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Democritus lived around 460 BCE-370 BCE and lived in Abdera, Thrace until his father passed away. He proposed the word Atomos (now the modern word for atom) and created the first Atomic model that states
-All matter consists of atoms, which cannot be further subdivided into smaller particles

-Atoms are extremely small- too small to see

-Atoms are solid particles that are indestructible.

-Atoms are separated from one another by emptiness, or “void”
(this model wasn't accepted since Aristotle didn't believe in this model so it was rejected)

He discovered these discoveries just by breaking a seashell until it was fine dust. Some very cool facts about him is that he was called the "laughing philosopher " because of his ideology of life should be happiness and he was Aristotle's rival for natural science

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Antione Lavoisier was born on August 26,1743 in Paris and died in Paris on May 8, 1794 (lived in Paris. He created the Law of Conservation of Mass after conducting several experiments with chemical reactions always resulting atoms not being created or destroyed. Interestingly he was a financier, public administrator, and was beheaded during the French Revolution

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Born in September 5th or 6th of 1766 in Cumberland, England  and died there 78 years later. He lived majority of his life in Cumberland, England. He created the atomic model by basing his theory of the Law of Conservation of mass and the law of constant composition. He also created his billiard ball model for the atom for the fact that he thought atoms were small particles that are solid and sphere-like. Surprisingly he was color blinded and could only see yellow, as well as that he was a mathematics and philosophy teacher in in New College Manchester

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He was born on December 18,1856 and died on August 30,1871. For his whole life, he lived in the United Kingdom. J.J Thomson was the first person to discover the electron  by using cathode rays and inferred that the rays were actually streams of negatively charged particles. Also he discovered the proton since he knew, after discovering the electron, that atoms don't have a charge. Not to mention he found out about isotopes after firing an ionized neon through an electric field and observed two deflections. Lastly, he created the plum pudding model since he pictured that negatively charged particles were attached on a positively charged mass. Some very cool facts about him was that was awarded Nobel prize for Physics and was admitted to owns College at the age of 14.

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Ernest Rutherford was a British-New Zealand Physicist who was born on August 30, 1871 in Nelson, New Zealand and died on October 19 1937 in Cambridge 1937. He discovered the atomic nucleus, found out that atoms consisted of mostly empty space occupied by a few electrons, created the planetary model and discovered alpha and beta rays. The way he discovered these rays by observing the absorption of radioactivity. The way he discovered that atoms were mostly empty space with electrons is by conducting the same experiment except he realized that some of the particles scattered backwards

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In the United States of America on March 22,1868, Robert Millikan was born in the United States and lived there for  all of his life until he died. Robert Millikan discovered the neutron by bombarding Beryllium with alpha particles and discover the mass of the neutron by doing his famous oil drop experiment. He was awarded the Nobel Prize of Physics  and he was also in the United Sates Army.

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James was a British physicist who was born on October 20, 1891 in Manchester and passed away in Cambridge in 1974. he made one of the hugest advancements in the atomic model by discovering neutrons.He discovered the neutron by bombarding Beryllium with alpha particles and he uncovered the mass of neutrons by using scatter data to figure out the mass of a neutron. He won the Nobel prize in physics and he was also held hostage the Ruhleben Internment Camp near Berlin at the start of World War 1

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Max Planck was born In Kiel, Germany on April 23, 1858 and died on October 4, 1947 in Berlin. Max Planck discovered the quantum of action or more famously known as Planck's Constant. The way this was discovered was that Planck decided that atoms could only vibrate at certain frequencies thaat were whole number multiples of some base frequency. He is know for creating one of the pillars for modern physics and he was one of Einstein's earliest supporters and disciples.

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She was born on November 7,1867 in Warsaw, Poland (she lived there too) and died in July of the year 1934. Marie Currie created the field of atomic physics which she did experiments that conducted on uranium rays and realized that they remained constant leading to the phenomenon of "radioactivity".  Unlike her previous predecessors and successors, she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry and was the first women to receive a Ph.D. from a French university

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Albert Einstein was born on March 14,1879 in Ulm, Germany and died in New Jersey on the the year of 1955 (he lived in Ulm, Germany and New Jersey for majority of his life) . He finally proved the existence of atoms after explaining that pollen move around in an unusual pattern because of water molecules smashing into the pollen grain. Einstein married his cousin (the only female in his class) and had a illegitimate child.

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In the land of Copenhagen, Denmark on October 7,1885 Neils Bohr was born and lived there until his death of the year November 18,1962 . He proposed the theory of for the hydrogen atom based off the quantum theory that energy can only be transferred in certain quantities. How he figured this out was by experimenting with electrical discharge, which was the root of his theory. Unlike the previous scientists listed before, his father was nominated for three Nobel prizes in two years. Bohr also won the Nobel prize reward at the same time as Einstein did.

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Louis De Broglie was born in August 15,1872 Dieppe, France and died in March 19,1987 in Louveciennes (it's not said where did he live but it's assumed that he lived in Dieppe).  Some discoveries that Broglie contributed toward the understanding of the  atom was that electrons aren't just particles but also like waves. He discover this  when he did an experiment (name unknown) that composed of him testing the movement of electrons. Like almost all of the people who contributed towards the atom, he was awarded a Nobel prize for physics. Weirdly enough though, his first degree was history, but he ended up getting degrees in both mathematics and phyisics.

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Erwin Schrodinger- Creator of Schrodinger's Formula

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Erwin Schrodinger- Creator of Schrodinger's Formula

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Erwin Schrodinger was born on August 12, 1887 and died there on January 4, 1962. He showed that the quantization of the hydrogen atom’s energy levels could be calculated using a formula he had created. He didn't really use experiments to obtain this information as much as he used mathematical and scientific calculations. He won a Nobel prize, a Max Planck medal and an Austrian decoration for science and art

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Werner Heisenberg was born on December 5th in 1901 in Wurzburg, Germany and passed away in 1976 in Munich on February 1st. He contributed to the atomic theory by formulating quantum mechanics and introducing the uncertainty principle which states that the size and momentum of an electron cannot be determined with certainty. He conducted thought experiments such as considering using a gamma ray microscope to better understand an electron's momentum and size. He won a Nobel prize, and a Max Planck medal

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Works Cited

FamousScientists.org, et al. PhysicsLAB: Famous Experiments: The Discovery of the Neutron. dev.physicslab.org/DocumentPrint.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_ChadwickNeutron.xml.

“Fun Kids Facts about Democritus.” Easy Science For Kids, 23 Nov. 2018, easyscienceforkids.com/democritus-facts/.

Gue, David. ScienceFocus 9. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001.

“The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/biographical/.

“The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/facts/.

PhysicsLAB, dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3.

“Robert Andrews Millikan Facts for Kids.” Robert Andrews Millikan Facts for Kids, 2020, kids.kiddle.co/Robert_Andrews_Millikan.

Stubbings, Janice. “e-TUTE : Chemistry Teaching and Learning Resources.” AUS, www.ausetute.com.au/.

Unknown. “John Dalton Facts.” Math, www.softschools.com/facts/scientists/john_dalton_facts/723/.

Unknown. “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/.

Unknown. “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/biographical/.

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Mohamed
CONTRIBUTOR:

Lawrence Badash

TITLE

Ernest Rutherford

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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James Chadwick

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Erwin Schrödinger

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