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Emancipation Proclamation Issued, January 1, 1863

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Emancipation Proclamation Issued, January 1, 1863

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Frees slaves in states of rebellion. Authorizes the enlistment of black troops.

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The Freedmen's Bureau Established, March 3, 1865

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The Freedmen's Bureau Established, March 3, 1865

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Provides assistance to African Americans. Abolished in 1872.

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Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 8. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in NC effectively ends the Civil War on April 18.

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President Abraham Lincoln Assassinated, April 15, 1865

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President Abraham Lincoln Assassinated, April 15, 1865

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13th Amendment Ratified, December 6, 1865

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13th Amendment Ratified, December 6, 1865

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Abolishes slavery in the United States.

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White civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.

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Police kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and wound more than 150.

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The Ku Klux Klan is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.

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Congress divides the former Confederacy into five military districts and requires elections in which African American men can vote.

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By one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the President from office.

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Fourteenth Amendment Ratified, July 21, 1868

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Fourteenth Amendment Ratified, July 21, 1868

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Grants African Americans due process and equal protection under law.

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Ulysses S. Grant elected President, November 3, 1868

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Ulysses S. Grant elected President, November 3, 1868

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Former Union General becomes 18th President.

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Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial Republican state government with an all-white Democratic government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1870.

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First black senator elected, February 23, 1870. 

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First black senator elected, February 23, 1870. 

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Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U.S. Senate as the first black Senator.

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Fifteenth Amendment ratified, March 30, 1870

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Fifteenth Amendment ratified, March 30, 1870

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Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of race or previous condition of servitude.

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Five black members in the HOR, Benjamin S. Turner of Alabama, Josiah T. Walls of Florida, and Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolina.

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P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana, from Dec. 9 1872, to January 13, 1873, although to white resistance his tenure is very short.

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Democrats control the Forty-Third Congress, 1874

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Democrats control the Forty-Third Congress, 1874

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For the first time since before the Civil War, Democrats control both houses of Congress. Robert Smalls, black hero of the Civil War, elected to Congress as representative of South Carolina. Blanche K. Bruce elected to U.S. Senate.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875 enacted by Congress, March 1, 1875.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875 enacted by Congress, March 1, 1875.

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Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in public accommodations and jury service. Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

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Republicans challenged the validity of voting in SC, FL, and Louisiana.

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Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.  

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Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.  

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Hampton is a leader of the Confederacy, and his election confirms fears that the South is not committed to Reconstruction.

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Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated as President, 1877.

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Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated as President, 1877.

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Electoral commission awards disputed votes over to the Republican candidate (Hayes).

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President Rutherford B. Hayes withdraws federal troops from the South protecting the Civil Rights of African Americans.