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Kobe Banks, Garrett Gillespie, & Gregory Smallwood

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Kobe Banks, Garrett Gillespie, & Gregory Smallwood

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2nd Period

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Created in 1932, the FBI Laboratory is today one of the largest and most comprehensive crime labs in the world. Operating out of a state-of-the-art facility in Quantico, Virginia, the Lab’s scientific experts and special agents travel the world on assignment, using science and technology to protect the nation and support law enforcement, intelligence, military, and forensic science partners.

Whether it’s examining DNA to help determine guilt or innocence, analyzing the fingerprints left at a crime scene, or linking exploded bomb fragments to terrorists, the men and women of the FBI Laboratory are dedicated to using the rigors of science to solve cases and prevent acts of crime and terror.

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•In 1924, the first American police crime lab was created in Los Angeles, California and the Sacco and Vanzetti case publicized the popularity of microscopic comparisons of bullets used in their case. Following the Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, Calvin Goddard founded the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory at the Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois
•FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory officially opens in Washington, D.C., on November 24, 1932.The lab, which was chosen because it had the necessary sink, operated out of a single room and had only one full-time employee, Agent Charles Appel

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The year 1832 is when James Marsh developed the first arsenic test. Up to this point, arsenic was essentially untraceable, making it a perfect murder weapon.

In 1835, the first bullet comparison was performed. The bullet itself had a small flaw, which was traced back to the mold, leading to the identification of the person who bought, and later shot said bullet.

And in 1892, fingerprints finally made an official name for themselves as forensic evidence. Today, fingerprints are what most people first think of when they think of crime scene evidence. But until almost the 20th century, the individuality of a person's fingerprints was only suspected.

That year marks the discovery of both the first crime solved by fingerprint analysis, and the calculation by Francis Galton that fingerprints had only a 1 in 64 billion chance of being alike.

In the 1920s, the comparison microscope became a staple in bullet comparison and the first portable polygraph was designed by John Larson and Leonard Keeler. Universities began offering political science and criminalistics courses and degrees in the 1930s, and in 1950 we see the University of California at Berkeley create one of the first criminology/criminalistics academic departments. The formation of the American Academy of Forensic Science in Chicago occurred during that same year

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Fingerprinting:
• The ancient Chinese used fingerprints to identify business documents
Microscope:
•helped determine which bullets came from which shell casings. And in the 1970s, a team of scientists at the Aerospace Corporation in California developed a method for detecting gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopes

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Ethical and professionally responsible wildlife forensic scientists:

1. Are independent, impartial, and objective, approaching all examinations with due diligence and an open mind.

2. Conduct complete and unbiased examinations. Conclusions are based on the evidence and reference material relevant to the evidence, not extraneous information, political pressure, or other outside influences.

3. Render conclusions only within their area of expertise, and about matters which they have given formal consideration.

4. Honestly communicate with all parties (the investigator, prosecutor, defense, and other expert witnesses) about all information relating to their analysis, when communications are permitted by law and agency practice.

5. Report to the appropriate legal or administrative authorities any unethical, illegal, or scientifically questionable conduct of other forensic scientists or laboratory employees.

6. Report conflicts between their ethical/professional responsibilities and applicable agency policy, law, regulation, or other legal authority, and attempt to resolve them.

7. Do not accept or participate in any case on a contingency fee basis or in which they have any other personal or financial conflict of interest or an appearance of such a conflict

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Forensic Science – the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system

Ethics – the branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions, and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions

Physical evidence – any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or link a crime and its victim or perpetrator

Preservation – to keep possession of or retain for safe keeping

Rules of Evidence – govern whether, when, how, and for what purpose proof of a case may be placed before a court for consideration

Impartiality – not partial or biased; fair or just

Testimony – the statement or declaration of a witness under oath or affirmation, usually in court

Expert Witness – the Forensic Scientist and or Crime Scene Technician presenting the findings of crime investigation in a court of law

Chain of Custody – refers to the chronological documentation or paper trail, showing the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of evidence, physical or electronic

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Forensics in the legal system provides a scientific reasoning for what has taken place and also gives more accurate answers.During an investigation, evidence is collected at a crime scene or from a person, analyzed in a crime laboratory and then the results presented in court

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American Board of Criminalistics

To achieve diplomate status, individuals must possess a bachelor’s degree in a natural science or an appropriately related field and at least two years of full-time experience

American Board of Forensic Toxicology
• Applicants for a diplomate designation must possess a Doctor of Philosophy or a Doctor of Science degree in one of the natural sciences, an undergraduate education in biology or chemistry, training in pharmacology or toxicology, and at least 3 years of full-time professional experience in specific categories
The Board of Forensic Document Examiners o•ffers certification for forensic document examiners who meet specific education and training requirements. Candidates for certification must:

Possess a bachelor’s degree

Furnish two letters of recommendation

Be currently working in the profession on a regular basis

Have access to minimal laboratory equipment

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American Academy of Forensic Sciences
•A multi-disciplinary professional organization that provides leadership to advance science and its application to the legal system
International Association for Identification
•the IAI remains the oldest and largest forensic science/identification association in the world

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The basic requirement for most forensic science technician jobs is a bachelor's degree in forensic science or a natural science, such as chemistry, biology, molecular biology or physics

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Crime Scene Investigators
Evidence Technicians Latent Print Examiners
Criminalists
Forensic Scientists
Death Investigators Autopsy Technicians
Computer Forensics Cybercrime Supervisors, Managers
Evidence Custodians
Property Officers

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The most common forensic science disciplines are:
•Drug Chemist
•Forensic Biology
•Forensic DNA
•Latent Fingerprints
•Microscopy
•Polygraph analysis
•Trace Chemistry

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Forensic Science Technician & Bloodstain Pattern Analyst
•earn between $32,000-$83,000
Forensics Ballistics Expert
•Forensic firearms experts can expect to earn between $30,000 and $80,000 per year.
Forensic DNA Analyst
•DNA analysts compare DNA samples taken from suspects and victims to determine whether or not someone was present at a crime scene, whether they were involved in a violent encounter and any other question of identity when a sample is available. DNA analysts can also compare unknown samples to databases to identify potential suspects. DNA analysts can expect to earn between $30,000 and $80,000 per year.
Forensic Toxicologist
•help investigators identify causes of death to include poisons, chemicals, and intoxicating substances. They assist in the prosecution of DUI and DWI arrests and can detect the presence of drugs or alcohol in a suspect or victim's blood stream.