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deer:predatation or starvation

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Answer key to the activity on deer predation and starvation where students analyze populations and graph results.

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Throughout the past 40 years, populations of Elk, Moose, Wolves, and Willows have changed in the Yellowstone area.

Summary- Elk need water, a healthy skin, and food (plants, grass, trees, herbs).

Elk are herbivores

Elk antlers begin growing begin growing in the spring and usually drop in March or April of the next year.

Mating season in September and October; single calves born in May to late June.

Growing antlers are covered with a thick, fuzzy coating of skin commonly referred to as “velvet.”

The antler growing period is shortest for yearling bulls (about 90 days) and longest for healthy, mature bulls (about 140 days).

After winter's with high snowpack, elk delay migration

From 1995 to 2000, in early winter, elk calves comprised 50% of wolf prey and bull elk comprised 25%. That ratio reversed from 2001 to 2007, indicating changes in prey vulnerability and availability

Back in 1968, said Smith, when the elk population was about a third what it is today, the willow stands along streams were in bad shape.

In Yellowstone, 90% of their winter prey is elk; 10–15% of their summer prey is deer. They also kill bison.

Back to the 1930s, when the wolf was killed off in Yellowstone. Even though Yellowstone elk were still preyed upon by black and grizzly bears, cougars and, to a lesser extent, coyotes, the absence of wolves took a huge amount of predatory pressure off the elk.

The elk pushed the limits of Yellowstone's carrying capacity, and they didn't move around much in the winter-browsing heavily on young willow, aspen and cottonwood plants.

beavers are not restricted to areas that have their preferred foods. Essentially no aspen exist in most areas where beavers’ sign is most abundant, such as the Bechler River and in other areas where beavers periodically live, such as Heart Lake, the lower Lamar River and Slough Creek area, Slide Lake, and the lower Gardiner River. In these areas, beavers use willows for construction and for food. Where their preferred plants are few or absent, beavers may cut conifer trees and feed on submerged vegetation such as pond lilies.

Survival: When the surface of the water is frozen, beavers eat bark and stems from a food “cache” (a safe storage place) they have  anchored to the bottom of the waterway for winter use. They also swim out under the ice and retrieve the thick roots and stems of aquatic plants, such as pond lilies and cattails

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journal entry 2                                                                                                 the buffalo stay in a pack so if they get attacked they can defend their selfs if they get attacked by a pack of wolves they can defend their selves because the wolfs are the predator and the buffalo are the prey...

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journal entry 2                                                                                                 the buffalo stay in a pack so if they get attacked they can defend their selfs if they get attacked by a pack of wolves they can defend their selves because the wolfs are the predator and the buffalo are the prey...

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Scott Creel, an ecology professor at Montana State University, does not think that Yellowstone wolves will wipe out their prey, as some critics of wolf reintroduction fear. Some critics have claimed that wolves will kill all the deer and elk, sterilizing the landscape. That doesn't make sense to Creel or wildlife biologist Doug Smith.
"Wolves are capable predators, but they're not super-predators,"

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the wolf packs stay together and hunt elk buffalo's and some times moose

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The wolfs are endanger out of yellowstone

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The wolfs are endanger out of yellowstone

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https://defenders.org/gray-wolf/basic-facts

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pictures of yellowstone national park | Yellowstone National Park – A Hotspot Amongst The Tourists