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1.1 The Central Nervous System Structure.

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1.1 The Central Nervous System Structure.

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The central nervous system also known as (CNS) is made of the brain and spinal cord. It is made of  nerve cells running through a tunnel inside the backbone which protects it while the brain is protected by the skull.

The central nervous system controls other parts of the body by sending them signals through the neurons. This video below is an introduction to the central nervous system. It explains about the importance of the brain and how it works. It covers its function and explains how the body function are coordinated and covers all necessary information related to the central nervous system and its function.

This video is produced by the Ikenstore which produce a learning materials and videos for students. Ikensore(2012).

The Central Nervous System- Introduction. [Online]. Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaAwIN1gPm4[Accessed: 15 Dec 2017]

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The Central Nervous System- Introduction | iKen | iKen Edu | iKen App

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The video above explains the structure of the sensory neurons and how they works. It covers the second part of the 1.1 question which asks about the structure of the sensory neurons.

The sensory informations are sent through the spinal cord ending up being received by the brain. The brain also receives sensory information of the sensory organs involved with sight and smell as well as from internal organs such as the stomach. When the signal is received by the brain it is processed and responds to it. The spinal cord is a crucial component of the (CNS) during the process of passing these information from and to the brain.

This video fully explains all necessary information such us how the sensory neurons communicate with the central nervous system. This video explains how the sensory neurons are structures, what each part of it is responsible for as well as where they are located. This video is a reliable and interesting source of information made in a simple way by Dr. Walter Jahn, biology professor.
Walter J(2013).

SENSORY NEURON. [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSWUQjDvaEM&t=1s [Accessed: 15 Dec 2017]

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Relay neurons are located in the CNS. Their job is to pass electrical impulses from the sensory neuron onto the motor neuron therefore it acts like a diversion.
Figure 1 below covers part of the question about structure of connector(Relay Neuron). This picture illustrates the parts of the  connector.
biologymad(2004). The human Nervous system. [online]. Available at: www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm [Accessed: 16 Dec 2017]

Figure 1.  Relay Neuron Structure

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This video covers the last part of the question 1.1 about motor neurons. It explains what are the motor neurons, how they control the muscle and where they are located. It explains how they are connected and how they communicate with each other. The video below gives information about motor neurons job and how it's performed. This record also covers the structure of the motor neuron and it links it to its function. This allows the audience to have a better understanding of structure and function.
The video has been made by Rishi Desai the Chief Medical Officer therefore this information is coming from a reliable and valuable source. The information is shown in an interesting and eye catching way which helps the audience to understand the topic.

khanacademymedicine(2013) Motor neurons. [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwA00uqniiU [Accessed: 16 Dec 2017

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Motor neurons | Muscular-skeletal system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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How do neurons help us move? Learn about how motor neurons send signals to muscle cells and what happens when we damage this precious neurons. By Raja Narayan. . Created by Raja Narayan. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-muscular-system/rn-the-muscular-system/v/neuromuscular-junction?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Nclex-rn Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-muscular-system/rn-the-muscular-system/v/three-types-of-muscle?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Nclex-rn NCLEX-RN on Khan Academy: A collection of questions from content covered on the NCLEX-RN.

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1.2 The Role of Sensory and Motor Neurons in a Reflex Arc

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1.2 The Role of Sensory and Motor Neurons in a Reflex Arc

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This video is produced by Dr. John Campbell a Nurse Lecturer at a University in North of England. This video helps students to learn about the sensory and motor neurons in a reflex arc.

It explains in detail it's function and structure and explains how the nerve is connected to the spinal cord and how the impulse is transmitted all the way to the skeletal muscle. It covers in details how the process of reflex works and which neurons are involved in the process. The video below covers the criteria on point 1.2.
It is a trust-worthy information produced by the University lecturer which confirms its credibility.
Dr. J Campbell(2015).

Nervous system 3, Reflex arc. [Onlane]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p38rFun5jss [Accessed: 16 Dec 2017]

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1.3 Explain the mechanism of transmission of an impulse along a neuron.

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1.3 Explain the mechanism of transmission of an impulse along a neuron.

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The impulse that are sent along the neuron are called the action potential. Action potentials are rapid changes in potential difference across the membrane.

This video covers the criteria of point 1.3 regarding this action.

It describes the process steps and how it happens as well as how it changes the membrane potential.  The video below talks about the sodium and potassium canals, what do they do and how they work. It describes the resting potential and It also covers the topic of the sodium-potassium pump and tells about its function.

It explains how the resting membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium ions and what happens as a result. It also tells what happen when a receptor receives a stimulus and how this can reduce the potential difference across the membrane.

This video has been used to answer the question on mechanism of transmission of an impulse along a neuron and it fully explains the process of the action potential. It has been produced by Wendy Riggs a Physiology and Anatomy tutor, therefor this is a trust worthy source of information.
Riggs W(2015).

Action Potential 7- Steps. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvuep2KZeB4[Accessed: 17 Dec 2017]

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When touching something hot the hand will automatically move, this reaction is called a reflex action and it is controlled by the nervous system. The first part of this process are the sensory receptors such as: eyes, nose or skin etc. This information is carried to the nervous system and sent to the spinal cord. This will involve the peripheral nervous system and results as a reaction of the body where the reflexes are fast and involuntary. This video fully explains how they works and which part of the nervous system is involved.

The voluntary actions work similar to the reflex however the information is received by sensory receptors and then are sent to the brain where it is to be processed. This type of reaction is slower and performs more complex reactions to the stimuli. It involves the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system.

This video compares both of these actions and explains the differences and how they work. It is a reliable information as it has been produce by Professor Johnson.She is the Chair of the Grand Challenge for Global Health and Chair of the SLMS Population Health Domain. From 2002-2010 she was the Head of the Department for Primary care and Population Sciences and then Director of the Division of Population Health. Considering her achievements this video is a valued source of information.
Johnson A(2013)

Reflex vs Reaction.[Online].Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUkEluiLfhU&t=205s [Accessed: 18 dec 2017]

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The autonomic nervous system controls the internal organs that we cannot control. This includes: heart, stomach, glands, smooth and cardiac muscles. It is responsible for our inventory responses depending on what signals has been sent from the central nervous system. This could include : raised heart beat, faster stomach secretions or changing to the body temperature. It works along with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the resting mood and it allows the body to save energy. They both needs two neurons to works and are connected by the ganglia which works as a relay station to allow the signal to be passed.

This video clearly explains the function and structure of the Anatomic nervous system and it explains how it works, what it does and controls. It also tells us about the inventory reaction of the body and the organs that are involved and describes the structure and function of neurons involved.  This is a reliable source of information because it has been produced by graduated medical student who have an advanced level of knowledge regarding this topic. Hasudungan A(2015).

Neurology - Autonomic Nervous System. [Online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3a_aLsFvNWs[Accessed: 17 Dec 2017]