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is also known as Difference threshold

jnd stands for "Just Noticeable difference"

This means "the smallest change in stimulations that you can detect 50 percent of the time.

this difference can be spotted differently form person to person. This also is true for weights.

difference threshold varies according to strength or intensity or the original stimulants.

(2Lbs. to 10Lbs)
(2Lbs. to 100Lbs.)

The greater the stimulants, the greater the change necessary to produce jnd.

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Examples of Subliminal Perception in Laboratories 

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Examples of Subliminal Perception in Laboratories 

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1. Nuberg, 1988
- A group of people was shown a list of words related to competition, while another group was shown normal words. Both lists for both groups were flashed so rapidly that the people couldn't read them. Afterwards, they played games and the people who saw the competition-related words were more competitive compare to the normal words.
2. Erdley & D'Agostino 1988
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Blue dress and black fringe or white dress with Gold fringe?

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Not since Monica Lewinsky was a White House intern has one blue dress been the source of so much consternation.

(And yes, it's blue.)

The fact that a single image could polarize the entire Internet into two aggressive camps is, let's face it, just another Thursday. But for the past half-day, people across social media have been arguing about whether a picture depicts a perfectly nice bodycon dress as blue with black lace fringe or white with gold lace fringe. And neither side will budge. This fight is about more than just social media---it's about primal biology and the way human eyes and brains have evolved to see color in a sunlit world.

Light enters the eye through the lens---different wavelengths corresponding to different colors. The light hits the retina in the back of the eye where pigments fire up neural connections to the visual cortex, the part of the brain that processes those signals into an image. Critically, though, that first burst of light is made of whatever wavelengths are illuminating the world, reflecting off whatever you're looking at. Without you having to worry about it, your brain figures out what color light is bouncing off the thing your eyes are looking at, and essentially subtracts that color from the "real" color of the object. "Our visual system is supposed to throw away information about the illuminant and extract information about the actual reflectance," says Jay Neitz, a neuroscientist at the University of Washington. "But I've studied individual differences in color vision for 30 years, and this is one of the biggest individual differences I've ever seen." (Neitz sees white-and-gold.)

Usually that system works just fine. This image, though, hits some kind of perceptual boundary. That might be because of how people are wired. Human beings evolved to see in daylight, but daylight changes color. That chromatic axis varies from the pinkish red of dawn, up through the blue-white of noontime, and then back down to reddish twilight. "What's happening here is your visual system is looking at this thing, and you're trying to discount the chromatic bias of the daylight axis," says Bevil Conway, a neuroscientist who studies color and vision at Wellesley College. "So people either discount the blue side, in which case they end up seeing white and gold, or discount the gold side, in which case they end up with blue and black." (Conway sees blue and orange, somehow.)

We asked our ace photo and design team to do a little work with the image in Photoshop, to uncover the actual red-green-blue composition of a few pixels. That, we figured, would answer the question definitively. And it came close.

In the image as presented on, say, BuzzFeed, Photoshop tells us that the places some people see as blue do indeed track as blue. But...that probably has more to do with the background than the actual color. "Look at your RGB values. R 93, G 76, B 50. If you just looked at those numbers and tried to predict what color that was, what would you say?" Conway asks.

So...kind of orange-y?

"Right," says Conway. "But you're doing this very bad trick, which is projecting those patches on a white background. Show that same patch on a neutral black background and I bet it would appear orange." He ran it through Photoshop, too, and now figures that the dress is actually blue and orange.

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The Science of Why No One Agrees on the Color of This Dress

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Not since Monica Lewinsky was a White House intern has one blue dress been the source of so much consternation. (And yes, it's blue.) The fact that a single image could polarize the entire Internet into two aggressive camps is, let's face it, just another Thursday.

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-In a movie theater in Fort Lee, New Jersey they allegedly flashed messages such as "Drink Coca Cola" and "Eat Popcorn" between the frames of the movie Picnic.
-Another is one study where half of the subject saw sexual images between frames and the other did not. Even though there was sexual images incorporated, they did not affect the subjects ratings on the product.
-The last example was audio tapes that added affirmations, rather, messages that are designed to affect behavior, yet they are not perceivable to the ear. These were self help tapes.

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Receptor cells are designed to respond to one particular form of energy- light waves, in case of vision, or vibration, in the case of hearing.
Some form of energy, either an external source or from inside the body, stimulates a receptor cell in one of the sense organs, such as the ear or the eye.

*Energy must be sufficiently intense for the receptor cell to react to it.

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"the process by which our senses adjust to different levels of stimulation."
how well we "adapt" to things.
or how well we "adjust" to certain stimulations.

The process of adaptation allows our senses to be keenly attuned to environmental conditions.

meaning when we are put into certain stimulations or situations in life we know how to react or change in order to fit into that environment.

EX. if you were to first walk into a place, lets say an art museum, you'd expect it to be quiet, however this particular museum you can talk and be loud, voice your thoughts on the artwork, your body would quickly "adapt" and not be as quiet as you expected.
in adaptation there are either high stimulations, which means our senses becomes less sensitive compared to when we are in a low stimulations our senses  are more sensitive
EX. at a music festival are senses are less sensitive and at a library are senses are more sensitive.

at a music festival your ears have to adapt to be less sensitive because the noise could be deafening, therefore they become less sensitive to noise.

as these situations change your body will react as necessary.

we also can understand visual adaptation by how are eyes can expect a change.

EX. When we are in a dark room our eyes adapt to our surroundings if we were to then walk into a bright room or outside when the sun is shining our eyes will adapt and not hurt our eyes, this is visual system of adaption.

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* sensory threshold is the weakest stimulus that organism can detect
* There is 4 different types of sensory thresholds that have been detected; absolute threshold- the lowest level at which the stimulus can be detected, Recognition threshold - the level at which a stimulus can not only be detected but also recognized, Differential threshold -   the level at which an increase in a detected stimulus can be perceived, and Terminal threshold - the level beyond which a stimulus is no longer detected.
*Absolute threshold - The minimum intensity of physical energy required to produce any sensation at all in a person.
* Any stimulation below the absolute threshold will not be experienced.
* At all intensities below the threshold, the person reports no sensation or no change in intensity; at all intensities above the threshold, the person reports a sensation or a change in intensity.
* Absolute thresholds vary depending on the level and nature of ongoing sensory stimulation.

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-Certain events happen under our realm of consciousness.
-Over 60% of Americans believe that subtle messages are incorporated into media without us knowing it.

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Sensation- The basic experience of simulation of the body's sense; sight, hearing, smell, taste, balance, touch, and pain.

Perception- The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information

*looks at how our personal characteristics influence the way we perceive the world*