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War between Spain and America that was fought in Cuba and the Philippines; lasted less than 3 months; was started by yellow journalism following the USS Maine explosion. Led to the "independence" of Cuba and the US annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagaski in Japan; led to unconditional surrender of Japan, and ended WW2.

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Peace-keeping organization created following the war.

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Conferences that the Big Three (US, USSR, Britain) held during the War.
Tehran: Planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war.
Yalta: USSR would declare war on Japan after Germany's surrender; US and Brit. would give USSR back the land it lost in Russo-Japanese War (Manchuria and other land).
Potsdam: Attempted to discuss the future of Europe but disagreements led to Cold War.

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Pres. Roosevelt (US) and Churchill (Britain) agreed on a strategy to win the war: they would invade Sicily and Italy, then demand "unconditional surrender" from Axis Powers.

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After Japan joined the Axis Powers in WW2, America placed an embargo on oil and steel to Japan to discourage Asian expansion.

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Speech by FDR that outlined the 4 principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear); speech inspired Americans to be patriotic.

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Allowed for US sales or loans of war to any country whose defense the Pres. deemed vital to US defense.

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US policy that allowed for aid to the Allies - Britain and France can buy goods from the US as long as they paid in full and transported them - while still remaining neutral.

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Speech delivered by Pres. FDR as a way to condemn Japan's invasion of China; FDR called for Japan to be quarantined, but backed off the aggressive stance after criticism - however, this showed that he was moving the country out of isolationism.

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Isolationist group headed by Charles Lindbergh that called on America to focus on continental defense and to not get involved in WW2.

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Passed in America to avoid involvement in WW2. Prohibited the sale of guns and loans to warring nations, and banned travel to other countries at war or on armed ships.

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Belief that the US should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars; pushed for US confinement of its national security interest to its own borders.

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Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; leader in the fight against US participation in the League of Nations. Irreconciables were isolationist senators opposed any sort of league and US involvement in Europe.

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Created to solve the problems following WW1, the treaty severely punished Germany (the country took the blame for the war). The treaty only had 4 of Wilson's points, and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. Rejected by the US because they did not want their foreign policy to be decided by another body.

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The 10th point of Wilson's peace plan that proposed an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. However, America did not join because it took away the country's self-determination and would have prevented Congress from deciding to go to war or not.

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Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918-1919)

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Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918-1919)

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Peace plan created by Pres. Wilson and compromised at the Paris Peace Conference. The 14 points were designed to avoid future wars, and each one appealed to a specific group/purpose. One of the biggest points was the 10th (League of Nations).

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British liner that Germany sank through the use of unrestricted submarine warfare (128 Americans died); Pres. Wilson called on Germany to stop attacking ships without warning. One of the factors that led to US entry into WW1.

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Pledge made by Germany to temporarily stop torpedo attacks on passenger ships (however, they stated that they might continue if Britain continued to blockage German ports).

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Telegram sent from Germany to urge Mexico to join the Central Powers in WW1; telegram was intercepted by America, and was one of the factors for US entry into WW1.

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Policy created by Pres. Wilson to disapprove of imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.

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World tour of the Navy conducted by Theodore Roosevelt; peaceful but highly visible voyage around the world to demonstrate the power of US Navy.

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Efforts made by the US in order to expand its foreign policy through the use of economic power (guaranteed loans to foreign countries, like China and Nicaragua)

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Policy created by Pres. Teddy Roosevelt that focused around the concept of presidents engaging in international affairs, but maintaining a strong military to back up their actions. Roosevelt used this policy in efforts to build up America's reputation as a world power.

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Policy created by the US in efforts to preserve the country's access to commercial opportunities equal to those that other countries (like Japan and those of Europe) had gained through their spheres in China.

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The land/territory where a powerful country exercises dominant control over weaker states/territories. This policy was used in China, making it carved out to Japan, Europe, and US.

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War fought to stop Filipino resistance to American control of the country; war ended when the leader of the Filipino soldiers, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured.

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Policy that took away most of Cuba's sovereignty (gave US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, prevent Cuba from signing a treaty with any country, and gave US the right to have naval bases in Cuba, including Guantanamo Bay). In a sense, overturned the Monroe Doctrine, which called for US isolationism.

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Following America's win of the Spanish-American War (1898), the country promised not to annex Cuba (Cuban people would have control over their own government).

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Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"; encouraged America to increase its naval power in order to become a world power.

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Minister who was well known for stating that Americans were destined to spread liberty and Christianity to "less civilized people" overseas.

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Port of Hawaii that was obtained through a reciprocity treaty. In 1941, the scene of the Pearl Harbor attack (Japanese planes attacked the port, damaging the naval base and many naval ships).

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In order to avoid being seen as a second class power, America strived to colonize land overseas.

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Imperialist ideology created by Rudyard Kipling. The phrase was used as a way to "justify" American imperialism.

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The US wanted Hawaii for business and to have Hawaiian sugar be sold in the country duty-free. Hawaii's leader, Queen Liliuokalani, opposed the purchase, and ended up being overthrown by Sanford B. Dole (1893). In 1898, William Steward convinced Congress to annex the land.

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The purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. By doing this, America was able to get rid of another foreign opponent. Purchase instigated by William Steward, Secretary of State.

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Foreign Policy (1898-1945)