adam to view life for the way it truly is, not the fantasy he created with Cathy.

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I agree with your analysis on the idiom “A goose walked over my grave” (172). I also think that this idiom refers to goosebumps and a feeling of chillness and shudder. Cathy was also the first character I thought about regarding her dark presence. I like how you emphasized the contrast between Samuel’s and Adam’s different perspectives on Cathy and how she is. Additionally, I would like to highlight how Samuel's sensitivity added on to the goosebumps that he got when he easily recognized Cathy's real self through her cold eyes. He easily realizes that Cathy is not the perfect person that Adam is infatuated with.

- Catherine Phan

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Additionally, Adam thought it was only cold when Samuel realized it was because of his fear of Cathy. It is quite terrifying when someone can give you goose bumps in real life that is not in a horror film. It was also a good point to use that at first he didn't know why he felt goosebumps until later which adds to Cathy's character.
-Calysta Byers

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I agree with your interpretation of the allusion from Othello's handkerchief in the novel. The mention of Othello's handkerchief in Samuel's speech towards Adam exhibited how Samuel is showing his concern over Adam's "love" for Cathy. Samuel is concerned that Adam had made a mistake by marrying Cathy; Samuel predicted that Adam had set himself up for heartbreak. Samuel mentions Othello's handkerchief to Adam to exhibit how Adam is viewing his relationship with Cathy in a different perspective from Cathy; Samuel knows that Cathy does not view her marriage with Adam as a serious relationship, which contrasts from Adam's dedicated love for Cathy.
-Kathy Ho

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I agree with you that Samuel offered to give Adam Othello's handkerchief as a way to protect him and his love for Cathy.  I do not believe he did it as a joke. I think Samuel wanted Adam to see for himself Cathy's true ways. It shows that Samuel truly cares for Adam and wants the best for him. He does not want him to be in love with someone who is evil.
-Hannah Naples

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I agreed with your claim that the reference of Samuel on Othello's Handkerchief to Adam could symbolize the infidelity of Cathy towards Adam. Samuel acted this way to Adam because he consider Adam as a dearest friend of his, and it revealed how he wants to help him not get hurt at the end as a result of inconstancy between him and Cathy. - Jonelle G.

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The idiom “a goose walked over my grave” (Steinbeck 170) represents goosebumps, which can be received when in a state of intense fear. The emotional state of Samuel is rather more of a confused fear as he does not know exactly why he is feeling his current emotions. He observes Cathy’s actions, noticing her peculiar style of eating meat and her “wide-set eyes [that] communicated nothing” (Steinbeck 170). Immediately, Samuel realizes that something is wrong with Cathy but not exactly what. He receives another shiver when Cathy speaks to him as he is leaving their home. This radically differs from the blinding love and trusting emotions that Adam possesses for her.

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I agree with your opinion on the unsettling and ominous tone. In addition, Adam’s blind love contradicts heavily with Samuel’s fear and anxiety towards Cathy. Without truly knowing it, Samuel senses the evil lurking within Cathy. Like you said this leads to the feeling of goosebumps.

Name: Ricky Nguyen

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I agree that when a goose walks over your grave you receive goosebumps. I think it is important to note why Samuel felt what he felt and explain the importance of that feeling when he encounters Cathy for the first time. Cathy´s manipulative and secretive behavior is significant to Samuel´s consciousness and is the cause of his goosebumps. In addition, it shows how Samuel is able to decipher and understand people with just a first encounter.

-Brandon Tran

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I enjoyed the way you described the relationship between Doxology and Samuel and God and people. The more Samuel is bitten by Doxology, the more he wanted to have a stronger bond with him. It is the same with God. The more people tend to push away, the more God wants to have a stronger bond with people.

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I agree, people tend to be curious of what they do not know. For Cathy she is rather mysterious toward characters within the book. Appearing to be an angel decedent but the readers know that she is a demon like being. Samuel saw the light and questioned of what really is Cathy. -Cow

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I agree with your interpretation of Samuel's relationship with Doxology. Your statement regarding the irony of Doxology’s name could provide as a form of motivation for Samuel. The ideals of Christianity state that God is accepting of everyone, and tries to have everyone accept him in return. This can further support your statement on how God does not give up on those who sin, as Samuel continues to try to win over his horse's praise and affection. Samuel keeps trying to feed him in order to be accepted as not just his owner, but someone who will be by his side even after death.

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Othello’s handkerchief is an allusion that bears the significance of a symbol of love and betrayal. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Othello presented Desdemona with a handkerchief for a sense of her love and loyalty towards him. Unfortunately, Lago utilizes the handkerchief in a distinctive way so Othello acquires the idea of that Desdemona is betraying him, even though she really isn’t. In East of Eden, Samuel wishes to give Adam a handkerchief so he can attain Cathy’s true nature, whether she actually loves him or is using him for her own devious nature. Samuel states, “Oh, I know I should. And I should straighten out your tangled thoughts, show you that impulse is as gray as lead and rotten as a dead cow in wet weather” (Steinbeck 169) to express how he wants to assist Adam in what chaos he has set himself into by marrying Cathy. Samuel wants Adam to realize for the sake of his own good because he might have experienced such a miserable relationship in his past that may have been similar to Adam and Cathy’s at the moment.

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I see your point in arguing that "The Principles of Psychology" is a representation of Samuel's desire to learn and his auto-didactic nature. However, I would argue that the book is more of a symbol for Samuel's ability to decipher the hearts of people. The act of reading such a book does indeed show Samuel's strong will to learn and his desire for knowledge. But, the book itself is a metaphor for Samuel and his almost mystical ability.

-An Nguyen

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I agree with your intrepretation of "A goose walked over my grave" and how it relates to an ominous feeling and goosebumps. I would like to add on the the reason Samuel first suspects something negative about Cathy in the conversation because of her cryptic expressions and the uncivilized way she eats her food. Steinbeck describes Cathy with sharp teeth and expressionless eyes to make her demonic. As a true friend, Samuel wants to notify Adam about his suspicions, but he must do so indirectly because of Cathy being present in the conversation. Steinbeck's frequent mentioning of the silence during the conversation reestablishes the ominous atmosphere created by "A goose walked over my grave" (p.172).

Name: Titan Ngo

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I agree with your opinion on Othello's handkerchief,  when Samuel offers the handkerchief to Adam it is because he wants to help Adam by revealing Cathy's true motives. Samuel is trying to save and help Adam avoid Cathy's evil ways.
-Andrea Mitchell

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I agree with you on your analysis of "A goose walked over my grace" (172) and how Adam is so blindly in love with Cathy that he is not able to sense any thing bad of her. People who are so in love with their significant other sometimes are so focused on their good points that they do not realize their bad side. Unlike Adam, Samuel was able to sense something cold about Cathy just by making eye contact with her. For someone like Samuel who can get along with everyone in town, it is odd for him to get chills from Cathy.
-Sharon Park

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I agree with your response of the significance of how Samuel felt tensed and shivered when Cathy gave him a cold, empty expressions because he could already feel that Cathy was a mysterious person, while Adam is blinded by her emotions and believes that she is innocent.
-Cathy Huynh

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Andrea made a valid point to what the quote "A goose walked over my grave... "(pg. 170) represent as the eerie vibe that Cathy emits. Cathy even made Samuel tense up at the start of their meeting because she is not as wonderful as Adam made her out to be. Instead of believing blindly to how Adam reacts to his wife, Samuel made is own assumption based on how Cathy made herself to be. Creepy and wrong are all adjectives that simply describes who she is as a person.
- Huy Nguyen

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I agree with your "Othello's handkerchief" analysis because Cathy is a very manipulative being and Adam is blinded by the affection he feels towards her. I can almost refer to Adam having Tunnel Vision towards Cathy. -Bryan D Nguyen

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I agree with your meaning of the quote but you didn't elaborate on the quote's significance in the book. In the book, Samuel saw Cathy eat roasted lamb with her sharp teeth and it gave him chills. Adam asked what was wrong with him and Samuel replies by saying, "A goose walked over my grave" to explain his unexpected shivering and chills.
-Bradley Diep

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I agree with you that the idiom "A goose walked over my grave" (p.170)  is to refer to the someone when they get goosebumps when they get chill feelings. In the book, Adam and Samuel meet Cathy for the first time and the sense of aura of her gave Samuel and Adam chills since it was so dark. I love how you provided in your response many examples of how Cathy has a dark presence and how Adam's train of thought worked. I also loved how you provided educated vocabulary in your response.
- Johnny Can

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Your rendition of Othello's handkerchief is really different from the common answer of "It represents pure love and chastity". Most people left out the part about the handkerchief being used as a point of misunderstanding and abuse throughout Othello. Also when Samuel starts a tirade with Adam, he uses "muck-covered" and "dirt", which ties into the entire handkerchief metaphor. He wishes to give a handkerchief of pure love and innocence to Adam but it really is a stained handkerchief in your words
-Khanh Huynh

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I agree with your answer that the horse's hoofsteps represents a hymn that praises God because the name Doxology means a praise to God.

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Othello’s handkerchief is an obvious illusion to the handkerchief given to Othello in Shakespeare's play. The handkerchief wasn an item that symbolizes love and affection but this love was manipulative. Samuel offers it to Adam sarcastically revealing the love between them is definitely false. Samuel wished to become great companions with Adam but this cannot happen if  Adam continues to be manipulated by Cathy. Cathy will only bring harm to Adam and Samuel wishes to prevent that. This blinded love is in relation with Othello and his wife, explaining why Samuel brought up the topic of Othello’s handkerchief.

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I agree with your response about Doxology and its connection to the Bible. However, the representation of Doxology as people who "bite the hand that feed them" could also be more specific. Considering the title of the book, the horse could be tied into the actions of Adam and Eve. Doxology, literally meaning "an expression of praise to God" could be seen as Adam and Eve before eating the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. They were loyal and trusted by God. However, after eating the fruit against God's will, they were sent east of Eden. This could be connected to how Doxology repeatedly bites Samuel's hand, who, as possibly the most moral character of the book, could be a representation of God. In connection to your point of Doxology representing humans as a whole, this could be construed as the inherent evil in humanity. All of the characters, even Samuel, are subject to immoral actions, whether it is drinking, lying, or other habits. Doxology, even when he is treated kindly, rejects Samuel. In the scope of the novel, this may symbolize how the characters turn away from God, or doing the right thing.
- Roselynne Nguyen

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I think that your point about Samuel's curiosity about Adam's infatuation is quite interesting. It proves how Samuel is interested in Adam's mental state- but it also proves the fact that other characters in the book can see Cathy's evil but Adam seems to be blinded. The Principle of Psychology's first sentence states how psychology is a matter of one's desires, cognition, reasoning, etc. It would be interesting to see what lures Adam into such a trance.  -Kimberly Bui

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With Othello's handkerchief, it symbolized chastity and faith of a girl but it was manipulated by someone in Othello to make Othello believe so. This parallels in East of Eden because it shows how Cathy's love for Adam was false but Adam is well ignorant to it since he believes that the love is real and true. Samuel tries to warn Adam about this but Adam ignores Samuel's warnings and in the end deals with the consequences of that decision.

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The significance of the idiom “a goose walked over my grave…” (p.170) reveals an uneasy tone and shows how Samuel was feeling upon meeting Cathy. The idiom means to get goosebumps or chills when one feels anxious or uncertainty. As they were eating Samuel shivers upon Cathy’s presence. Although Cathy did not speak much, Samuel can feel a dark, evil presence coming from Cathy. As stated in the book, “‘Sometimes a silence tells the most,’ said Samuel, and...it seemed to him that the scar on her forehead grew darker” (Steinbeck 170).

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Doxology is defined as to worship and praise God. In East of Eden, Samuel names his horse doxology for the reason that he'll "endowed a creature deserved... one grand possession." Doxology tends to bite Samuel whenever he tries to feed him for the past years,however, he doesn't give up. Through Samuel and Doxology's relationship, it illustrates the relationship between God and his people. God always shows love to the people even if they disobey and sin. God will always love the people, even if love is given back to him, which is a parallel to how Samuel continues to love and feed Doxology despite how he does not show love in return. Furthermore, this relationship also ironic due to Doxology's name. Since Doxology's name means to praise god, it should be inferred that Doxology should be obeying Samuel, the representation of god. However, he doesn't not obey Samuel and even bites him.

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The Principle's of Psychology by William James revolutionized the approach to psychology by expanding on the mental and behavioral process of our mind. It discusses why humans act they way they do, focusing on their stream of consciousness, emotions, habits, and will. This is significant in East of Eden, because it delves into the varied actions and personalities of many contrasting characters in the story. Cathy's evil nature contrasts with Samuel's pure actions. The Principle's of Psychology may explain these actions by their free will to choose between good and evil. Cathy's lack of empathy versus Samuel's caring emotions may cause her to provoke harm upon others in ways that Samuel could never anticipate. Cathy's repeated evil deeds have become a habit for receiving selfish pleasure. In terms of psychology, the contrasting ways in which the brains of Samuel and Cathy develop allow them to have different conscious experiences of the world. Their brains have distinct impulses that influence personality since birth.

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When Cathy looked up and put " a liver of roast ham... between her small sharp teeth" (p.170), Samuel shivered and told Adam that "a goose walked over his grave" (p. 170). The term refers to the feeling of having goosebumps. People usually get goosebumps when they're in shock, frightened, surprised, etc. The way Steinbeck describes Cathy at that point doesn't describe her in an enchanting way. Samuel begins to think about Cathy and who she really is. If she was described in such a way and he got goosebumps, then there must be something about her that made Samuel want to discover more about her cryptic ways.

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"A goose walked over my grav

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The meaning of the quote "a goose walked over my grave..."(p.170) lets the reader know that the character feels uneasy and uncomfortable resulting in goose bumps, when your skin rises forming little bumps all over your body. This is said by Samuel after meeting Cathy, and although he did not know her, something about her is off and gave Samuel the creeps.

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Doxology is Samuel's horse who bites him whenever Samuel tries to feed him. This is representative of people who figuratively "bite the hand that feeds them". Within the story, the idea of humans being relatively evil by default ties into this as there have been many events of people betraying those that help them. Such as Cathy with literally everyone she meets and Adam when he leaves Charles for Cathy. This can also tie into the biblical references that East of Eden has. Within Christianity, they teach that God loves us even if he we push him away and sin. Samuel is like God and Doxology is representative of most humans. He takes care of Doxology for so long even if he gets bitten and shown no love.

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The book The Principles of Psychology by William James was a symbol of Samuel´s intelligence and intellectual curiosity. Samuel immigrated from Ireland to Salinas Valley and had to start new to support his wife and nine children. His diligence and creativity induced him to become successful and find water in the desert-like environment of Salinas Valley. Although he was an immigrant, his choice of reading The Principles of Psychology shows that he is inquisitive about the human mind. Samuel is known for his sensitive and keen perception of the people around him which allows him to recognize the secret inhumanity in Cathy and Adam´s infatuation with her. Samuel also brings out a different and unrestricted side of the servant Lee and creates a strong bond with him. The Principles of Psychology symbolizes the juxtapositions between contrasting characters and their different personalities and actions, which Samuel was able to discern. This book can reveal Samuel´s power and ability to read other people and understanding their mental psychology.

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Othello's handkerchief comes from the Shakespeare. It is initially a love token given to Desdemona by Othello which later proved her infidelity when it was passed to someone else. In East of Eden Samuel says that he should give it to Adam in an attempt to protect him from Cathy since he does not trust her.

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The significance of Othello's handkerchief is to prove that Desdemona is pure. Adam is showing that he sees Cathy  (in his perspective) that she is pure to him."I should give you Othello's handkerchief. Oh, I should. And I should straighten out your tangled thoughts, show you that the impulse is gray as lead and rotten as a dead cow in wet weather." (p169). When Samuel offers the handkerchief, he reveals that he does not trust Cathy's love for Adam and so the handkerchief is to prove is her love really is real because Samuel is just trying to protect and help Adam out.

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Othello's handkerchief symbolizes Desdemona's fidelity. In other word, as long as Desdemona has Othello's handkerchief, she is still pure. Samuel pointed out to Adam that he is viewing Cathy as pure only because they are together, "I should give you Othello's handkerchief. Oh, I know I should. And I should straighten out your tangled thoughts, show you that impulse is gray as lead and rotten as a dead cow in wet weather"(pg. 171). Adam is blinded by love to the Cathy's true nature; he only see her as what she pretends to be. This is significant because it show how manipulative Cathy is and how blind Adam is to see into one's personality.

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On part 1 of chapter 16, Doxology is the given name to the horse Samuel owns. Doxology in general is the practice where God is worshiped and praised through a short hymn at the end by the Christians. In the quote, "Doxology's loud off-beat hoofsteps silenced the people until after he had passed," (pg. 176), Samuel's horse's foot galloping sound roamed around the valley like a hymn that perhaps praised the people in a way that the night was so quiet and still.

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The meaning behind the quote, "A goose walked over my grave..."(p.170), is that when the character walked over the grave they got a slight chill resulting in goosebumps which is why the quote mentions a goose walking over a grave.

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The meaning behind

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The meaning

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Othello's handkerchief came from Shakespeare and was a symbolism of love and faithfulness; however it also can be a sign of disloyalty as it gets passed around from one person to another.  Samuel jokingly  offered to give Adam Othello's handkerchief as a way of trying to protect Adam and his blinding love for Cathy because Samuel has a bad aura coming from Cathy. Essentially, his offer of the handkerchief displayed his sarcasm for Adam and Cathy's relationship since he does not fully trust Cathy's love for Adam.

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"A goose walked over my grave..." (p. 170) can reference a person who walks over a grave acquire goosebumps. Hence the term "Goosebumps." As Cathy looked up from her plate, enjoying a sliver of roast lamb, she caused Samuel to tremble. Adam was worried that Samuel may have felt cold but Samuel contested and stated the phrase.

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The Principle's of Psychology by William James

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Othello's Handkerchief was the first gift that Othello gave to his wife Desdemona. It came to represent the love he felt for her as well as chastity, fidelity, and purity. Samuel's offer to give Adam Othello's handkerchief could mean two things. The first is that Samuel wants to show his love for Adam as a friend and that he has a duty to uphold to him, not as lovers but as companions. Secondly, the handkerchief is a representation of a woman's purity and innocence. The fact that Samuel has the handkerchief, referring to Cathy's, is showing that Cathy is not this innocent, angelic creature that Adam would believe her to be. She has no loyalty, no fidelity. This aspect of Cathy is what Samuel is trying to show Adam by supposedly giving him the handkerchief.

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Othello's handkerchief is a symbol of something once purified but then stained with experiences. In Othello specifically, the handkerchief was white- referring to Desdemona's virginity and the red strawberries to be the blood of a virgin. In East of Eden, the reference may be towards Adam's life. Adam was a kindhearted soul who never had intentions to murder or kill, but Cathy provoked an anger  in him that stained his purity with thirst of revenge and blood. This may also reference to Samuel's true intentions, whether he is plotting to get rid of Cathy as well, although she appears as innocent.

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"A goose walked over my grave ..." (p.170) is significant in this story because it is using the goose to refer to goose bumps. A person gets these when there is a sense of chilliness. Samuel says this when Cathy was eating with her sharp teeth and her eyes communicated nothing. Samuel feels the cold that Cathy drags with her where ever she goes. Adam thinks that it must be cold in there but then Samuel responds with the phrase. As many people now fro movies or T.V. shows, ghost or evil spirits brings coldness with them. So for Samuel to be shivering when he sees Cathy  shows that deep down he knows something is off about her. Adam see her as an angel but Samuel does not see it. This could mean Adam is just so blinded by Cathy that he can not see her true self.

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In Shakespeare's tragedy, Othello offered his handkerchief to Desdemona as a symbol of his love, while the handkerchief would also represent his wife's loyalty in a sense. In East of Eden, Samuel offers the handkerchief in a sarcastic manner in response to Adam's love for Cathy. As a friend, Samuel wishes to help Adam realize Cathy's true self and not be blinded by her appearance only. Samuel is saying that he does not trust Cathy as a person and will bring harm to Adam if he does not realize his false love for her. This portrays how much Samuel cares for Adam (as a friend) because he fears that Adam will become tainted by Cathy's evil. The passage possibly foreshadows an event where Cathy betrays Adam later in the story, thus proving that Samuel was right not to trust her.

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In response to Adam's inquiry, Samuel replied "[a] goose walked over my grave" (p 170). This quote refers to bewilderment, shivers from the unexpected. One would not expect a goose to walk over his or her grave. It would serve to baffle and unnerve anyone, just as Cathy's presence serves to baffle and worry Samuel. Thus, by incorporating this idiom into the text, the author intends to illustrate Samuel's uneasiness towards Cathy. "Cathy . . . at a sliver of roast lamb. She looked up as she put it between her small sharp teeth. Her wide

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Othello's handkerchief came from a Shakespeare play which resembles purity, fertility. The handkerchief was given to Desdemona by Othello which she cherished. It was a sign of love or a love token in Othello's case. In "East of Eden" however it have multiple meanings. It was said by Samuel toward Adam, which bring many possibilities of what that symbolize. Most noticeably to cherish their friendship. This was clued by Sam when he said, " It is the duty of a friend. I had a friend who did the duty once for me...juice from an orange." (Penguin Classics, Steinbeck, 170). Other meanings could possible means that Sam is trying to protect Adam from the deceiving love that emit from Cathy. The handkerchief in the play also resemble purity, which could possibly means that Samuel is trying to guide Adam through the lights and bring Cathy to justice. Samuel stated, "It's my duty to take this thing of yours and kick it in the face, then raise it up and spread slime on it thick enough to blot out its dangerous light." (Steinbeck 171). It refers to the light that come from Cathy that drawn Adam in. To the trap of that monster.

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The significance of "A goose walked over my grave . . ." (p. 170) is an expression of warning, and has an ominous tone. It is similiar to one saying that they feel goosebumps when they are cold. Samuel says this to Adam after he sees Cathy. Her expression unsettles him, as it reveals nothing of her thoughts or feelings. "Her wide-set eyes communicated nothing. Samuel shivered" (p.172). Though he does not know her past, Samuel can sense that all is not right with her. This contrasts sharply with Adam's reaction to Cathy. His willful blindness to Cathy's true nature is unsettling in its own way, and leaves Samuel disturbed after interacting with them.

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Othello's Handkerchief is an allusion from Shakespeare. It is significant in the play because it was a gift Orthello gave to Desmondia that symbolizes dishonest love and loyalty. Samuel says he will give Orthello's handkerchief to Adam because he is trying to tell Adam that Cathy does not actually return his feelings of love.

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Doxology literally means praising God. In East of Eden, Samuel is portrayed as God, and he cherishes his horse named Doxology. After 30 years, Samuel still has trouble feeding his horse without his hand getting bitten, but he still loves Doxology nonetheless. Even though Doxology causes Samuel trouble, he does not mind because he deeply cares about his horse. Doxology's relationship with Samuel symbolizes God's relationship with people. Doxology biting Samuel represents people who disobey God. Similarly, Samuel does not give up on Doxology like God does not give up on people. Both Samuel and God still love others who did them wrongly.

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The significance of "A goose walked over my grave..." p. 170  expresses the unsettling tone. The term 'Goosebumps' actually come from this term. Samuel says this to Adam when he sees Cathy. Since Cathy's appearance make Samuel uneasy, it is hard to identify her emotions or thoughts. Although Samuel does not know her past he does know that she is troubled in many ways. Opposed to Adam who does not see the Cathy's true personality creates an unsettling tone as well. After Samuel witnessed Adam's interactions between Cathy he grows to become even more unsettled.

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The idiom "A goose walked over my grave..." (pg. 172) was stated by Samuel after he met Cathy for the first time at Adam's house. This idiom refers to one getting goosebumps when there is a feeling of chillness. The significance of the idiom in the novel is that it exhibited how others recognized Cathy's dark presence. When people sense a feeling of uneasiness or they suddenly feel chilly, goosebumps form on their arms. In comparison, Samuel could sense that Cathy had a malicious side to her because he felt strange feeling in his body that gave him goosebumps after he and Cathy interacted with each other. This idiom also contrasts how Adam and Samuel view Cathy. Ever since Cathy stumbled upon his farm, Adam had an angelic image of Cathy in his mind; however, Samuel's first interaction with Cathy contrasted from Adam's interaction because he felt a sense of evil from Cathy and he noticed how her eyes had a glint of mischief, instead of an angelic presence that Adam described. The contrast of how two characters viewed Cathy displayed how Adam's mind was caught in his dream about Cathy as a perfect wife, instead of being in reality, where Cathy's true personality was noticed by others around her.

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"Othello's handkerchief" (pg.169)
This handkerchief comes from Shakespeare's Othello where the handkerchief symbolizes things to different characters. In the play, Othello offers a handkerchief to a woman named Desmonda and she keeps the handkerchief as a symbol of Othello's love. However, another character named Iago uses the handkerchief differently so that Othello sees the handkerchief as a symbol of Desmonda. In the East Of Eden, Samuel views Cathy as an evil person but Adam just sees her as an innocent girl and he's too blind to see the truth. Samuel offers the idea of Othello's handkerchief to say that they both have different perspectives on Cathy and possibly have Adam see the truth about her.

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In the quote stated, "A goose had walked over my grave" (p.172), it meant that one is feeling shivers  or goosebumps. This was significant because when Cathy and Samuel were staring at each other, Samuel started to feel chills down his spines because it shows that Cathy is giving off some sort of an evil presence that Samuel can sense which makes him feel a bit eerie of her. Her blank expression indicated that she is not pure like Adam would think she was. However, Adam was being naive and simpleminded of Cathy's machinations to manipulate him. He was clueless throughout the whole time with Cathy yet Samuel could already feel suspicious of her just the cold gaze she gave to him.