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Myhr, Karen. LO 4.1 Inheritance Traits. November 2020, https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/132057/files/7901076/download?wrap=1
Myhr, Karen. LO 4.1 Monohybrid Crosses. November 2020, https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/132057/files/7775493/download?wrap=1
Myhr, Karen. LO 4.4 Inheritance Problems. November 2020, https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/132057/files/7901684/download?wrap=1
Myhr, Karen. LO 4.3 Non-Mendelian Genetics. November 2020, https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/132057/files/7902124/download?wrap=1
Myhr, Karen. LO 4.5  Artificial and Natural Selection November 2020, https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/132057/files/7902244/download?wrap=1

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Punnett squares can be used to figure out ratios for outcomes of genotypes.
In this punnett sqaure, using the genotypes from my incomplete dominance problem for F2 generation.
Because F1 had (Gg) as an allele on both chromosomes they are listed on the top and side of the table. The boxes in the middle represent pssible combinations of the alleles.
This box shows that F2 offspring will be green 25% of the time, light green 50% of the time, and white 25% of the time.

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While I did find this unit to be one of these easier ones to understand, this CR seemed like one of the toughest to put together. This concept has a lot of pieces that need to be represented for it to be cohesive. I chose to do a padlet again hoping the arrows for the connections help organize my thought process better.

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If genes are passed on through fertilization, than the more a specific allele is passed on overtime the more prevelant it will be in that society. For example, if a dog breeder wanted more puppies with a certain coat color. They would mate dogs with that coat color for multiple generations, eventually yielding generations that mainly produced that color coat.

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The enviornment can have an effect in your traits. Having high sun exposure will change the pigment of yur skin. Consuming too many colories will change your fat to muscle ratio.

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Multiples genes present as a certain trait.
For example, your skin color is determined by multiple genes.

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Multiple traits affected by one gene.

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Instead of one allele having dominance over another, both alleles are present as a trait. This is seen in blood. If both allele A and allele B are present your blood will be type AB with both traits being expressed.

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Some traits have multiple alleles that affect the trait. For example, alleles for blood can present as A B or O.

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Instead of having dominant and recessive genes the genes can be intermediate when both alleles are present.
For example:  If two plants with this incomplete dominance allele cross as one is homozygous dominant RR (red flower) while the other is homozygous recessive rr (pink flower), generation F1 would have the genotype Rr causing it to be pink in color. F2 Generation could have these outcomes - RR (red) rR & Rr (pink) or rr (white).

The ratio of this situation's outcomes would be 1:2:1

In my representation here mom is (gg) for white flowers and dad is (GG) for green flowers.
Since there is incomplete dominance F1 generation (Gg) presents as light green.
In F2 generation the top two cells are (Gg) presenting as light green.
The bottom left is (GG) with green flowers.
The bottom right is (gg) for white flowers.

The ratio for these outcomes are 1:2:1 green, light green, white

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These are the different possible pairings of the F2 generation. For the top right where the cell is homozygous dominant (PP)  the flower will be pink.
Because P is a dominant allele the two cells with both alleles (Pp) will also present as a pink flower but have the white allele in its dna to pass down to offspring. The cell with two white (or pp) alleles it will present as a white flower.

The ratio for these outcomes is 3:1 pink and white.

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The offspring of P generation. Having 50% of mom's and 50% of dad's DNA.
In my representation you can see one of mom's chromosomes with a P allele and one of dad's with a p allele.
Since P is dominant this flower will be pink in color, but still able to pass the recessive gene to its offspring.

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Crossing together of two truebreeding organisms that only differ by one trait.
In my representation, we are crossbreeding flowers. Mom and dad are truebreeding and have an Allele for pink and white flowers. In genotypes the alleles would be represents by P for pink because it is dominant and p for white because it is recessive.
I chose to use beads respresent the alleles to make it easier to see what is happening with the pairings.
In P generation mom cell is homozygous (same alleles) dominant and dad cell is homozygous recessive.

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Mendelian monohybrid crosses were studied by a Monk named Mendel in the 1800's. With no knowledge of DNA, he studied plants that were truebreeding (same traits were observed for many generations) to predict outcomes of their offspring. (Myhr, 2020) These crosses were done with two organisms that only differred by one allele.

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During fertlization two haploid cells (the sperm and the egg) are brought together to make a zygote.
The sperm and the egg each have one set of chromosomes. The sperm has one set from dad while the egg has one set from mom. When they come together the newly formed zygote is now diploid, meaning it has two sets chromosomes each with different alleles belonging to mom or dad. These different combinings of chromosomes are what causes you two have traits similar to mom and dad but not be completey identical to one or the other.

New combinations of genese = your genotype
create your physical apperance and traits = your phenotype

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Although it has been discussed in both previous CR's, to talk about inheritance you should touch on the life cycle. An adult individual creates gametes in their gonads. These are the egg and sperm haploid cells. The egg becomes fertilized by the sperm creating a diploid zygote which undergoes mitosis until mature. Then the cycle starts again. Inheritance of traits is a product of cycle. Combination of chromsomes from mom and dad create new cells that eventually mature into adults with new genetic combinations.