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Fred Hoyle - Important Scientists - The Physics of the Universe, www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hoyle.html.
“Arno Penzias - Biographical.” Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-bio.html.
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“Christian Doppler.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 27 Nov. 2015, www.biography.com/people/christian-doppler-9277346.
Contributor, Nola Taylor Redd Space.com. “Johannes Kepler Biography.” Space.com, www.space.com/15787-johannes-kepler.html.
“Albert Einstein.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 25 Oct. 2017, www.biography.com/people/albert-einstein-9285408.
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Johannes Kepler was born December 27 in 1571 in Regensburg, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire. He lived through the seventeenth century scientific revolution. Throughout his life he stayed in Wuttemburg, Styria, Bohemia, and Austria. He worked as a german mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer. He is famous for creating the laws of planetary motion. His work provided a setting stone for Issac Newtons discoveries. He also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope that Galileo used for his discoveries. Kepler lived in the earliest era of astronomy and astrology, where there was no difference between the two. He did not use other astronomers work for his beliefs and ideas and he had very limited tools to use for his discoveries. However, he did include religious reasons to support his ideas.

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Issac Newton was born on January 4 in 1642 in Lincolnshire, England. He worked as mathematician, astronomer, theologian, and physicist. During his time, many astronomers were developing new technologies such as the telescope. In fact, built the very first reflecting telescope in 1668. Other astronomers were discovering sun spots, moons, stars, and other planets. Newton took Kepler's laws of planetary motion and proved his theory gravity. He used this theory to prove comets, tides, and equinoxes. Newton also developed the law of gravity, with the falling apple. He used Kepler's law of planetary motion to prove the heliocentric theory wrong and provide evidence for his theory on gravity. Newton also developed his Theory of Color, in which he used a reflecting telescope to show how hard a light's color could change.

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Christian Doppler was born on November 29 in 1803 in Salzburg, Austria. He spent most of his life working at the institute of experimental Physics at the University of Vienna in Vienna, Austria. During the nineteenth century, many astronomers were studying the sun. One astronomy invented a spectrometer and others were discovering sun spots. He came up with the "Doppler Effect" which explains that the pitch of a moving thing can very on where the observer is standing and how fast the object is traveling. He used this to prove the color of binary stars changes based on velocity relative to earth. This also proved the truth of the Big Bang Theory. Doppler could not base his theories or evidence on anyone else at the time, he worked rather isolated and was unable to justify his principles. Other astronomers use his effect to calculate how fast stars move toward or away from earth.

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Albert Einstein was born March 14 in 1879 in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg, German Empire.
He worked as a theoretical physicist around Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, United States. During this time period, many astronomers were making discoveries about stars. Other scientists were using Einsteins theory of general relativity to lay groundwork for the black hole theory. Einsteins theory of relativity which introduced concepts of space time. There are two types of relativity: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity is applicable towards the phenomena of particles and how they interact with each other excluding gravity. General relavity describes the law of gravity and how it relates to other forces of nature. This theory denounces Issac Newtons theory of mechanics. The only tools he used to contribute to the Quantum theory and develop the theory of relativity was discovered just by pencil and paper. He wrote a book on his theory. And he gathered his information simply from the grasp of the natural universe.

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Born November 20, 1889 in Marshfield Missouri. He worked as an American astronomer around the United States. During his time period, telescopes were being used to monitor stars and look at their expansion rates. Hubble went to California and used the Hooker telescope to measure galaxy distances and figure out the rate of expansion for the universe. He also discovered nebulae outside of our universe which would later lead to many more discoveries. He found that redshifts increase with distance and created this correlation. He created "Hubble's Law" about the expansion of galaxies. George LeMaitre actually proposed a similar theory before him. He is most widely known for the Hubble Space telescope that was named after him.

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George LeMaitre was born July 17 in 1894 in Charleroi, Belgium. He was a Belgian catholic priest astronomer who lived through the same time period as Hubble, the expansion of the universe theories. He lived in Belgium throughout his life where he produced his theory on the expansion of the universe. He was the first to create what is now known as Hubble's Law and make the first guess as to what is now known as Hubble's constant. He published his beliefs two years before Hubble did. He also theorized what is known as the Big Bang theory however, he called it the cosmic egg. LeMaitre used Einsteins theory of general relativity to cosmology. The reason why Hubble became known for his theories is because he developed mathematical evidence of the expansion, which LeMaitre could not do.

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Fred Hoyle was born in Gilstead, West Riding of Yorkshire, England on June 24th in 1915. He worked in the institute of astronomy at Cambridge College as an English astronomer.  In this time period, many astronomers were questioning the idea of the Big Band Theory. Hoyle was the one who actually coined the phrase "Big Bang." At the time of his work, heavy competition in the space race was present. Many new types of spacecrafts were being produced. Hoyle showed through nucleosynthesis that cores in stars can form into temperatures above a billion degrees, making iron more abundant in the higher temperatures. Although Hoyle coined the phrase "Big Bang" he actually rejected LeMaitre's theory from Hubble's observations. Hoyle believed that the idea of the beginning of the universe did not need scientific evidence to prove "the beginning." Instead Hoyle used the Steady State Theory that believed that the expansion universe is never changing due to the production of matter. This was the alternate theory of the Big Bang.

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Arno Penzias was born on April 26 in 1933 in Munich, Germany. During his time, the first space radio waves were being studied and discovered. He worked as an American Physicist and worked in Bells lab in New Jersey studying ultra-sensitive cryogenic microwave receivers. Although this was intended for radio astronomy, Robert Wilson and Penzias discovered strange static noises that they could not explain. They altered the noises, trying to get rid of it but it remained. The frequency was less energetic than those found on the Milky Way. Penzias came in contact with Robert Dickie, who helped publish side-by-side letters in the astrophysical journal. They confirmed that the physical cosmology was evidence that the Big Bang Theory was true. The tool of the ultra-sensitive cryogenic microwave receivers picked up Cosmic Background radiation gave astronomers evidence of the Big Bang.