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Explain why each of the following events might be considered the major turning point from the Post-Classical Period to the Early Modern Period.

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Explain why each of the following events might be considered the major turning point from the Post-Classical Period to the Early Modern Period.

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1. Voyages of Zheng He
2. Voyages of Christopher Columbus
3. Posting of the 95 Theses by Martin Luther

(there are three other questions that have been hidden throughout the pallet that might be beneficial to find and think about)

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Analyze European transformations of the Early Modern Period in the following ways:

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Analyze European transformations of the Early Modern Period in the following ways:

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1. Political
2. Cultural
3. Explain why it might be considered impossible to have only one of these transformations during the Early Modern Period

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Scientific revolution

1. Explain the affect Galileo had on today's view of the universe
2. Explain the affect Isaac Newton had on today's view of the universe
3. Compare and contrast Issac Newton's and Galileo's affect on modern science and give your opinion on which had a greater result or impact.

1. Galileo destroyed the Ptolemaic universe and implemented a heliocentric view of the universe, he also discovered four of Jupiter's moons and saw much more distant stars with his intention the telescope. Galileo also set up and conducted an experiment that proved that weight doesn't have an affect on velocity
2. Isaac newton proposed the law of universal gravity, basically inventing the sciences of astronomy and mechanics. This allowed phenomena like the high and low tides to be explained by the gravitonal pull of moon. The laws of motion were invented and named for him and hold to this day.
3. Galileo's discoveries were more related to astronomy and astronomical bodies while Isaac Newton's affected both earth and space. In our opinion Isaac Newton had a bigger impact on the modern view of the universe.

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Cross-cultural interactions
1. Explain the impact of the spread of sugar on the New World in the Early Modern period.
2. Explain the impact of the spread of disease on the New World in the Early Modern period.
3. Which was more significant and why?

1. The Europeans wanted more space for sugar plantations after islands in the Mediterranean and off the West African coast filled and colonized the Caribbeans. They needed people to work at the plantations so they imported slaves from Africa. This began the trans-Atlantic slave trade that eventually brought about 12 million African slaves to North America, South America, and the Caribbeans.

2. Epidemic diseases like typhoid fever, whooping cough, measles, diphtheria, influenza and most notably smallpox traveled to unexposed regions of the New World and destroyed entire societies. For example in Mexico the population declined by 90%,  going from 17 million to 1.3 million within a century.

3. We believe the farming of sugarcane was overall more impactful than the demographic decline caused by diseases introduced to the New World. While populations were severely effected, over time they recovered due to a development of immunity to the New diseases, while sugarcane caused the expansion of the transatlantic slave trade. This lead to the major importation of many slaves and could be argued to be the cause of Modern racism and other conflicts based on race, like the civil war.

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Spain, France, and England underwent major transformations from 1450-1750. Which had the greatest transformation in each of the following ways and which changed the least in these ways?

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Spain, France, and England underwent major transformations from 1450-1750. Which had the greatest transformation in each of the following ways and which changed the least in these ways?

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1. Political
2. Economic
3. Cultural

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Effects of Exploration

1. Explain the impact of early modern era exploration in the Americas
2. Explain the effect of Early modern era exploration in Europe
3. Which region was affected the most?

1. The Americas were impacted both positively and negatively by European expoloration in the early modern period. An example of a negative effect would be a smallpox epidemic among indigenous populations. Though this disease killed many people, the Europeans introduced technologies and ideas. Horses were brought over, along with the wheel allowing for more efficient travel. Also introduced to Christianity

2. The Europeans were for the most part impacted positively. They got new crops/plants such as , potatoes, tomatoes, cacao, and tobacco. Although tobacco is considered bad in today's society, it was originally thought to be good for you when it was first introduced. Increase trade and the foundations for political domination

3. The Americas were impacted more, because of the introduced disease. The American society was revolutionized by European explorations while the Europeans only increased the intensity of their already developed society. They had new crops similarly to the Europeans, but they also were introduced to more things

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Compare and contrast the early modern exploration of Vasco de Gama and Christopher Columbus.
1. Compare the motives of each explorer
2. Compare the voyages of each
3. Which voyage impacted the world more

Motives
De Gama- Trade European goods for Indian spices. Indians took little interest in European goods but De Gama brought back goods that were highly profitable, get rid of Muslim intermediaries
Columbus- Wanted to find a better route to Asian markets-try a western route, Spain sponsored him since Portugal wouldn't
Similar- both wanted to get goods from markets that weren't easily accessible to them

Voyages
De Gama- Sailed all the way around the Cape of Good Hope, proved it was possible to get to India to trade by sea
Columbus- went westward because it would be cheaper and faster (underestimated the size of earth), landed in the Bahamas, believed he had landed in the Indies
Similar- both created new voyages and both had set end goals to go to Asian markets

Impact- We believe that Christopher Columbus impacted the world more because he thought he found a new route to Asia but he ended up discovering the Americas and his voyage sparked ideas for later explorations westward.

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Renaissance Compared to Chinese Recovery

-Compare and contrast the cultural developments in China and Europe in the Early Modern Era.
- Compare and contrast the economic developments in China and Europe in the Early Modern Era.
- Which society was impacted greater due to the following themes?

Cultural comparison: Europe was more influnced by the classical period, bring back art and writing. China tried to destroy everything that was mongol, brought back Chinese tradition with Confucianism and writing.
Cultural difference: Europe spread their cultural ideas and identities to other places whereas china just kept their culture within their own region.

Economic comparison: both regions at one point were very extensive in their exploration, both regions ventured into the Indian Ocean.
Economic difference: China ended their period of exploration, allowing Europe to expand to other places and make more economic enhancements. Europeans linked the East and West hemispheres by expoloring through the Atlantic Ocean.

Greater impacted society: Europe was influenced greater economically and culturally, they changed from a religious based society to a more modern idea-based society.

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Shuen, Leila, Isabelle, Orlando -Hour 5 Reformation

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Shuen, Leila, Isabelle, Orlando -Hour 5 Reformation

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Question:
A. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation.
B. Analyze the impact of the Catholic Reformation.
C. Which one had a greater impact on Europe during the early modern period?

Answer:
A. Politically, the Protestant Reformation caused the church and the pope to lose power and control over Europe. Ambitious German princes built power bases in the name of religion taking advantage of the Protestant Reformation.  England also converted as Henry VIII came into conflict with the Pope.

B. The Council of Trent abolished many immoral church practices and clarified the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. The Society of Jesus went on
the offensive and actively sought converts across the globe. The Catholic Reformation attempted to reconvert Protestants back.

C. Protestants did. Protestants created strongest monarch states challenging the authority of the pope for the first time in a thousand years. Bibles were translated into lay language. In fact, the Roman Catholic Reformation came about as a result of the Protestant Reformation.

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Economic transformation
Which of the following items' impacted trade the most in the early modern era
-gunpowder
-sugarcane
-crops

Thesis- In the early modern era all of them had a dramatic influence but sugarcane had the largest impact, followed by the spread of crops, followed by gunpowder.

Sugarcane was the most influential because not only was it desired by many countries but it also created a higher demand for labor workers. With the introduction of sugarcane, Europeans would no longer need honey and fruits as sweeteners. But Europe had little access to sugarcane, so the trade of sugarcane rapidly increased.

Spread of crops was very influential because it helped introduce rice, citrus, and cotton to different parts of the world. Cotton became the primary material for making clothes for the next hundreds of years.

Gunpowder helped the mongols conquer the Eurasian continent, and made the Silk Road a lot safer to trade on.

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Main points
-How do the Political system of Russia and Europe compare?
-How did European and Russian government change over time?
-Which group had authority over the countries?

Thesis: The political systems in England and Russia were more different than simmiliar because of the different forms of government and the role that monarchs play.

England: Catholic reformation changed the monarch system to parliament. Parliament system, like romans did not have State system.
Protestant reformation led by Martin Luther led to weaker influence of the Church of England.
Exploration and colonization to west.

Russia: Had a different government - absolute monarchy. Caesar government system.
Russia began developing milliatary power. Tried to copy the European state system different from englands parliament system.
Russian population resented taxes and European political influence. Absolutist policies led to tightly centralized government and powerful states
Long distance trade led to a powerful empire in Eurasia

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Compare and contrast Portuguese to Spanish exploration in early modern period. How did their explanation impact other regions around the world economically and culturally.

1. Compare and contrast economically
Portugal and Spain wanted to establish trade routes and control trade. Although Spain also had the Colombian exchange that diffused plants, food, animals and diseases
2. Compare and contrast culturally
The Spanish mainly cared about spreading Christianity through the Philippines.
3. Which had a greater impact.

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Topic: economic transformation
How was the European economy stimulated by the following?
1. Capitalism
2. Protoindustialization
3. What were the causes and effects of changes in demography in Europe?
Capitalism: Allowed private parties to own their own businesses and create large companies. Joint-stock companies stimulated trade by spreading out risk of trading to more people. The Putting-out system allowed rural people in the country to make more money and allowed products to be produced for cheap.
Protoindustrialization: Busininessmen replaced guilds with the putting-out system to produce products that were cheaper and faster because they were concerned with more quantity. This encouraged more competition and new technological innovations.
Demography:  more people moved into cities which caused supply to go down and demand to go up. Cities got bigger and needed to produce more goods cheaper, and they needed more people to produce the goods, so even more people moved in.

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Topic: Cross cultural interactions and exchanges
Places: Europe, Asia, America
People: Missionaries, Merchants, Conquerers
- Plague
- Religion
- Goods
- Trade patterns
- Ideas/ science

Explain the effects that all of the followings had on the world in the early modern period
A) Merchants
B) Missionaries
C) Conquerors

Missionaries:
- Sufis spread:
Islamic values without resistance, let people interpret the faith as they wanted/ not strict, went to India, Sub Saharan Africa, SE Asia form 1000-1500,
-Christians spread:
Roman Catholics spread Christianity, didn't work in E Asia because they had own religion already, got converts in lands they had a long term presence( Baltic, Balkan, Sicily and Spain), gave up in china because $$, Christianity remained minority's in Mediterranean, sought to convert Mongols and Chinese

Merchants:
-Long distance trade spread gun powder, plague, cotton( muslims to w africa), sugar cane(saw Asia and n Africa and became a huge commodity in Europe and demanded lots of slaves), new crops boosted nutrition which made population grow

Conquerors:
- Zheng He: took over Chinese trade
- Portuguese: controlled trade in Indian Ocean( spice trade),
- Colonization of Atlantic islands: Portuguese explorers found Madeiras and Azores and later w Africa islands. Used slaves for sugar cane plantations.

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1. How did new universe theories from the scientific revolution impact European society?
- Weakened church, fresh approach to natural world, encouraged development of secular values, people began to rely on research rather than traditional cultural authorities.
2. Which scientist had the biggest impact on the scientific revolution?
- Galileo: observed skies with telescope
- Newton: mathematical principles, laws of universal gravitation and motion
- Kepler: demonstrated plantetary orbits were elliptical
3. Compare the Scientific Revolution with the Enlightenment.
- Enlightenment sought to discover natural laws that governed human society in same way that Newton's laws of universal gravitation and motion regulated the universe

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What new influences came from the Columbus exchange around the world?
1. Economically
2. How did this transform Europe
3 environmental
Economic: Wheat, vines, Horses and cattle went from Europe to the Americas
Food crops traded from the Americas like potatoes, maize, beans, tomatoes
Wheat traded to North America from Europe which gave lots of food to them because they couldn't grow crops of Maize in the area

Environmental:
1. Epidemic Disease
Smallpox and other diseases were easily transmitted.
Contagion arrived in N and S America, and sparked epidemics before European explorers arrived.
Pacific Islands: diseases struck like in the americas, just on a smaller scale.
Colombian exchange caused the worst population decline in all of world history.
In years 1500-1800, 100 million people may have died because of these diseases.
2. Migration:
Enslaved Africans were transported to N and S America involuntarily.
It was the largest contingent of migrants.

How did they transform Europe:
Trade of potatoes to Europe caused an increased number of calories in Eurasian diet. Caused a surge in world population to about 25%. It helped spread human populations through transoceanic migration.

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Nick Glaeser, Mason Barrows, AJ Palmer,  Max Canestraro

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Nick Glaeser, Mason Barrows, AJ Palmer,  Max Canestraro

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Compare and Contrast of England and France
Compare and contrast England and France in terms of their:
A. Political development
B. Cultural development
C. Expansion
Similarities: Increased centralization, general theme of expansion, reformation of churches.
Difference:
Politcal: Emphasis on parliament in England while absolutism in France,
Cultural: Churches with Protestism in England and Catholic in France
Expansion: French didn't have very many colonies in this time frame while England had the East Indian company and colonies in the americas.
Thesis: During the Early Modern period, England and France were more different politically, culturally, and regards to their expansion, due to varying degrees of constitutionalism, differences in their churches, and their varying degrees of expansion.

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Explain the effects of Renaissance
1. Culturally on Western Europe
2. Politically on Western Europe
3. Culturally and politically on China

1. The Renaissance impacted Europe profoundly through spread of Christianity, specifically Catholicism. Europeans drew inspiration from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, thought, and art. The religious works of art incorporated realism techniques to portray perspective. The humanists philosophy focused on the humanities, such as literature, history, and moral thought. They worked on translating and condensing important Christian doctrines into layman’s terms. The Catholic Church reached its peak in Western Europe as shown in the many  efforts to revive classical aesthetic standards.

2. Demographic recovery strengthened states in Western Europe, however political authority rested with a series of regional states rather than a centralized empire. The renaissance strengthened societies with the adoption of new taxes on citizens as well as the maintenance of large standing armies. Christian forces in Spain completed the Reconquista and profits from industrial production in trade in Italy enriched major cities.

3. After recovering from the bubonic plague, the Chinese eradicated all signs of Mongol/nomadic occupation, language, culture, and religion. The Chinese revived Confucianism culture, moral thought, and education. The Chinese Renaissance resulted in a tight, centralized empire (the Ming dynasty) , compared to Europe’s regional states. The Ming dynasty ruled without the aide of chief ministers.

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How did the Protestant reformation affect Europe in the early modern era
1) Poltically
2) Culturally
3) Which theme political or cultural did the Protestant reformation affect the most in the early modern era

The Protestant reformation caused alot of unrest religiously in Europe in the early modern era. The religious unrest religiously caused multiple religious wars with the largest one being the thirty years war that led to diminished European society. Henry the eighth created his own church in England in order to gain more power politically. Centralizing monarchs benefitted from religious controversy by gaining more wealth, improved their authority, and created powerful sovereign states. Jesuits from the Roman Catholic Church in response to the Protestant reformation often served as conseulors to kings and rulers and used their influence to promote policies that benefitted the Catholic.

The Protestant reformation created different sects of Christianity where individuals had free reign on how they interpreted Christian doctrine. In response to the Protestant reformation the Roman Catholic Church reformed their doctrine so it could appeal to more people. The Roman Catholic Church also intended to spread their faith to the new world through missionaries called Jesuits. After the Protestant reformation the belief of witches became more prominent and in effect witch hunting increased. The Protestant reformation led to the scientific revolution and the enlightenment due to the Roman Catholic Church losing its hold over European thought in the early modern period.

The Protestant reformation affected Europe in the early modern period more culturally than politically. Due to the creation of variations new sects of Christianity. The liberation of European thought in science and philosophy from Christian beliefs. The liberation of European thought led to the scientific revolution and the enlightenment legacy continue to influence the European and Euro-American societies to this day.

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 What new cultural change did the renaissance bring?

How did the Renaissance change Europe in the following ways?
1. Culturally
2. Socially
3. In which of these two ways was Europe changed greater?

Humanists drew inspiration from classical works rather than medieval scholars.
Architecture was important because it revived lost building practices first created by the Romans, which were generally simple but effective. This can be seen in the catherdral of Florence, created by Brunelleschi, who modeled the magnificent dome after the Roman Pantheon

What new social change did the Renaissance bring?

During medieval times, the most honorable people were monks and nuns who separated themselves from the material world for the glory of God. During the Renaissance, humanists scorned this idea and demonstrated that an individual could lead a virtuous life while partaking in business, marriage, and public affairs.
From this, society was able to balance religion while promoting urban and economic growth.

Which change brought more of an impact upon Europe?

Culture made more of an impact on Europe because of the influence that it left after the Renaissance.

Because Renaissance scholars didn't deeply understand the other religious teachings, they wanted to expand their knowledge through the interactions for foreign peoples. This lead to an increase of resources, prosperity, and ideas brought by European merchants traveling to the eastern hemisphere.

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Compare the similarities and differences between the following:
1.The new Monarchs of France, Spain, Russia
2. Constitutional States of England, Netherlands
3. How did religion play a role in one of the

New Monarchs- Monarchies grew in power, they controlled armies, they established new systems of finance including Frances system of taxing, and England's wealth from the Anglican Church. The New Monarchs increased their administrative staff and the French and Spanish increased their armies with respect to the nobility. The English did not have an army but they increased their power by subjecting the nobels to royal justice and forcing them to comply with royal policy. The Spanish Inquisition attempted to get rid of Judaism, Islam, Protestant Christianity to unite the area under Roman Catholic rule.

Constitutional States- These States did not have written constitutions but they evolved governments that claimed limited powers. In England there was a king but the parliament gained power over time.Civil war broke out when the government tried to establish tax without parliament approval. At the end of the civil war parliament deposed king James II and brought Mary and her husband to assume the throne. This resulted in kings and parliament ruling together. Dutch gained their independence from the Spanish and untied to establish a republic.

The role of religion: the England political systems were heavily impacted by the role of religion. Stating off King Henry VII split from the Roman Catholic Church and formed his own Anglican Church. He formed it because his first wife Catherine geared no sons and only 1 daughter, Henry saw this as a curse and he asked the pope for the ability to divorce Catherine. The pope didn't allow this so he split and formed the Anglican Church and forged enormous wealth from the church. Also when the transfer of power religion played a large role with "bloody" Mary attempting to bring back Roman Catholic back to england and the role of calvinists in the parliament.

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1. How did Galileo Galilei's scientific discoveries affect society?
2. How did Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries affect society?
3. Who had a greater impact?

1. Galileo was the first to use a telescope, through which he discovered the heavenly bodies weren't perfect. He also proved that the universe was much larger than everyone originally thought. He designed experiments to show thatthe  velocity of falling objects depends on the distance they fall, not their weight. he proved how small people were in the universe.

2. Newton made mathematical explanations to how the universe works. He was able to explain gravitational pull and the orbits of planets. He laid the foundations of physical science. His discoveries encouraged other scientists to turn away from classical authorities and construct new understandings of the world.

3.Newton had the greater impact on society because his discoveries laid the framework for more scientific development. He caused scientists to abandon Aristotelian philosophy, Christian religion, and other traditionally accepted authorities. Newton inspired other scientists to look for natural laws of politics.

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How did the economies of the following regions change during the early modern period?
-Spain
-France
-England

1) Spain's economy changed through the levy of sales tax which boosted the country's royal income. Also, as a result of increasing urbanization, Spanish cities expanded rapidly (Madrid for instance), thus boosting the country's economy. Additionally, gold obtained from the Spanish conquistadors in Americas also fueled Spain's economy.
2) France's economy was boosted when its king levied direct taxes on sales, households, and salt trade. Also, its economy became increasingly capitalist, which led to a restructuring of European economy and society.
3) Although England did not impose taxes for fear of rebellion, they increased their economy's revenue by raising fees and fines for royal services. Additionally, because King Henry VIII had cut ties between the Roman Catholic and English church, he was able to dissolve monasteries and confiscate church wealth, thus increasing the amount of money to expand England's economy.

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Analyze the exchanges in the Eastern Hemisphere during the period of 1000 CE to 1550 CE.
A. Technological
B. Agricultural
C. Which type of exchange impacted the eastern hemisphere the greatest?

A. The two main technological exchanges were the magnetic compass and gunpowder, both of which came from China and diffused to Europe. These technologies allowed mariners to sail longer distances for maritime trade. The affect of gunpowder majorly changed the art of warfare itself around the world and in history. Originating in China, it was first picked up by the Mongols when they invaded and was quickly incorporated into their armies. By the 13th century, the technology had made its way to Europe.

B. The main agricultural exchanges during this time period were the diffusion of food crops such as citrus fruits and Asian rice to Western Africa. This enriched the diets of West Africans causing a population growth. Also, sugarcane continued to diffuse as European crusaders became aquatinted with sugar, and staffed their plantations with slave laborers.

C. The agricultural exchanges were more impactful because as sugar diffused from southwest Asia to Europeans, the Europeans increased the amount of sugar plantations, thus increasing the demand for slave labor and slave from the trans-Saharan trade network.

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How did the Protestant reformation affect the following regions-
1- Germany
2- France
3- England

In the 1500s in Germany, religious controversy allowed for German princes to grow new power bases. Also, Protestantism grew amongst the people in The Holy Roman Empire, so much so that the catholic emperor launched the thirty years war to discourage the new religion in Bohemia, and everyone else just joined in. In France, John Calvin was inspired by luthers ideas, and he organized his own branch of Protestantism called Calvinism. Also, religious conflict was common in the region. In England, King Henry VIII was raised catholic, but took place in the reformation by creating the Protestant Anglican Church after a conflict with the Pope over his divorces. This weakened the power of the Catholic Church in England. Over the next hundred years or so, there would be conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, the most prominent being Queen "Bloody Mary's" reign, who executed many non Catholics.

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Exploration:
1)what were European motives for exploration
2) what were the political effects of European exploration
3) what compition was caused by exploration

1a) the motives for European exploration include search for farmland, trade routes, and to spread Christianity

2a) the political effects are mainly that European rule and influence spread to all parts of the world. For example European rule over the americas and Spanish/Dutch control over the Phillipeans/ Indonesia.

3a) Competition caused by exploration involved competition among trade and completition among lands controlled. Both the English and the Netherlands had powerful IOB trading companies that competed for trading ports in the iob. While also, all over the world but mainly in the americas, there was competition for the lands European countries controled . So that they could either exploit the reasources or cultivate the land.

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Analyze the effects of the Colombian exchange on the following
-Europe
-The americas
Describe which one was impacted more

Thesis: The effects of the Colombian exchange were greater in the early modern americas than Europe, because more things got introduced into the americas such as slaves, crops, and new people

Effects on America:
-slaves were introduced and mass trade from Africa was established
-new crops such as wheat and sugar were introduced
-arrival of Europeans lead to exploitation and decline of Native American tribes and their population due to killing and the introduction of new diseases like small pox
-arrival of new animals such as sheep goats cows pigs

Effects on Europe:
-population surge due to the introduction of new crops specifically potatoes that were essential to the poor
-new cash crops like tobacco
-boosted economy due to increased establishment of trade routes

America was effected more because there were more things introduced, from people, to crops, and disease

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Explain how the scientific developments had an impact on the transformations of Europe and the rest of the world politically and culturally:
1) what was the political impact?
2) what was the cultural impact?
3) relate other developments that impactedthe  scientific advances that influenced the European society.
Cultural: Voltaire emphasized the spirit of Enlightenment which helped influence the Theory of progress

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Compare Spanish voyages and Portuguese voyages impact on the Early modern word: Economically, culturally and politically
I. Pick two of the following to compare
II. Which one had a greater impact overall?

I. Outline:
a. Culturally-
-diffusion of Christianity
-languages: Spanish brought their language to the Philippines
b. Economically-
-Portuguese were in direct relations tied to E. Asia, established trading post, mostly traded spices from Southeast Asia (cloves, nutmeg, and mace), VOC for spice production and trade,

-Spanish: Manila Galleons (spanish trading ships to Philippines for exchange of trade goods

II. Overall, the Spanish had a greater impact because they held their trading posts and forced natives to convert to Christianity.

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(Ch. 23) Compare and contrast the impact of European conquest in the Philippines and Russian conquest in Siberia in the following ways:
1. Cultural
2. Economic
3. Political

Cultural: Philippines- Spanish policy revolved around trade and Christianity. Spanish rulers and missionaries pressured prominent Filipinos to convert to Christianity in hopes of persuading others to follow their example. They also opened schools to teach the fundamentals of Christianity. The missionaries encountered strong resistance in highland regions in the Philippines, due to the fact that Spanish authority wasn't as strong in those areas. Over the long term however, Filipinos turned to Christianity, and by the 19th century, the Philippines became one of the most fervent Roman Catholic lands in the world.
Russia- Government-sponsored missionaries sought to convert Siberian peoples to Orthodox Christianity and bring them into Russian society, much like Spanish missionaries, but they had minimal success. Few Siberians had interest in Christianity, and those people came from the ranks of criminals, slaves, and other people that had little to no importance in their societies. To add to this concept, Russia displayed little interest in spreading Christianity in Siberia, because once people converted, they didn't have to provide fur tributes. This is in high contrast to Spanish conquest in the Philippines because the Spanish made their conquest mission to revolve around the spread of Christianity

Political: The Spanish forces faced a series of small, disgruntled chiefdoms, most of which were defeated due to the Spanish's modernized use of weaponry, especially artillery. They conquered most of the Philippines, with the exception of the southern island of Mindanao, due to the strong Muslim community that resided there, and imposed their rule. This was relatively easy, because although the Philippines was densely populated upon their arrival, they did not have a powerful state, nor did China or India attempt to claim them.
Russia- The round of expansion that began to build the foundations of the Russian empire in the early modern era happened in the mid 16th century, as Russian forces took over several Mongol khanates in Central Asia.

Economics
European : Manila becomes a multicultural port city, silk,

Russian: fur, gold,silver,and copper in eastern siberia

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Compare the effects of the economic effects of the Colombian exchange on early modern Europe and The Americas and describe what area was impacted more

Thesis: The effects of the Colombian exchange were greater in the early modern americas than Europe, because more things got introduced into the americas such as slaves, crops, and new people

Effects on America:
-slaves were introduced and mass trade from Africa was established
-new crops such as wheat and sugar were introduced
-arrival of Europeans lead to exploitation and decline of Native American tribes and their population due to killing and the introduction of new diseases like small pox
-arrival of new animals such as sheep goats cows pigs

Effects on Europe:
-population surge due to the introduction of new crops specifically potatoes that were essential to the poor
-new cash crops like tobacco
-boosted economy due to increased establishment of trade routes

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During the early modern period what were affects of the bubonic pleague on Europe
1-social
2-economic
3-Which one was most greatly impacted

Social- the bubonic pleague killed young, weak, and old and also spared no artisans, laborers etc.  Landlords restricted the freedom of peasants to move by reimposing labor requirements.

Economic- pleague caused labor shortages and workers demand a higher wage for work. Forced peasants to moved to regions with better working conditions

Greater affects- social problems is what led to all of the economic and political problems

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Compare and contrast the Protestant Reformation and the counter reformation in the following ways:
-politically
-culturally
-origin

Thesis:

Politically- First time people spoke out against the church, so the idea of free speech came in effect, monarchs built power bases, also the tons of wars that happened were political
Cultural- Martin believed bible only true source of knowledge, challenged the authority of the pope, 95 theses, John Calvin, Counter reformation aimed to refine points of doctrine and to bring back people who left. 2main institutes were council of Trent and the society of jesus.

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In the early modern era, how did Western Europe and China recover after the bubonic plague.
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Which had a greater recovery?

1) In Western Europe, voyages to the Indian Ocean basin and the Atlantic led to discovery of new lands, and a new sea lane to India led trading posts in new regions. For example, the Portuguese increased in maritime trade and exploration
In China, maritime trade and exploration also increased, as Zheng He led the Ming dynasty on several voyages in the Indian Ocean basin, which increased Chinese presence and power. They also promoted the manufacture of porcelain, fine silk,and cotton.
2) Regional states in Western Europe strengthened societies. In Spain, the process of state building had a dramatic effect on their political development. In France, they had a strong army and a very centralized government in all states, and a hierarchical monarchy ruled. In England, a constitutional monarchy developed. In the Italian city states, their strength and opportunity led to the centralization of their independent states. In China, after the collapse of the yuan dynasty, Hong wu eliminated all traces of Mongol rule and established the king dynasty. Ming emperors ruled directly without the influence of chief ministers. However, the mandarins, a special class of powerful officials, insured that local officials implemented imperial policy. Eunuchs were servancts that provided government services and enhanced the authority of the central government.
3) China had a greater recovery from the bubonic plague in the early modern
era because they had greater political and economic development. In the Ming dynasty, they were more centralized and focused on maintaning Chinese traditions and values compared to Europe, who were more focused on expansion and exploration, and also reestablished Confucian educational and civil service system. Economically, china gained power in the Indian Ocean due to Zheng he's voyages, whereas in Europe, although their centralization increased, the stated were more focused on expansion, which caused them to be unstable and frequently clash with each other and other regions.

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Analyze the following diplomats and the effects of their travels by considering which of these had the greatest impact on world history.

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Analyze the following diplomats and the effects of their travels by considering which of these had the greatest impact on world history.

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1. Marco Polo
2. Ibn Battuta
3. Zheng He

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Alex, Christian, Mitchel, and Jasmine Hour 2

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Alex, Christian, Mitchel, and Jasmine Hour 2

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Compare the impacts of Portuguese and Spanish exploration in the following ways: cultural and political, then describe which region's impact was greater.

Thesis: In the Early Modern period Spain had a greater cultural impact than Portugal due to Spain's spreading of Christianity, and Spain also had a greater political impact because they set up governments in the lands they explored whereas Portugal was unable to maintain governments in different regions.

Portugal:
- wanted to increase trade rather more than establishing governments or spreading religion
- fell because they could not maintain trade routes
- wanted to engage in trade with Asia using a western route
- set up more trading posts than Spain

Spain:
- main goal was to establish Christianity
- sent Christopher Columbus westward
- established Christianity in the Philippines

- Spain overall had a greater impact

Historical Context: monarchies were becoming more prevalent throughout Europe, the Protestant Reformation was taking place, and England and France were in the midst of the Hundred Years War