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The following items in this list, is what I understood of CALL prior to this course. I would not say it was limited, however, there was so much room for growth and expansion. My understanding surrounded:
- Online Games
- Blogs
- Podcasts
- Interactive Whiteboards
- YoutTube Videos
- Chatrooms
- Pintrest

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I am feeling more confident! I have been exposed to a variety of tools and resources. Incorporating technology into the classroom is no longer an option. It is a mandatory part of the learning process, it can no longer be denied. Our Technology Integration Project, our learning activities as well as our conversations has taught me that there are a variety of resources that can provide support and can be used even in a low tech environment.

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My expectations of a digital classroom has been heightened. I understand how a high functioning virtual classroom is supposed to appear. EDU7133, clearly outlined the expectations with the format and the way information was presented.

Furthermore, I realized how much work it takes to transition students from a physical classroom to a virtual classroom. Issues can arise from switching from one type of virtual classroom to another.

Although the preparation can be arduous , it appears to be extremely worth it when students begin to benefit and understand the process.

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The most interesting or disturbing articles that I read this semester regarding CALL were:
- Knowledge Attitude use of ICT Amoung ESL Teachers by Kandasamy & Shah (2013)
- Computer Aided Assessment (CAA) and language learning by Atkinson, T., & Davies, G. (2008).
- A New Approach to Language Instruction- Flipping the Classroom by Muldrow (2013)

The videos that accompanied the readings were very engaging. This was the first course that I have taken in which I had access to so many forms of learning mediums continually. Additionally, I enjoyed that the videos did not take you to another website. It was preferable that I could watch them on the platform provided. Videos of honorable mention:
- The Wonderful and Terrifying Implications of Computers that can Learn by Jeremy Howard
- We are all Designers by John Hockenberry
- Hybrid Robotic Foreign Language Classroom by Jean Bouchard

Lastly, I found the Gamifying ELT board very interesting. It was a unique way to access content from a variety of spaces.

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Brightspace posed a few difficulties'. After using BlackBoard for a year and a half it was a welcomed change, however at times communicating with my colleagues was challenging. I did appreciate the layout and how easy it was to access information that I required, however, I am thankful that I did not need to do much communicating on it because it was a stressful process. A few times, when I had written messages to colleagues and clicked send, the information would not appear as sent and I would be required to redraft. Additionally, the instant messenger did not function as most instant messengers do.

Perhaps, it was a lack of knowledge regarding short cuts, however, it was frustrating that I needed to sign in to UOzone to access the virtual campus, I would have preferred if there was a direct link to the program.

This process made me think of how important it is that technology is presented clearly and is easy to use. As an adult it can be discouraging when aspects of technology do not work the way you envisioned. This is even more important when creating technology platforms for young learners.

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This was my first introduction to Adobe Connect. I thought that completing this course in Australia, (a different time zone) was going to cause complications especially with the mandatory meetings. I would not always have access to a computer and would need to rely on my cell phone to complete certain actions. Abode Connect works well on my laptop and was easy to access as an app on my cell phone. This item can change the way that students/ teachers communicate. It was also ideal for large groups of students. Moving into the future, I would be interested in being on the teaching side of Adobe Connect and figuring out how to operate the system from the other side.

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Online meeting software, web meetings, video conferencing | Adobe Connect Meetings

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Adobe Connect Meetings enables you to go beyond screen sharing in web meetings to collaborate more effectively across devices

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Screencast was used throughout the course to explain how to utilize a type of software, how to access a particular page, and to interactively assess our work. It was a tool that allowed us to simply and clearly explain how to utilize our Learning Center prototype. This was a key take-away because this tool allows teachers to present clearly and slowly without being present.

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A screencast is a digital recording of computer screen output, also known as a video screen capture, often containing audio narration. The term screencast compares with the related term screenshot ; whereas screenshot generates a single picture of a computer screen, a screencast is essentially a movie of the changes over time that a user sees on a computer screen, enhanced with audio narration.

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VoiceThread was a new tool that I learned about while attending this course. At first I was nervous about engaging with this type of program but I was able to understand rather quickly how to utilize the various features. Using VoiceThread was the first time that I was able to respond to posts verbally. None of my graduate level courses encouraged me to respond verbally, I had always replied in text. I enjoyed this feature more than I thought that I would. I learned what a powerful tool VoiceThread can be in education.

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Reporting and Analytics provides the who, what, when, where, and how much, with customizable charts and graphs.

Flexibility
Get details about anything from total minutes VoiceThread has been used to the number of text comments made. Statistics can be gathered from any time interval during the year.

Reports
Generate easy-to-read charts and graphs to better evaluate VoiceThread data. Download the graphs for any report to your computer instantly.

On Demand
The Reporting and Analytics tools are available 24 hours a day. All totals, daily averages and detailed reports are up-to-date every day.

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Transforming media into collaborative spaces with video, voice, and text commenting.

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A concept that we did not touch on much as it is not directly related to language learning, in the traditional sense is learning how to code. Coding is the language of the future. It is vital that students learn this 'language' somewhere in their journey. Mark Zuckerberg has assisted in creating a website which teaches students how to code. It is called code.org. It is a fun and easy way to introduce this topic. There are a variety of different options and you do not need to make an account to get started. Coding is the language of the future and I think moving forward should be a fundamental portion of CALL

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Mark Zuckerberg on helping others learn to code

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In this "out-take" from the interviews for the Code.org short film, Mark Zuckerberg talks about his own experience helping a neighborhood kid get started learning computer programming. Please visit http://code.org, and share it with friends.

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In order to successfully design, create and build a functional Learning Center prototype for Technology Integration Project, we needed to find tools and services that would allow us to instantly collaborate and communicate. They were user friendly and could be used in a low tech environment. The products that we used frequently were:
- 6 Google Services
- Wix.com

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You can get started with the language of the future, by clicking on the picture below.

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Anyone can learn computer science. Make games, apps and art with code.

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There are no limitations to what can be accomplished through CALL. It has been and will fundamentally change the way that language is taught and learned. One  of the primary takeaways from this course is that with CALL the possibilities are endless.

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Duolingo was an activity that I enjoyed using personally as well as recommended to my students. This was a fun and engaging way to learn a language on a mobile device

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Duolingo is the world's most popular way to learn a language. It's 100% free, fun and science-based. Practice online on duolingo.com or on the apps!

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Babbel.com was another program I used to enhance language learning.

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Achieve your goals with course material that's tailored to your proficiency level, interests, and time commitment. Stay motivated with real-time feedback, progress trackers, and handy visualizations.

It's like having a private tutor in your pocket.

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Babbel is the new way to learn a foreign language. The comprehensive learning system combines effective education methods with state-of-the-art technology. Interactive online courses will improve your grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation skills in no time. You'll make fast progress and have fun doing it.

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I would encourage the students that I tutored to blog. This is a link to a website that I used as a guidance tool. It takes you through step by step on how best to develop and maintain a blog.

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The easiest way to make a blog for kids is to let them make it themselves. This means you only have to offer them guidance and watch what they are doing. If you are a blogger yourself, that's an easy thing to do. However, if you don't blog, it's going to be an almost impossible challenge to explain how to make a blog for kids. If you are really motivated, you can sit down and learn the basics of blogging from various websites that teach you how to do it. After you grasp the main concepts, you ...

[Click to Continue...] about New Guide - Learn The Easiest Way To Make A Blog For Kids

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The easiest way to make a blog for kids is to let them make it themselves. This means you only have to offer them guidance and watch what they are doing. If you are a blogger yourself, that's an easy thing to do.

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My favourite blog site to use and encourage my students to use was wordpress. The webpage, how to start a blog as well as previous courses that I took encouraged the use of Wordpress. It is a user friendly program.

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I love using and learning from Podcasts. Although it was not a tool that I used frequently in the classroom, it still added to my understanding of CALL. As a language resource that can be utilized on a mobile device or a computer. I have always found it quite intriguing. Below is the link that I used to find podcasts that would assist me in improving my Spanish listening skills.

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We'll cover:

How Podcasts Can Help You Improve Your Spanish

7 Great Podcasts You Should Be Listening To

I hope you enjoy the post!
Work. Study. Gym. Kids. Socialising.

These days it can sometimes seem like we don't have any free time to ourselves, let alone enough time to learn a foreign language.

It's hard to find the time to be able to sit down and study Spanish. And when you do, sometimes you just need a change from vocabulary lists and grammar rules.

The solution: podcasts.

Podcasts are amazingly useful for learning languages. You can listen to a podcast while you're on the train to work, on the treadmill in the gym, or doing the dishes. It's a great way improve your language in just a few minutes every day.

Even if you've got a very busy schedule, podcasts allow you to take advantage of what would otherwise be 'dead time' in your day to learn something new.

And if you're learning Spanish you're in luck. There are loads of excellent podcasts available to you, most of which are free.

How Can Listening To Podcasts Improve My Spanish?

Listening to podcasts is a convenient way to immerse yourself in Spanish. Learning a language is all about exposure but if you're not fortunate enough to be living in a Spanish-speaking country or a house full of Spaniards, podcasts are the next best thing.

Podcasts vary in length from a few minutes to an hour and they cover every topic imaginable. If you enjoy current affairs, there are podcasts about the news; if you like sports, you can find sports podcasts to listen to; and if you'd rather brush up on your grammar you can always listen to Spanish audio lessons.

Whatever you're interested in, there's probably a podcast about that topic that you can listen to in Spanish.

Why You Should Listen to Podcasts in Spanish

Okay, so aside from maintaining your interest and motivation there are other more tangible benefits too. Let's consider a few of them.

Podcasts Are Suitable For All Levels

No matter whether you're a Beginner, Intermediate or Advanced Spanish learner you will be able to find a podcast which is suitable for your level.

As Beginner, you have lots of great podcasts available to you which have been created for learners and use slowed down Spanish and simple sentences. This is exactly what you need to get started listening to the language.

Once you reach the intermediate level, your options begin to expand. You'll be able to take on more challenging podcasts with faster speech and a wider range of topics.

Finally, as an advanced learner, you'll be able to really take advantage of podcasts and maintain your Spanish by listening to interesting native level materials on the go.

Podcasts Will Challenge You

The most important thing is to expose yourself to language which you will understand but which will challenge you.

You will hear vocabulary and grammar in context, so you will be learning how to use the language you already know accurately, while also coming across new language.

Most podcasts incorporate authentic language and speakers who speak at a natural speed. Your listening will naturally improve the more you listen as you become comfortable understanding natural speech.

Podcasts Are Convenient

One of the main advantages of podcasts is that they're convenient. You can listen whenever you want, wherever you want, and learn some Spanish while doing so.

Podcasts allow you to spend more time with the language because you can listen on the go, in the gym or wherever you may be. All this exposure to the language starts to add up quickly!

Now you know why podcasts are such a useful learning tool, let's look at some of the best podcasts in Spanish for learners.

7 Spanish Podcasts Worth Listening To

Level: Beginner to Intermediate

Coffee Break Spanish covers everything you need to learn Spanish, whether you're an absolute beginner or a more experienced learner trying to build your confidence to speak and understand Spanish. The beginner lessons are presented by teacher Mark working with Kara, a student who's learning Spanish - just like you. In the intermediate level episodes, Mark is joined by a native Spanish to dig deeper into the nuts and bolts of the Spanish language. Each episode is just the right length to fit into your coffee break, which is ideal for building a habit of practising your Spanish regularly.

Level: All Levels (Beginner to Advanced)

Notes in Spanish has podcasts for three levels: Inspired Beginners, Intermediate and Advanced.

The hosts, Ben and Marina, will help you learn real Spanish that you won't find in a textbook through listening to authentic natural conversations and interviews. This podcast is extremely popular with learners and it's easy to see why once you've listened to a few episodes.

Level: Intermediate to Advanced

Radio Ambulante is a long-form radio show in the style of stories from This American Life (but in Spanish). The stories cover a wide range of interesting topics and new episodes are released regularly. What's more, full transcripts are available for ALL shows.

The language used may be challenging but through repeated listening, with the transcripts, you'll soon get the gist.

Level: Beginner to Intermediate

If you're interested in the news and current affairs but are freaked out by the native-level speed of most news shows, News in Slow Spanish is a good alternative.

News in Slow Spanish gives you news bulletins read at a much more intelligible speed for learners of Spanish. You can choose from a Spanish or a Latin American stream to suit whichever dialect of Spanish you are focusing on.

Basic access is free, however, if you want to use the premium features you do need to pay a subscription fee. Paid subscribers have access to episode transcripts and bonus grammar lessons that are not included in the free version.

Level: All Levels (Beginner to Advanced)

Spanish Obsessed offers you full notes and transcripts for over 50 Spanish audio lessons. You can listen to podcasts for Absolute Beginners (Spanish from Scratch) all the way through to Advanced Spanish.

There is also a blog where you will find tips and tricks for learning Spanish. If you decide to pay for membership there are options to download all the podcasts and enjoy additional vocabulary and pronunciation courses.

Level: All Levels (Beginner to Advanced)

SpanishPod101 offers free Spanish audio lessons every week ranging from the Beginner to Advanced levels.

The weekly lessons are available free for a certain amount of time before they are archived in the library, which can only be accessed by subscription.

Paying members get access to a much larger library of podcast episodes as well as other materials to accompany with the podcasts.

Each podcast features a dialogue in Spanish, followed by a discussion in English of the main grammar points and new vocabulary.

Whether you use the free or paid version, these podcasts are great for listening to interesting conversations from different parts of the Spanish-speaking world.

Level: All Levels (Beginner to Advanced)

Don't judge a Spanish audio lesson by its website! Audiria may not look like much but it has so much to offer, with a new podcast every single day.

Each podcast is classified by difficulty so you can be sure the level is right for you. The episodes also accompanied by related exercises and activities to check your comprehension. Best of all, these podcasts really are completely free!

Level: Intermediate

Ok, so this last one is not exactly a podcast. But it does provide Spanish audio lessons you can take on the go, just like the podcasts on this list.

Aimed at Spanish learners who are Intermediate and above, the Fluent Spanish Academy offers weekly Spanish audio lessons with authentic, real conversation.

The Academy is designed to guide you through exactly what you need to do to break through the "intermediate plateau" and become fluent in Spanish...whatever your age or background.

As well as the weekly audio lessons, you'll get hands-on coaching to show you how to study the right way, and a community of like-minded Spanish learners to motivate you to do what it takes to succeed.

If you're interested, you can access some free samples of the Fluent Spanish Academy (including one of the weekly audio lessons) here.

So, there you go! Now you have no excuse not to brush up on your Spanish when you have a spare moment.

Take your pick from any of these excellent Spanish audio resources and make your commute to work that much more interesting.

Wait, What's That?

You've already incorporated podcasts into your language learning schedule and are looking for something different?

Reading is another effective way of exposing yourself to authentic language. And it's also a nice change from grammar lessons and flashcards. Just like listening to podcasts, reading can be a fun and enjoyable change from your usual study materials.

If you're not sure where to start looking for a Spanish book, you can read about some of my favourite Spanish books for beginners here.

Or if you want to dive straight into something more advanced, why not try Spanish Short Stories for Intermediate Learners. I think you'll find this collection of short stories both interesting and very helpful if you're an intermediate Spanish learner.
What are your favourite podcasts in Spanish? How do you think listening to podcasts can help you improve? Let me know in the comments!

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8 Podcasts in Spanish Guaranteed Improve Your Listening

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We'll cover: How Podcasts Can Help You Improve Your Spanish 7 Great Podcasts You Should Be Listening To I hope you enjoy the post! Work. Study. Gym. Kids. Socialising. These days it can sometimes seem like we don't have any free time to ourselves, let alone enough time to learn a foreign language.

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I was fortunate enough to have an Interactive Whiteboard in my classroom. I used it extensively when teaching. I thought that it was a fantastic resource and my students enjoyed learning through the various features.

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Using a Smartboard for literacy, numeracy & language learning

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The video was produced in the framework of the Linked project http://linked.eun.org

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YouTube is a fantastic resource and is a heavily used tool within the classroom. The link below is a TEDx Talk debunking myths regarding learning a new language.
In this video he shares useful tips for learning a language.
1. Live language
2. Make mistakes
3. Make it fun!

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How to learn any language easily | Matthew Youlden | TEDxClapham

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Not only are YouTube videos great for learning techniques about language. They are also effective for enhancing a subject

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Language learning chat rooms. I have never used them in a classroom, however, I knew them as being a CALL tool to enhance the learning process.

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Text Chat Rooms: Online International Chatrooms to learn Spanish, French, English and 100 Other Languages. Practice your foreign language. Free lesson plans.

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Pinterest is the ultimate resource for finding tools and activities for language learning.

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Discover recipes, home ideas, style inspiration and other ideas to try.

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One of the most valuable takeaways from this course was learning to use a variety of Google services that I had never utilized before. The programs were user friendly and all served an unique function.

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Google Business Solutions - collection of services offered by Google specifically directed at webmasters and businesses. Products included are Feedburner, Google AdWords, Google AdSense, Google Analytics, Google Enterprise Search solutions, Google Apps, Google Checkout, Google Local Business Center, Google Merchant Center, Google Trusted Stores, Postini, Google Webmaster Central, Google Ad Manager, Google Maps and Earth Solutions, Google Website Optimizer and Google Site Search.

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We used Google Services heavily to completed our Technology Integration Project. The most frequently used services were:
- Google Hangouts
- Google Docs
- Gmail
- Google Scholar
- Google Slides
- Google Forms

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Google Hangouts was our most frequently used tool. It assisted us by providing a platform for instant collaboration. We could share ideas, links and communicate with an accurate clear and easy to access record of our information. Additionally, we could communicate by video, voice or instant messenger.

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Google Docs was used to complete most of our assignments. It provided us with a platform to create, post, and edit work instantaneously. Another feature that was highly appreciated by my technology integration group members is that Google Docs saves your progress, we never had to be concerned about losing our work.
Google Slides and Forms were a critical portion of our Learning Center Prototype for our Technology Integration Project. We built our Learning Center with Google services because they are available to a wide variety of users at no cost. We enjoyed the functionality of Google Forms; the process of designing questions for us to utilize as well as the way results were presented and dissected.

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Create and collaborate on online documents in real-time and from any device.

Seamless collaboration, from anywhere

Edit together in real-time with easy sharing, and use comments, suggestions, and action items to keep things moving. Or use @-mentions to pull relevant people, files, and events into your online Docs for rich collaboration.

Write faster with built-in intelligence

Assistive features like Smart Compose help you write faster with fewer errors, so you can focus on ideas. And save time with spelling and grammar suggestions, voice typing, and quick document translation.

Seamlessly connect to your other Google apps

Docs is thoughtfully connected to other Google apps you love, saving you time. Reply to comments directly from Gmail, embed charts from Google Sheets, and easily share via Google Meet. You can even search the web and Google Drive for relevant content and images, directly from Docs.

Bring collaboration and intelligence to other file types

Easily edit Microsoft Word files online without converting them, and layer on Docs' enhanced collaborative and assistive features like action items and Smart Compose. You can also import PDFs, making them instantly editable.

Do more with add-ons

Access a variety of third-party applications, right from Docs. Whether it's an e-signature app or project management tool, open it from Docs to work faster.

Work on fresh content

With Docs, everyone's working on the latest version of a document. And with edits automatically saved in version history, it's easy to track or undo changes.

Stay productive, even offline

You can access, create, and edit Docs even without an internet connection, helping you stay productive from anywhere.

Security, compliance, and privacy

Secure by default

We use industry-leading security measures to keep your data safe, including advanced malware protections. Docs is also cloud-native, eliminating the need for local files and minimizing risk to your devices.

Encryption in transit and at rest

All files uploaded to Google Drive or created in Docs are encrypted in transit and at rest.

Compliance to support regulatory requirements

Our products, including Docs, regularly undergo independent verification of their security, privacy, and compliance controls.

Private by design

Docs adheres to the same robust privacy commitments and data protections as the rest of Google Cloud's enterprise services.

You control your data.

We never use your Docs content for ad purposes.

We never sell your personal information to third parties.

Find the plan that's right for you

Google Docs is a part of Google Workspace

Try Docs for Work

For Personal (Free)

Business Standard

$12 USD

per user / month, 1 year commitment info Or $14.40 per user / month, when billed monthly

done

done

15 GB per user

2 TB per user

done

done

100 participants

150 participants

remove

done

Self-service online and community forums

24/7 online support and community forums

Collaborate from anywhere, on any device

Access, create, and edit your documents wherever you are - from any mobile device, tablet, or computer - even when offline.

Get a head start with templates

Choose from a variety of dashboards, project trackers, and other professionally-designed templates to kick things off quickly.

Projects

Sales

Recipes

Reports

Projects

Sales

Recipes

Reports

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Google Docs: Online Document Editor | Google Workspace

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Use Google Docs to create, and collaborate on online documents. Edit together with secure sharing in real-time and from any device.

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Google Scholar is an important platform to start when looking for research. The Google Scholar that I utilize is linked to the University of Ottawa's database through my UOttawa email, so it allows me to search and access the information I require from the web, as well as my academic institution.

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Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.
Finding recent papers
Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:

1. click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;

2. click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;

3. click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.

Locating the full text of an article
Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:

1. click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;

2. click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;

3. click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;

4. click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.

If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.
Getting better answers

If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for "pediatric hyperalimentation".

If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their "References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.

Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.

Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.

Searching Google Scholar How do I search by author?
Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".
How do I search by title?
Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".

You'll often get better results if you search only recent articles, but still sort them by relevance, not by date. E.g., click "Since 2018" in the left sidebar of the search results page.

To see the absolutely newest articles first, click "Sort by date" in the sidebar. If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.

Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labelled "Year" right below the search button.
How do I search for court opinions?
Select the "Case law" option on the homepage or in the side drawer on the search results page.
What does the "Related articles" link do?
It finds documents similar to the given search result.
Where is advanced search?
It's in the side drawer. The advanced search window lets you search in the author, title, and publication fields, as well as limit your search results by date.
How do I search by specific jurisdictions?
Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.

Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.
Access to articles
For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:

Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.

When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.
Off-campus access
Off-campus access links let you take your library subscriptions with you when you are at home or traveling. You can read subscribed articles when you are off-campus just as easily as when you are on-campus. Off-campus access links work by recording your subscriptions when you visit Scholar while on-campus, and looking up the recorded subscriptions later when you are off-campus.

We use the recorded subscriptions to provide you with the same subscribed access links as you see on campus. We also indicate your subscription access to participating publishers so that they can allow you to read the full-text of these articles without logging in or using a proxy. The recorded subscription information expires after 30 days and is automatically deleted.

In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.

https://example.com/abstract/1

You can disable off-campus access links on the Scholar settings page. Disabling off-campus access links will turn off recording of your library subscriptions. It will also turn off indicating subscription access to participating publishers. Once off-campus access links are disabled, you may need to identify and configure an alternate mechanism (e.g., an institutional proxy or VPN) to access your library subscriptions while off-campus.
Email Alerts How do I sign up for email alerts?
Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search results page; enter your email address, and click "Create alert". We'll then periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria.
Do I need a Google account to receive email alerts?
No, you can enter any email address of your choice. If the email address isn't a Google account or doesn't match your Google account, then we'll email you a verification link, which you'll need to click to start receiving alerts.
How do I get notified when my papers are cited?
This works best if you create a public profile, which is free and quick to do. Once you get to the homepage with your photo, click "Follow" next to your name, select "New citations to my articles", and click "Done". We will then email you when we find new articles that cite yours.
How do I get notified when a particular paper is cited?
Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.
How do I get notified of new papers published by my competitors, err, respected colleagues?
First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".

If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.
How often do you send the alerts?
We send the alerts right after we add new papers to Google Scholar. This usually happens several times a week, except that our search robots meticulously observe holidays.

There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.
How do I change my alerts?
If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all here. If you're not using a Google account, you'll need to unsubscribe from the individual alerts and subscribe to the new ones.
Google Scholar library
Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we'll keep the links up to date.

You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!
Library help How do I add an article to my library?
Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the "Save" button under the search result.
How do I find an article in my library?
Click "My library" at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.
How do I remove an article from my library?
Find the article you want to remove, and then click the "Delete" button under it.
My library is too big! Can I organize it?
You can use labels (for example: "artificial intelligence") to categorize your articles.

To add a label to an article, find the article in your library, click the "Label" button under it, select the label you want to apply, and click "Done".

To view all the articles with a specific label, click the label name in the left sidebar of your library page.

To remove a label from an article, click the "Label" button under it, deselect the label you want to remove, and click "Done".

To add, edit, or delete labels, click "Manage labels" in the left column of your library page.

Who can see the articles in my library?
Only you can see the articles in your library. If you create a Scholar profile and make it public, then the articles in your public profile (and only those articles) will be visible to everyone.
How is my library related to my Scholar profile?
Your profile contains all the articles you have written yourself. It's a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it.
Your library is a way to organize the articles that you'd like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you've written.
Citation Export How can I add the full citation of a result on Google Scholar to my bibliography manager?
Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.
I wrote a program to download lots of search results, but you blocked my computer from accessing Google Scholar. Can you raise the limit?
Err, no, please respect our robots.txt when you access Google Scholar using automated software. As the wearers of crawler's shoes and webmaster's hat, we cannot recommend adherence to web standards highly enough.
How do I get bulk access to records in Google Scholar?
Sorry, we're unable to provide bulk access. You'll need to make an arrangement directly with the source of the data you're interested in. Keep in mind that a lot of the records in Google Scholar come from commercial subscription services.
Can I see more than 1,000 search results?
Sorry, we can only show up to 1,000 results for any particular search query. Try a different query to get more results.
Content Coverage What do you include in Google Scholar?
Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.
Do you cover Pubmed? JSTOR? Elsevier?
We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.

While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.
How complete is your coverage?
Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.

That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.
How come a search for [site:example.gov] returns far fewer results than I expect?
That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.

It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.

That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.
Which specific journals do you cover?
Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.
Which court opinions do you include?
Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.

Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.
How frequently do you update Google Scholar?
We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.
Inclusion and Corrections The description of my article is wrong and I am appropriately irritated. How do I correct it?
We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.

Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the technical guidelines. Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.
How do I add my papers to Google Scholar?
If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our technical guidelines.

You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our technical guidelines for more details on the inclusion process.

We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.
My citation counts have gone down. Help!
Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!

If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the technical guidelines.
I have noticed an error in a court opinion you are providing. What I can do to help fix it?
Please do let us know. Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.

We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.
General Questions What are the results marked [citation] and why can't I click on them?
These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.
I just found a promising abstract in the Journal of Prosimian Dialectical Reasoning! Can I read the full text of the article for free?
Maybe.

First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.

Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.

Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!
How come you're forgetting my settings?
Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.
Why are you asking us to "Stand on the shoulders of giants"? Are you really giants?
Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."

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Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more. Finding recent papers Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date.

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We used Gmail as a communication and collaboration tool. We also used Gmail to submit our assignments to our professor. A vital and standard tool.

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Gmail is a free email service provided by Google. As of 2019, it had 1.5 billion active users worldwide. A user typically accesses Gmail in a web browser or the official mobile app. Google also supports the use of email clients via the POP and IMAP protocols.

At its launch in 2004, Gmail provided a storage capacity of one gigabyte per user, which was significantly higher than its competitors offered at the time. Today, the service comes with 15 gigabytes of storage, which is divided among other Google services, such as Google Drive, and Google Photos. Users can receive emails up to 50 megabytes in size, including attachments, while they can send emails up to 25 megabytes. In order to send larger files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message. Gmail has a search-oriented interface and a "conversation view" similar to an Internet forum. The service is notable among website developers for its early adoption of Ajax.

Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to filter spam and malware, and to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails. This advertising practice has been significantly criticized by privacy advocates due to concerns over unlimited data retention, ease of monitoring by third parties, users of other email providers not having agreed to the policy upon sending emails to Gmail addresses, and the potential for Google to change its policies to further decrease privacy by combining information with other Google data usage. The company has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues. Google has stated that email users must "necessarily expect" their emails to be subject to automated processing and claims that the service refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those mentioning race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements. In June 2017, Google announced the end to the use of contextual Gmail content for advertising purposes, relying instead on data gathered from the use of its other services.

1. On April 1, 2004, Gmail was launched with one gigabyte (GB) of storage space, a significantly higher amount than competitors offered at the time.

2. On April 1, 2005, the first anniversary of Gmail, the limit was doubled to two gigabytes of storage. Georges Harik, the product management director for Gmail, stated that Google would "keep giving people more space forever."

3. In October of 2007, Gmail increased storage to 4 gigabytes, after recent changes from competitors Yahoo & Microsoft.

4. On April 24, 2012, Google announced the increase of storage included in Gmail from 7.5 to 10 gigabytes ("and counting") as part of the launch of Google Drive.

5. On May 13, 2013, Google announced the overall merge of storage across Gmail, Google Drive, and Google+ Photos, allowing users 15 gigabytes of included storage among three services.

6. On August 15, 2018, Google launched Google One, a service where users can pay for additional storage, shared among Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos, through a monthly subscription plan. As of 2021, storage of up to 15 gigabytes is included, and paid plans are available for up to 2 terabytes for personal use.

There are also storage limits to individual Gmail messages. Initially, one message, including all attachments, could not be larger than 25 megabytes. This was changed in March 2017 to allow receiving an email of up to 50 megabytes, while the limit for sending an email stayed at 25 megabytes. In order to send larger files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message.

The Gmail user interface initially differed from other web-mail systems with its focus on search and conversation threading of emails, grouping several messages between two or more people onto a single page, an approach that was later copied by its competitors. Gmail's user interface designer, Kevin Fox, intended users to feel as if they were always on one page and just changing things on that page, rather than having to navigate to other places.

Gmail's interface also makes use of 'labels' (tags) - that replace the conventional folders and provide a more flexible method of organizing emails; filters for automatically organizing, deleting or forwarding incoming emails to other addresses; and importance markers for automatically marking messages as 'important'.

In November 2011, Google began rolling out a redesign of its interface that "simplified" the look of Gmail into a more minimalist design to provide a more consistent look throughout its products and services as part of an overall Google design change. Majorly redesigned elements included a streamlined conversation view, configurable density of information, new higher-quality themes, a resizable navigation bar with always-visible labels and contacts, and better search. Users were able to preview the new interface design for months prior to the official release, as well as revert to the old interface, until March 2012, when Google discontinued the ability to revert and completed the transition to the new design for all users.

In April 2018, Google introduced a new web UI for Gmail. The new redesign follows Google's Material Design, and changes in the user interface include the use of Google's Product Sans font. Other updates include a Confidential mode, which allows the sender to set an expiration date for a sensitive message or to revoke it entirely, integrated rights management and two-factor authentication.

Spam filter

Gmail's spam filtering features a community-driven system: when any user marks an email as spam, this provides information to help the system identify similar future messages for all Gmail users.

In the April 2018 update, the spam filtering banners got a redesign, with bigger and bolder lettering.

The Gmail Labs feature, introduced on June 5, 2008, allows users to test new or experimental features of Gmail. Users can enable or disable Labs features selectively and provide feedback about each of them. This allows Gmail engineers to obtain user input about new features to improve them and also to assess their popularity.

Popular features, like the "Undo Send" option, often "graduate" from Gmail Labs to become a formal setting in Gmail.

All Labs features are experimental and are subject to termination at any time.

Gmail incorporates a search bar for searching emails. The search bar can also search contacts, files stored in Google Drive, events from Google Calendar, and Google Sites.

In May 2012, Gmail improved the search functionality to include auto-complete predictions from the user's emails.

Gmail's search functionality does not support searching for word fragments (also known as 'substring search' or partial word search). Workarounds exist.

Language support

Language input styles

In October 2012, Google added over 100 virtual keyboards, transliterations, and input method editors to Gmail, enabling users different types of input styles for different languages in an effort to help users write in languages that aren't "limited by the language of your keyboard."

In October 2013, Google added handwriting input support to Gmail.

Web browsers

Gmail's "basic HTML" version works on almost all browsers. The modern AJAX version is officially supported in the current and previous major releases of Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge and Safari web browsers on a rolling basis.

In August 2011, Google introduced Gmail Offline, an HTML5-powered app for providing access to the service while offline. Gmail Offline runs on the Google Chrome browser and can be downloaded from the Chrome Web Store.

In addition to the native apps on iOS and Android, users can access Gmail through the web browser on a mobile device.

Gmail has native applications for iOS devices (including iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch) and for Android devices.

In November 2014, Google introduced functionality in the Gmail Android app that enabled sending and receiving emails from non-Gmail addresses (such as Yahoo! Mail and Outlook.com) through POP or IMAP.

In May 2017, Google updated Gmail on Android to feature protection from phishing attacks. Media outlets noticed that the new protection was announced amid a widespread phishing attack on a combination of Gmail and Google's Docs document service that occurred on the same day.

Later in May, Google announced the addition of "Smart Reply" to Gmail on Android and iOS. "Smart Reply", a feature originally launched for Google's Inbox by Gmail service, scans a message for information and uses machine intelligence to offer three responses the user can optionally edit and send. The feature is limited to the English language at launch, with additional support for Spanish, followed by other languages arriving later.

Third-party programs can be used to access Gmail, using the POP or IMAP protocols. In 2019, Google rolled out dark mode for its mobile apps in Android and iOS.

Inbox by Gmail

In October 2014, Google introduced Inbox by Gmail on an invitation-only basis. Developed by the Gmail team, but serving as a "completely different type of inbox", the service is made to help users deal with the challenges of an active email. Citing issues such as distractions, difficulty in finding important information buried in messages, and receiving more emails than ever, Inbox by Gmail has several important differences from Gmail, including bundles that automatically sort emails of the same topic together, highlights that surface key information from messages, and reminders, assists, and snooze, that help the user in handling incoming emails at appropriate times.

Inbox by Gmail became publicly available in May 2015. In September 2018, Google announced it would end the service at the end of March 2019, most of its key features having been incorporated into the standard Gmail service. The service was discontinued on April 2, 2019.

Integration with Google products

In August 2010, Google released a plugin that provides integrated telephone service within Gmail's Google Chat interface. The feature initially lacked an official name, with Google referring to it as both "Google Voice in Gmail chat" and "Call Phones in Gmail". The service logged over one million calls in 24 hours. In March 2014, Google Voice was discontinued, and replaced with functionality from Google Hangouts, another communication platform from Google.

On February 9, 2010, Google commenced its new social networking tool, Google Buzz, which integrated with Gmail, allowing users to share links and media, as well as status updates. Google Buzz was discontinued in October 2011, replaced with new functionality in Google+, Google's then-new social networking platform.

In May 2013, Google announced the integration between Google Wallet and Gmail, which would allow Gmail users to send money as email attachments. Although the sender must use a Gmail account, the recipient does not need to be using a Gmail address. The feature has no transaction fees, but there are limits to the amount of money that can be sent. Initially only available on the web, the feature was expanded to the Android app in March 2017, for people living in the United States.

In September 2016, Google released Google Trips, an app that, based on information from a user's Gmail messages, automatically generates travel cards. A travel card contains itinerary details, such as plane tickets and car rentals, and recommends activities, food and drinks, and attractions based on location, time, and interests. The app also has offline functionality. In April 2017, Google Trips received an update adding several significant features. The app now also scans Gmail for bus and train tickets, and allows users to manually input trip reservations. Users can send trip details to other users' email, and if the recipient also has Google Trips, the information will be automatically available in their apps as well.

In January 2010, Google began rolling out HTTPS as the default for all users.

In March 2014, Google announced that an encrypted HTTPS connection would be used for the sending and receiving of all Gmail emails, and "every single email message you send or receive -100% of them -is encrypted while moving internally" through the company's systems.

Gmail automatically scans all incoming and outgoing e-mails for viruses in email attachments. For security reasons, some file types, including executables, are not allowed to be sent in emails.

In November 2020, Google started adding click-time link protection by redirecting clicked links to Google in official Gmail clients.

Third-party encryption in transit

In Google's Transparency Report under the Safer email section, it provides information on the percentage of emails encrypted in transit between Gmail and third-party email providers.

Two-step verification

24-hour lockdowns

If an algorithm detects what Google calls "abnormal usage that may indicate that your account has been compromised", the account can be automatically locked down for between one minute and 24 hours, depending on the type of activity detected. Listed reasons for a lock-down include:

"Receiving, deleting, or downloading large amounts of mail via POP or IMAP in a short period of time. If you're getting the error message, 'Lockdown in Sector 4,' you should be able to access Gmail again after waiting 24 hours."

"Sending a large number of undeliverable messages (messages that bounce back)."

"Using file-sharing or file-storage software, browser extensions, or third-party software that automatically logs into your account."

"Leaving multiple instances of Gmail open."

"Browser-related issues. Please note that if you find your browser continually reloading while attempting to access your Inbox, it's probably a browser issue, and it may be necessary to clear your browser's cache and cookies."

Anti-child pornography policy

Google combats child pornography through Gmail's servers in conjunction with the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) to find children suffering abuse around the world. In collaboration with the NCMEC, Google creates a database of child pornography pictures. Each one of the images is given a unique numerical number known as a hash. Google then scans Gmail looking for the unique hashes. When suspicious images are located Google reports the incident to the appropriate national authorities.

The idea for Gmail was developed by Paul Buchheit several years before it was announced to the public. The project was known by the code name Caribou. During early development, the project was kept secret from most of Google's own engineers. This changed once the project improved, and by early 2004, most employees were using it to access the company's internal email system.

Gmail exited the beta status on July 7, 2009.

Prior to December 2013, users had to approve to see images in emails, which acted as a security measure. This changed in December 2013, when Google, citing improved image handling, enabled images to be visible without user approval. Images are now routed through Google's secure proxy servers rather than the original external host servers. MarketingLand noted that the change to image handling means email marketers will no longer be able to track the recipient's IP address or information about what kind of device the recipient is using. However, stated that the new change means senders can track the time when an email is first opened, as the initial loading of the images requires the system to make a "callback" to the original server.

In June 2012, Google announced that Gmail had 425 million active users globally. In May 2015, Google announced that Gmail had 900 million active users, 75% of whom were using the service on mobile devices. In February 2016, Google announced that Gmail had passed 1 billion active users. In July 2017, Google announced that Gmail had passed 1.2 billion active users.

In the business sector, reported in August 2014 that, among 150 companies checked in three major categories in the United States ( Fortune 50 largest companies, mid-size tech and media companies, and startup companies from the last Y Combinator incubator class), only one Fortune 50 company used Gmail - Google itself - while 60% of mid-sized companies and 92% of startup companies were using Gmail.

In May 2014, Gmail became the first app on the Google Play Store to hit one billion installations on Android devices.

Gamil Design company and misspellings

Before the introduction of Gmail, the website of product and graphic design from Gamil Design in Raleigh, North Carolina received 3,000 hits per month. A Google engineer who had accidentally gone to the Gamil site a number of times contacted the company and asked if the site had experienced an increase in traffic. In fact, the site's activity had doubled. Two years later, with 600,000 hits per month, the Internet service provider wanted to charge more, and Gamil posted the message on its site "You may have arrived here by misspelling Gmail. We understand. Typing fast is not our strongest skill. But since you've typed your way here, let's share."

Google Workspace

As part of Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Google's business-focused offering, Gmail comes with additional features, including:

Email addresses with the customer's domain name (@yourcompany.com)

99.9% guaranteed uptime with zero scheduled downtime for maintenance

Either 30 GB or unlimited storage shared with Google Drive, depending on the plan

24/7 phone and email support

Synchronization compatibility with Microsoft Outlook and other email providers

Support for add-ons that integrate third-party apps purchased from the Google Workspace Marketplace with Gmail

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

Gmail was ranked second in s "100 Best Products of 2005", behind Firefox. Gmail also won 'Honorable Mention' in the Bottom Line Design Awards 2005. In September 2006, declared Gmail to be the best webmail application for small businesses. In November 2006, Gmail received PC World's 4-star rating.

Google claims that they "will not target ads based on sensitive information, such as race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or sensitive financial categories."

Automated scanning of email content

Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including filtering spam and malware, and (until 2017) adding context-sensitive advertisements next to emails.

Privacy advocates raised concerns about this practice; concerns included that allowing email content to be read by a machine (as opposed to a person) can allow Google to keep unlimited amounts of information forever; the automated background scanning of data raises the risk that the expectation of privacy in email usage will be reduced or eroded; information collected from emails could be retained by Google for years after its current relevancy to build complete profiles on users; emails sent by users from other email providers get scanned despite never having agreed to Google's privacy policy or terms of service; Google can change its privacy policy unilaterally, and for minor changes to the policy it can do so without informing users; in court cases, governments and organizations can potentially find it easier to legally monitor email communications; at any time, Google can change its current company policies to allow combining information from emails with data gathered from use of its other services; and any internal security problem on Google's systems can potentially expose many - or all - of its users.

In 2004, thirty-one privacy and civil liberties organizations wrote a letter calling upon Google to suspend its Gmail service until the privacy issues were adequately addressed. The letter also called upon Google to clarify its written information policies regarding data retention and data sharing among its business units. The organizations also voiced their concerns about Google's plan to scan the text of all incoming messages for the purposes of ad placement, noting that the scanning of confidential email for inserting third-party ad content violates the implicit trust of an email service provider.

On June 23, 2017, Google announced that, later in 2017, it would phase out the scanning of email content to generate contextual advertising, relying on personal data collected through other Google services instead. The company stated that this change was meant to clarify its practices and quell concerns among enterprise G Suite (now Google Workspace) customers who felt an ambiguous distinction between the free consumer and paid professional variants, the latter being advertising-free.

In March 2011, a former Gmail user in Texas sued Google, claiming that its Gmail service violates users' privacy by scanning e-mail messages to serve relevant ads.

A court filing uncovered by advocacy group Consumer Watchdog in August 2013 revealed that Google stated in a court filing that no "reasonable expectation" exists among Gmail users in regard to the assured confidentiality of their emails. In response to a lawsuit filed in May 2013, Google explained:

"... all users of email must necessarily expect that their emails will be subject to automated processing ... Just as a sender of a letter to a business colleague cannot be surprised that the recipient's assistant opens the letter, people who use web-based email today cannot be surprised if their communications are processed by the recipient's ECS [electronic communications service] provider in the course of delivery.

A Google spokesperson stated to the media on August 15, 2013 that the corporation takes the privacy and security concerns of Gmail users "very seriously."

Google updated its terms of service for Gmail in April 2014 to create full transparency for its users in regard to the scanning of email content. The relevant revision states: "Our automated systems analyse your content (including emails) to provide you personally relevant product features, such as customised search results, tailored advertising, and spam and malware detection. This analysis occurs as the content is sent, received, and when it is stored." A Google spokesperson explained that the corporation wishes for its policies "to be simple and easy for users to understand."

In response to the update, Jim Killock, executive director of the Open Rights Group, stated: "The really dangerous things that Google is doing are things like the information held in Analytics, cookies in advertising and the profiling that it is able to do on individual accounts".

Microsoft ad campaign against Google

In 2013, Microsoft launched an advertising campaign to attack Google for scanning email messages, arguing that most consumers are not aware that Google monitors their personal messages to deliver targeted ads. Microsoft claims that its email service Outlook does not scan the contents of messages and a Microsoft spokesperson called the issue of privacy "Google's kryptonite." In response, Google stated; "We work hard to make sure that ads are safe, unobtrusive and relevant ... No humans read your e-mail or Google Account information in order to show you advertisements or related information. An automated algorithm - similar to that used for features like Priority Inbox or spam filtering - determines which ads are shown." The New York Times cites "Google supporters", who say that "Microsoft's ads are distasteful, the last resort of a company that has been unsuccessful at competing against Google on the more noble battleground of products".

Other privacy issues

2010 attack from China

Social network integration

The February 2010 launch of Google Buzz, a former social network that was linked to Gmail, immediately drew criticism for publicly sharing details of users' contacts unless the default settings were changed. A new Gmail feature was launched in January 2014, whereby users can email people with Google+ accounts even though they do not know the email address of the recipient. Marc Rotenberg, President of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, called the feature "troubling", and compared it to the Google Buzz initial launch privacy flaw.

In June 2016, Julia Angwin of ProPublica wrote about Google's updated privacy policy, which deleted a clause that had stated Google would not combine DoubleClick web browsing cookie information with personally identifiable information from its other services. This change has allowed Google to merge users' personally identifiable information from different Google services to create one unified ad profile for each user. After publication of the article, Google reached out to ProPublica to say that the merge would not include Gmail keywords in ad targeting.

Gmail suffered at least seven outages in 2009, causing doubts about the reliability of its service. It suffered a new outage on February 28, 2011, in which a bug caused Gmail accounts to seem empty. Google stated in a blog post that "email was never lost" and restoration was in progress. Other outages occurred on April 17, 2012, September 24, 2013, January 24, 2014, January 29, 2019 and August 20, 2020.

Google has stated that "Gmail remains more than 99.9% available to all users, and we're committed to keeping events like [the 2009 outage] notable for their rarity."

"On behalf of" tag

In May 2009, Farhad Manjoo wrote on The New York Times blog about Gmail's "on behalf of" tag. Manjoo explained: "The problems is, when you try to send outbound mail from your Gmail universal inbox, Gmail adds a tag telling your recipients that you're actually using Gmail and not your office e-mail. If your recipient is using Microsoft Outlook, he'll see a message like, 'From youroffice@domain.com on behalf of yourgmail@gmail.com.'" Manjoo further wrote that "Google explains that it adds the tag in order to prevent your e-mail from being considered spam by your recipient; the theory is that if the e-mail is honest about its origins, it shouldn't arouse suspicion by spam checking software". The following July, Google announced a new option that would remove the "On behalf of" tag, by sending the email from the server of the other email address instead of using Gmail's servers.

References

External links

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Gmail is a free email service provided by Google. As of 2019, it had 1.5 billion active users worldwide. A user typically accesses Gmail in a web browser or the official mobile app. Google also supports the use of email clients via the POP and IMAP protocols.

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Wix was a valuable resource. Our Technology Integration Project was presented in this form. Many of Wix's features are free and easy to use. The process to build and design was straightforward.

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Your website, your business, your future｜Wix.com

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It starts with a website. Build on a platform that gives you the freedom to create, design, and grow online exactly the way you want.

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Our Technology Integration Project: Learning Centers

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Our Technology Integration Project: Learning Centers

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Our Learning Center was created using Google Slides, and is intended as an interactive activity in an ESL classroom for young learners it reinforces animal vocabulary words and action verbs. The image below is the Learning Center, we created on the Wix website.