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Criticality is the quality, state, or degree of being of the highest importance and is of particular interest in case of metal and other resources.

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Some are supplement for building, smartphones and transportation. Some are used for decoration, for health, for weath.
It’s everywhere in our daily lives from Cu, Sn, Al,

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*often laws -> mandatory to give cars to appropriate disposers/ recycling companies
*cars get drained, hazardous parts e.g. mercury switchs get removed
*reusable parts e.g. Tires, windows,... get removed
*rest gets shredded, different metals separated

But cars are the consumed goods that are mostly recycled!

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Environmental Impact:

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Case studies: Circular Economy applied to the automotive industry?

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Case studies: Circular Economy applied to the automotive industry?

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- The parts destined for remanufacturing, called ’scraps’, which can be used in 90% of cars in our range, are dropped-off to vehicles in-use /owned.
- By using reverse logist of distribution of spare parts, the scraps are collected by the commercial network.

The savings from the production of a remanufactured part compared to a new part are as follows:

80% less energy
88% less water
92% less chemical products
70% less waster production

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Emission of pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide which is fatal to the atmosphere. On the other hand, in the metal mining industries, many Impurities are emitted out such as arsenic and cadmium which can directly and indirectly effect the environment. For instance, Ontario, Canada has one of the biggest iron mining industry. Approximately, 23.7% of the pollutant on that city is emitted by those industry

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- plastics used in making phones can be recycled.
- precious metals such as gold and silver can be recovered during recycling; for every 1000kg of mobile phones, it is estimated that 300-350kg of gold can be recovered (this is a much better yield than from gold ore where 1ton of ore only yields 5g of gold)
- lithium and cobalt can be recovered from mobile phone batteries

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*public and private companies are selling and buying waste from each other
*Kalundborg symbiosis = worldwide first functioning example for this
*exchange/trade by-products, water, heat, energy
*industry also connected to agriculture: e.g. Pig farm consumes yeast -> no need to import that much soy anymore
*project planned to be more economical -> advantage: also more environmental friendly!
*system also applied in Kokkola's industrial park

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Helps maintain the value of materials and resources in the economy for as long as possible and minimizes the waste generated thus preserving the environment. This also creates jobs for many.

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Emissions of unwanted soils, liquids gases
Indirect consumption of raw materials and utilities
Ores from mining require energy -> use of water, reagents, fuels
Tocixity concerns raised like cadmium mercury lead or even some metals become toxic at high level like Zn, Cu.

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* Direct emissions from extracting and processing
* Indirect emissions from utilities such as electricity and the manufacture of reagents used in metal processing

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*Effects on environment due to production (emissions to air, water, soil,...)
*Energy consumption quite high (e.g. Electrolysis, furnaces,..) -> produce this energy can have environmental impact too (coal plants, nuclear reactors,...)
*certain (heavy) metals released to environment -> pollution! E.g. Arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium,...

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Save natural resources and increase self efficiency of companies enterprisess

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-continuous, positive development cycle
-preserves and enhances natural capital and optimizes resource yields

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A regenerative system that closes (or slows down) material and energy loops, and ensures that there is a reduction of emissions, waste and energy leakage. Instead of products being disposed at the end-of-life, they are instead put back into the material cycle where they are recycled, repaired or reused.

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*Distinguish between biological and technical cycle
*Technical cycle= resources are recovered and restored
= products, components, materials are circulated -> without a loss of value

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Metals are present everywhere around us and are one of the major materials upon which our economies are built. Economic development is deeply coupled with the use of metals. During the 20th century, the variety of metal applications in society grew rapidly. In addition to mass applications such as steel in buildings and aluminium in planes, more and more different metals are in use for innovative technologies such as the use of the specialty metal indium in LCD screens. A lot of metals will be needed in the future. It will not be easy to provide them. In particular in emerging economies, but also in industrialized countries, the demand for metals is increasing rapidly. Mining and production activities expand, and with that also the environmental consequences of metal production.

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Case studies: Recycling of mobile phones?

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Case studies: Recycling of mobile phones?

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Case studies: Circular Economy applied to the automotive industry?

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Case studies: Circular Economy applied to the automotive industry?

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Case studies: Introduce the Effective industrial symbiosis (Kalundborg)

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Case studies: Introduce the Effective industrial symbiosis (Kalundborg)