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This is the PowerPoint Ranger Sam from the Monument presented to students.

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This is the PowerPoint Mike and Trina from CPW presented to students.

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This is the PowerPoint Denny from Big Game Forever presented to students.

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Recommendations for Managing Wolves (CO Wolf Management Working Group)

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Recommendations for Managing Wolves (CO Wolf Management Working Group)

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The gray wolf is one of North America's most iconic native predators. The wolf's incredible comeback in the Northern Rockies is one of our country's greatest wildlife success stories.

Explore the history of the Northern Rockies gray wolves, beginning in the 1930s when their numbers were decimated after years of persecution, through their successful reintroduction in the 1990s, to current day's first legal wolf hunts in the Northern Rockies in nearly a century:

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The gray wolf is one of North America's most iconic native predators. The wolf's incredible comeback in the Northern Rockies is one of our country's greatest wildlife success stories.

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Yellowstone's wolf biologist answers important questions

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yellowstone national park (protected site)

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u.s. national park service (government agency)

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Doug Smith leads efforts to monitor wolves in Yellowstone and has been with the program since wolf reintroduction in the mid-1990s. In this Q&A series, Doug answers a range of questions about the program's history, wolf behavior and the park's management goals (in the following order): Why were wolves reintroduced in Yellowstone?

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The Importance of Predators, The Yellowstone Case video

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The Importance of Predators, The Yellowstone Case video

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Wyoming Game and Fish Department - Wolves in Wyoming

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Wyoming Game and Fish Department - Wolves and Wyoming Laws and Regulations

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLLXIru71Zo

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grizzly sleeping bags (black pine sports)

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We learn more about the legal issues surrounding wolves and the impact they've had on elk from an attorney who's helped RMEF. Plus, country music artist Chuck Wicks hunts big hulls in New Mexico.

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Wolf Management Video - Big Game Forever

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Wolf Management Video - Big Game Forever

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Understanding the need for responsibility in wolf management.

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Predator Friendly® Certification :: Because Wildlife Matters

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Now part of the Wildlife Friendly Enterprise Network. Learn More

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The question before us is: should wolves in the United States be taken off the Endangered Species List? To analyze this question, we need to review the history of wolves in America.

The number of wolves living in North America before the arrival of Europeans is estimated at 400,000 animals ¹. As white Americans and their livestock migrated westward in the 19th century, they came in conflict with wolves. Various states offered bounties for dead wolves, and the U.S. Government waged its own campaign against wolves beginning in 1914 ². Wolves were gone from western states by the 1930's and from Wisconsin and Michigan by the mid-1960's ³. By that time, the only wolves remaining in the lower 48 states resided in Minnesota ³.

With the rise of the conservation and environmental movements in the U.S. in the 1960's, attitudes towards the wolf began to change. After passage of the Endangered Species Preservation Act (1966), eastern wolves ( Canis lupus lycaon) and red wolves ( Canis rufus) were listed as endangered in 1967 ⁴. With the Endangered Species Act passing in 1973, four subspecies of wolves were granted protection in 1974) ³. The entire species of gray wolf was granted protection in 1978, designated as endangered, except in Minnesota where the species was designated as threatened ³.

Once they fell under Federal protection, wolves could no longer be killed at whim, and they began to infiltrate into northern United States from Canada ⁵. As far as I can tell, the vast majority of wolves are concentrated in northern states ⁶. While sightings of lone wolves have been reported in many states, a wolf population can not be considered established in a particular area until the presence of at least one pack has been documented. To my knowledge, as of October 2013 there are very few documented packs living in the wild south of 42° latitude, except for red wolves and Mexican gray wolves ⁷.

The vast majority of wolves in the U.S. are concentrated in five regions. These areas are ⁸ (followed by best estimates of population):

Alaska 7,700 to 11,200

Western Great Lakes 3,686

Northern Rocky Mountains 1,674

Southwest (Mexican wolves in the Blue Range Recovery Area) 75

North Carolina (Red wolves in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge) 100

In particular, the wolves in the Western Great Lakes region and the wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains region are designated distinct population segments (DPS) by the Fish and Wildlife Service ⁹.

The following map from Defenders of Wildlife shows the range of wolves in the North American continent, past and present ¹⁰. The map is shaded as follows:

Dark greening shading is where gray wolves live currently.

Light green shading is where gray wolves have lived in the past.

Red shading is where red wolves live currently (North Carolina).

Red-spotted shading is where red wolves have lived in the past.

Red-striped areas are currently suitable wolf habitat where wolves do not live now but could migrate there.

Here is the map:

Wolves have always lived in Alaska and Canada and were never endangered ¹¹. Once protection was afforded to wolves in the lower 48 states (wolves never lived in Hawaii ¹²), they started to cross the northern U.S. border from Canada ⁵. Wolves were never completely eradicated from northern Minnesota ¹³, and as their numbers recovered they gradually spread to Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ¹⁴ to found the Western Great Lakes DPS. Below is a map showing their current range in the Western Great Lakes region ¹⁵:

Wolves moving into Montana's National Glacier Park formed the Northern Rocky Mountains DPS. They were joined by wolves that were captured in Canada and released in Yellowstone National Park (31 wolves) and central Idaho (35 wolves) in 1995 and 1996 ¹⁶. Here is a map showing wolf packs in the northern Rocky Mountain region ¹⁷:

Notice that this region has actually two centers of population: the area straddling the Idaho-Montana border, and a second area centered on Yellowstone Park. There are packs between these two areas, but they are much less concentrated.

I thought it might be instructive if I also showed maps of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. First, a map of Wyoming. Wyoming has four important areas ¹⁸:

The extreme northwest corner of the state is Yellowstone National Park, where hunting is not allowed.

The area surrounding the park (outlined in the map in green) is the Trophy Game Management Area, where wolves can be hunted by licensed hunters during a designated season (October 1 through December 31) up to an area-wide quota.

A small area south of the park called the Seasonal Wolf Trophy Game Management Area (outlined in the map in red), where hunting in the area is divided into three periods:

January 1 through last day in February. No hunting allowed.

March 1 through October 14. Wolves can be killed by anybody at anytime without limit.

October 15 through December 31. Hunting by licensed hunters only up to an area-wide quota.

The rest of the state, where wolves can be killed by anybody at anytime without limit.

Here is the map. The area bordered in green is the trophy area. The area bordered in red is the seasonal trophy area ¹⁸:

Here is a map of wolves in Montana ¹⁹, most of which are in the western third of the state:

Here is a map of wolves in Idaho ²⁰, whose activity takes up most of the northern two-thirds of the state:

The Mexican gray wolf ( Canis lupus baileyi) was nearly exterminated from its range in the southwestern U.S. by the 1970's. In 1998, wolves were released into the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area (BRWRA) as a nonessential experimental population ²¹, that is, a population of animals reintroduced into the area whose survival is not essential to the survival of the species as a whole. The nonessential experimental designation relaxes some of the burdens that the Endangered Species Act places on nearby landowners in the hope of reducing opposition to the reintroduction ²². The following map shows the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area surrounded by the much larger Mexican Wolf Experimental Population Area ²³:

Red wolves ( Canis rufus) are a separate species with an historical range that included all of the southeast U.S., going as far north as Pennsylvania and the Ohio river valley and as far west as Texas ²⁴. Red wolves were extinct from the wild by 1970, except for a small population that was discovered near the Gulf coast straddling the Texas-Louisiana border. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captured as many animals from this population as it could, and selected 14 individuals for a captive breeding program ²⁵. In 1987, descendents of these animals were released into the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (ARNWR)in eastern North Carolina near the Outer Banks ²⁶. Most red wolves in the wild currently reside in or near the ARNWR, as shown in this map from the Fish and Wildlife Service ²⁷:

In the past few years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has moved to delist wolves from endangered status ²⁸. The Northern Rocky Mountain DPS (except in Wyoming) was delisted in May 2011 ²⁹, the Western Great Lakes DPS was delisted in December 2011 ³⁰, and wolves in Wyoming were delisted in August 2012 ²⁹. Mexican wolves in the Blue Range Recovery Area and red wolves remain under protection with no plans to change their status. All other wolves in the contiguous U.S. remain under protection, but in June 2013, the FWS announced its intention to remove this protection ³¹, and it is this announcement which is the source of the controversy we now considering.

In place of Federal protection, the FWS has signed Memoranda of Agreement with Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming ³². All these states ³³ and Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Utah ³⁴, Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin ³⁵ have state wolf management plans to conserve their wolf populations while minimizing conflicts with humans.

The following map from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shows current endangered species status across the states ³⁶:

In my next post, I will discuss the delisting of the wolf from Endangered Species List.
Footnotes

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Posts about gray wolves on The Environmental Analyst

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The question before us is: should wolves in the United States be taken off the Endangered Species List? To analyze this question, we need to review the history of wolves in America. The number of wolves living in North America before the arrival of Europeans is estimated at 400,000 animals 1.

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Map: U.S. Gray Wolf Distribution and Habitat

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The wolves are coming.

Due to recent reintroduction of the northern gray wolf in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, Colorado could see the migration of the large animal for the first time since the 1940s, state wildlife officials said.

"While we don't have an established population in the state, we've had numerous sightings over the last decade due to the increase in number of wolves in surrounding states," said Colorado Parks and Wildlife spokesman Mike Porras.

"We felt obligated to let the public know about the populations in surrounding states and with that, the distance the wolves can travel. It won't be long, based on all the facts that we've gathered, that a population will be established in the state. We will not relocate wolves into the state because that's just not something that we're in agreement with in CPW, but we can't stop them from migrating in on their own."

Ranging in population across North America from the Arctic to Mexico and from coast to coast, the last known gray wolves in Colorado were killed by about 1940. Sometimes called "timber wolves" (to distinguish it from the coyote, or prairie wolf), wolves occupy a wide range of habitats. Wolves once fed on Colorado's vast herds of bison, elk and deer, supplemented by rabbits, rodents and carrion, according to CPW.

When hunters decimated the large mammals that constituted wolves' staple diet, wolves naturally turned to a new food resource in the developing frontier: livestock. That led to wolves in Colorado being eradicated by shooting, trapping and poisoning.

Growing to as big as 5 feet long, with bushy tails as long as 14 inches, the gray wolf resembles a large dog and can be mistaken for a coyote.

Following the restoration of the gray wolves in Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and a subspecies in New Mexico and Arizona by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service over the last decade, many observers in the CPW believe that we'll start seeing the migration of wolves - especially male wolves - into the northern and southern parts of the state due to their ability to travel long distances.

According to a press release from Porras, CPW wildlife managers traverse the state each year by land and air to classify big game, but none have observed wolf packs, dens or any other evidence wolves have established a population Colorado.

But "wolves are known to travel long distances and we expect that they will continue to come into the state on their own. We have a duty to let the public know about this possibility to help prevent someone from accidentally killing a wolf," CPW Director Bob Broscheid said. "Identifying the target and the species you are hunting is critical and a major tenet of safe and ethical hunting. Whether you are a trapper, or an elk hunter, deer hunter, coyote hunter or a landowner protecting livestock from predators, you must be sure of your target before you take any animal."

While wolves can be a dangerous predatory to livestock, killing a wolf is an illegal taking of a species that is protected by the Endangered Species Act in Colorado. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - the agency with jurisdiction over wolves in Colorado - killing a wolf or any endangered species can result in criminal charges, a year in prison and fines up to $100,000 per offense, depending on circumstances and the discretion of federal authorities.

The CPW said various incidents over the past several years confirm that wolves occasionally visit northern Colorado, including a wolf killed in a vehicle collision on Interstate 70 near Idaho Springs in 2004. Three years later, two CPW wildlife officers captured video of an animal with strong wolf-like characteristics along the Colorado-Wyoming border, a few miles north of Walden. In 2009, a radio-collared gray wolf was found dead north of Rifle, and in April 2015, a trailcam, again near Walden, captured photos of an animal that appears to be a wolf. The unconfirmed sighting is considered credible.

Also in April 2015, a hunter mistakenly killed what he thought was a coyote near Wolford Mountain Reservoir, north of Kremmling. Following an investigation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, agency biologists positively identified the animal as a gray wolf. Fortunately for the hunter, the USFWS declined to press charges or fine the hunter because they determined that the hunter didn't kill the wolf intentionally and couldn't clearly identify that it was or was not a wolf.

Outside of confirmed and unconfirmed visual sightings of wolves in the state over the last decade, there has been multiple reports of scat and tracks resembling wolves, as well as reports of howling in numerous areas of the state.

The main concern - which might not be the right word choice, according to Porras - for wolves migrating back into the state comes from farmers with livestock that could be attacked by said wolves.

"We certainly hear those property owners with livestock," Porras said. "We understand their concern with wolves moving in, but there are plenty of other predators that should be of concern in this state. If something were to happen to their livestock, CPW would be obligated to compensate for those losses. We want to make that clear to them."

Wolf supporters believe the CPW is, well, crying wolf.

Mike Phillips, executive director of the Turner Endangered Species Fund, told the Summit Daily that wolves pose no noteworthy hazard to the livestock industry, and that the killing of farm animals is the rare exception, and techniques already exist to help offset potential issues on private land to responsibly recolonize the state.

"There is no more symbolic voice for the wildlands of Colorado than the howl of the wolf," said Phillips, who is also a state representative in Montana. "They were an important member of Colorado's natural history, they could be an important member of the future and they're important to restoring the natural balance to Colorado. The wolf's presence would indicate a more complete, a more balanced landscape than not."

With the increase in sightings, though, Colorado's Wolf Management Plan drafted in 2004 by a multidisciplinary group from CPW, could go into effect more often than not as potential wolf populations start to pop up.

For those that have sightings to report, whether of a wolf, scat or tracks, you're encouraged to report the sighting to CPW immediately through its Wolf Sighting Form online.

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Gray wolves expected to re-establish themselves in Colorado

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The wolves are coming. Due to recent reintroduction of the northern gray wolf in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, Colorado could see the migration of the large animal for the first time since the 1940s, state wildlife officials said.

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graphic

Hunting virtually eliminated gray wolves from the western U.S. by the 1930s. The Endangered Species Act offered Canis lupus federal protection in 1973, and wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park more than 20 years later.

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graphic: Gray wolves' history and recovery - Los Angeles Times

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Hunting virtually eliminated gray wolves from the western U.S. by the 1930s. The Endangered Species Act offered Canis lupus federal protection in 1973, and wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park more than 20 years later.

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USA Today - Taking Gray Wolves off Endangered Species Act

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USA Today - Taking Gray Wolves off Endangered Species Act

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graphic

Hunting virtually eliminated gray wolves from the western U.S. by the 1930s. The Endangered Species Act offered Canis lupus federal protection in 1973, and wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park more than 20 years later.

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graphic: Gray wolves' history and recovery - Los Angeles Times

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Hunting virtually eliminated gray wolves from the western U.S. by the 1930s. The Endangered Species Act offered Canis lupus federal protection in 1973, and wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park more than 20 years later.

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Hunting Wolves, Saving Wolves . NOW on PBS

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Is the Obama Administration breaking its promise to protect endangered species?

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Despite protests from the conservation community, Wyoming has officially declared its intention to remove Endangered Species Act protections from wolves. Their management plan, which threatens to undo decades of successful wolf recovery, will allow wolves throughout most of the state to be killed for any reason, and by almost any means.

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Wolves: A Wild Animal Watch Activity | Scholastic

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Students get a comprehensive look at wolves, learning where they live, how they survive, why theyâ€™re afraid of humans, and more.

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Multiple Perspectives: Shade of Gray Video

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Multiple Perspectives: Shade of Gray Video

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The future of the gray wolf is uncertain. The polarized debate over killing wolves and the search for a middle ground is the subject of this new film by the Ecologist Film Unit, made in association with Link TV.

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CLOSE

DETROIT - Great Lakes gray wolves dodged another bullet this week - in a federal court in Washington.

The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals on Tuesday affirmed a 2014 lower-court ruling that restored Endangered Species Act protection for gray wolves in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. That means the status quo of the past three years, disallowing hunting of Great Lakes wolves, holds.

It's the latest chapter in a back-and-forth over the more than 600 wolves populating Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and even larger populations in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

Many sportsmen see Great Lakes gray wolves as a recovered species that must be managed - through hunting - to limit depredation of livestock, dangerous encounters with people and dogs, and undesirable reductions in the number of deer. But many other Michigan residents - including those who rejected wolf hunting in 2014 ballot measures - say it would be an unnecessary sport-hunt of a species that isn't out of the woods yet on its recovery.

Michigan held its controversial first, firearm-only wolf hunt in November and December 2013, with hunters killing 23 wolves in designated areas of the UP.

An estimated 618 wolves were in the Upper Peninsula in winter 2015-16. Two are on Isle Royale. (Photo: Martha Thierry/Detroit Free Press)

Michigan voters then rejected wolf hunting in two statewide ballot measures in November 2014. But the Legislature and Gov. Rick Snyder, at the urging of hunting groups, restored the wolf hunt that year, before the December 2014 federal district court ruling again restored Endangered Species Act protections to Great Lakes wolves.

"The Michigan Legislature passed three separate laws to designate wolves as a game species in its zeal to allow the state to authorize a trophy hunting and trapping season for wolves and to undermine a fair election by Michigan voters on wolf hunting," said Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United States, lead plaintiff in the original lawsuit affirmed Tuesday.

Writing for a unanimous three-judge panel, Judge Patricia Millett's opinion Tuesday noted that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has the ability to regulate a distinct segment of a federally threatened or endangered species differently from the larger population - as the service did with the delisting of Great Lakes wolves from Endangered Species Act protection in February 2007.

But such an action, Millett wrote, requires a comprehensive evaluation considering the entire protected-species population. And the Fish and Wildlife Service, she wrote, "looked only at the characteristics of the Western Great Lakes segment in a vacuum."

More: Study: Human toll on gray wolves higher than estimated in Wisconsin

More: Mexican gray wolf population bounces back in Southwest

Because the wolves' vast loss of historical range throughout the U.S. is a relevant factor in determining the endangered or threatened status of western Great Lakes wolves, and other wolf population segments elsewhere, "the Service's wholesale failure to address that factor renders the Service's decision unreasoned, arbitrary and capricious," wrote Millett, who was appointed by President Obama to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals bench in June 2013.

"I think it stinks," said Tony Demboski, an Iron Mountain-area resident and president of the Upper Peninsula Sportsmen's Alliance, representing some 57 hunting, fishing and conservation groups and businesses.

"We've got so many wolves up here, we don't know what to do with them."

Demboski attributed plummeting Upper Peninsula whitetail deer populations to wolf depredation, though researchers point to multiple harsh winters in a row a few years ago, as well as coyotes and bobcats also preying on the deer.

In this February 2012 file photo provided by George Desort, two gray wolves walk in the Isle Royale National Park in Northern Michigan. (Photo: George Desort, George Desort, AP)

Demboski said he teaches a pistol class required for those seeking a concealed-carry permit.

"I've had a lot of parents in their late 20s, early 30s ... they are afraid to leave their kids out at bus stops" because of wolves, he said. "They don't let their kids play out in the backyard anymore. They have to accompany their pets when they have to go outside."

But Pacelle said many of the anecdotes offered are "fabricated incidents and exaggerated tales about wolves to stir fear."

"The downside to wolves is that they occasionally kill livestock," he said. "But the numbers are small, and under existing law, farmers can obtain permission to kill problem wolves."

Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette was among the appellants seeking to overturn the reinstatement of endangered species protection for Michigan's wolves. Schuette spokeswoman Andrea Bitely said Tuesday that the office is "aware of the ruling and are reviewing."

Wolves aren't eaten, so they're never hunted for their meat, Pacelle said.

"This is just thrill-killing for bragging rights," he said. "That's what the people of Michigan rejected on the ballot, overwhelmingly, two and a half years ago."
Follow Keith Matheny on Twitter: @keithmatheny
Read or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2wmKD9i

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Appeals court upholds endangered species protection for Great Lakes gray wolves

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CLOSE DETROIT - Great Lakes gray wolves dodged another bullet this week - in a federal court in Washington. The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals on Tuesday affirmed a 2014 lower-court ruling that restored Endangered Species Act protection for gray wolves in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

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Gray Wolf - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

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Wolves in Yellowstone National Park were restored in 1995.

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General information on wolves and their history in Colorado.

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Wolves in the Court System: No Longer an Endangered Species

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Wolves in the Court System: No Longer an Endangered Species

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This articles discusses the court case removing Wolves from the endangered species list.

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Washington, D.C. -

Today, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued a ruling in Defenders of Wildlife, et al. v. Zinke, et al., reversing a district court decision that had restored Endangered Species Act protections for gray wolves in Wyoming. The lawsuit involved a challenge by a coalition of conservation groups to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 2011 decision to strip ESA protections from Wyoming wolves.

In that decision, the Fish and Wildlife Service handed wolf management authority over to the State of Wyoming despite state policies that promote unlimited wolf-killing across more than 80 percent of Wyoming and provide inadequate protections for wolves in the remainder. In today's ruling, the court determined that the Fish and Wildlife Service properly relied on Wyoming's non-binding assurances to conclude that the state will manage for a sufficiently large wolf population to protect the species within its borders.

Timothy Preso, Earthjustice's lead attorney in the case, issued the following statement on behalf of plaintiffs: Defenders of Wildlife, Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, Humane Society of the United States, and Fund for Animals.

"We are disappointed in the court's ruling, which we are still evaluating. Although we disagree with this decision, it highlights that Congress should not step in to block judicial review under the Endangered Species Act, nor to interfere with the science-based listing status of an individual species. We will continue to fight to protect wolves against extreme and hostile state management policies."
Read the legal document.

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Earthjustice Statement on D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Ruling Stripping Endangered Species Act Protections from Wyoming Wolves

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Today, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued a ruling in Defenders of Wildlife, et al. v. Zinke, et al., reversing a district court decision that had restored Endangered Species Act protections for gray wolves in Wyoming.

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US Fish and Wildlife Wolf Management Plans by State

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US Fish and Wildlife Wolf Management Plans by State

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This website includes general information on the Gray Wolf as well as links to the different state management plans.

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Welcome to the Gray wolf species page for the Northern Rocky Mountain population. Here you will find species information/descriptions, information on recent actions, and links to helpful resources for this species. This page is part of the Region 6 Ecological Services program.

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America's Gray Wolves: A Long Road to Recovery

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Since the original wolf recovery plans were written in the 1980s, we've learned much more about wolves' behavior, ecology and needs.

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Visit this site for facts and information via this Native American Map. The Native American Map indicates tribes and areas. Native American Map.