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An infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic in the UK, but malaria is not .

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Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. In infected people, it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. The virus can also cause severe disease in animals such as pigs, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers.

Although Nipah virus has caused only a few known outbreaks in Asia, it infects a wide range of animals and causes severe disease and death in people, making it a public health concern.

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Jaundice is a condition in which a person's skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease. Jaundice is sometimes called icterus, from a Greek word for the condition.: In order to understand jaundice, it is useful to know about the role of the liver in producing bile. The most important function of the liver is the processing of chemical waste products like cholesterol and excreting them into the intestines as bile. The liver is the premier chemical factory in the body—most incoming and outgoing chemicals pass through it. It is the first stop for all nutrients, toxins, and drugs absorbed by the digestive tract. The liver also collects chemicals from the blood for processing. Many of these outward-bound chemicals are excreted into the bile. One particular substance, bilirubin, is yellow. Bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin, which is the protein inside red blood cells. If bilirubin cannot leave the body, it accumulates and discolors other tissues. The normal total level of bilirubin in blood serum is between 0.2 mg/dL and 1.2 mg/dL. When it rises to 3 mg/dL or higher, the person's skin and the whites of the eyes become noticeably yellow.

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A viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Chikungunya is found worldwide, particularly in Africa, Asia and India. Symptoms usually appear within a week of infection. Fever and joint pain come on suddenly. Muscle pain, headache, fatigue and rash may also occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms. Most people feel better within a week or so, after the virus runs its course Although it is largely believed that complications of chikungunya are not serious, illness in individuals from poor backgrounds can have serious consequences, such as reduced productivity at the individual and community level, malnutrition, other infections, socioeconomic instability and exacerbation of poverty.

Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. It causes fever and severe joint pain, which is often debilitating and may persist for several months, or even years

Symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. Joint pain is often debilitating and can vary in duration.

The disease shares some clinical signs with dengue fever, infection, and can be misdiagnosed in areas where these are common.

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A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”.

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Black Death, also known as Pestilence and Great Mortality, was the greatest and most fatal pandemic recorded ever in the human history which left around 75 – 200 million people killed in Eurasia and North Africa. It started in 1346 and ended in 1353. The cause of this pandemic was bacterium ‘Yersinia Pestis.’ The plague was most likely started from Central or East Asia from where it reached other parts with help of silk route spreading throughout Mediterian region and reaching Africa, Western Asia and rest parts of Europe. It was also spread by ships which carried fleas living upon black rats. It also spread from human contact. It was the second plague during the late middle ages which left 30 – 60 % of Europe's population. Now the main question arises how was it stopped. Well, the most popular theory is that it ended because of implementation of quarantine but till that many people lost their lives because of this pandemic. After all it was one of the greatest plague ever experienced by human life

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Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children, there may be diarrhoea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. The substantial economic impact of influenza on society results primarily from lost work time and reduced productivity of patients and caregivers and increased use of medical resources. Additionally, since the 1980s, aging of the US population has meant rising influenza-related morbidity and mortality.. Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection even if the results are negative

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Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.

Cholera was prevalent in the U.S. in the 1800s, before modern water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water. Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year in the U.S. and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S. However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world. The World Health Organization reports that there are 1.3 million to 4 million cases each year.

The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, south Asia, and Latin America. If you are traveling to one of those areas, knowing the following cholera facts can help protect you and your family.

Cholera Causes
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food sources that have been contaminated by feces (poop) from a person infected with cholera. Cholera is most likely to be found and spread in places with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene.

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SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID AND OTHERS

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SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID AND OTHERS

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The UN warns that “The COVID-19 pandemic is far more than a health crisis: it is affecting societies and economies at their core. While the impact of the pandemic will vary from country to country, it will most likely increase poverty and inequalities at a global scale, making achievement of SDGs even more urgent.

Assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on societies, economies and vulnerable groups is fundamental to inform and tailor the responses of governments and partners to recover from the crisis and ensure that no one is left behind in this effort.
JAUNDICE
To investigate the awareness of the individuals about the ways of transmission of HCV in India where about 10 million people are affected with jaundice, with high rate of mortality (1). In India, the prevalence of HCV is 4-6% (2) while in another study, it is about 5-8% (3). Data of 274 persons (Out of which 137 are cases (positive) and 137 are controls (negative)) were collected through questionnaire from Liver Center Faisalabad and different localities.
CHIKUNGUNIYA

Although it is largely believed that complications of chikungunya are not serious, illness in individuals from poor backgrounds can have serious consequences, such as reduced productivity at the individual and community level, malnutrition, other infections, socioeconomic instability and exacerbation of poverty
NIPAH VIRUS
When the Nipah virus was identified as the cause of the unexplained consecutive deaths of siblings and their family members in Changaroth panchayat and the healthcare workers who took care of them, Kerala swung into action to contain its spread. The Kozhikode district collector has postponed exams, banned public gatherings and meetings, and ordered the closure of anganwadis and tuition classes, among others, till May 31

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Malware: Difference Between Computer Viruses, Worms and Trojans

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Malware: Difference Between Computer Viruses, Worms and Trojans

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Ø A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a user's computer without the user's knowledge and performs malicious actions. It can self-replicate, inserting itself onto other programs or files, infecting them in the process.

Ø It is programmed by a hacker and is capable hijacking host computer and send the details to the hacker. It can even spread itself with help of emails. It may also corrupt your data and delete all information in your system. It can be very dangerous although it cannot damage the computer hardware.

Ø So me  examples of computer viruses are Trojan horse and Worms.

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Ø  The first computer virus, called “Creeper system”, was an experimental self-replicating virus released in 1971. It was filling up the hard drive until a computer could not operate any further. This virus was created by BBN technologies in the US.

Ø  The first computer virus for MS-DOS was “Brain” and was released in 1986. It would overwrite the boot sector on the floppy disk and prevent the computer from booting. It was written by two brothers from Pakistan and was originally designed as a copy protection.

Ø  “The Morris” was the first Computer virus which spread extensively in the wild in 1988. It was written by Robert Morris, a graduate student from Cornell University who wanted to use it to determine the size of the internet. His approach used security holes in send mail and other Unix applications as well as weak passwords, but due to a programming mistake it spread too fast and started to interfere with the normal operation of the computers. It infected around 15,000 computers in 15 hours, which back then was most of the internet.

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ROLE OF FIREWALL DURING A COMPUTER VIRUS

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ROLE OF FIREWALL DURING A COMPUTER VIRUS

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Every home computer should have some kind of host-based firewall installed on it. This functions as the first line of defense against cyber criminals and various online scams and attacks. ... Host-based firewalls are easy to install and protect your computer from malware, cookies, email viruses, pop-up windows, and more.

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☆Here is the step by step lifecycle of computer virus.

Ø Creation – Virus programme is created

Ø Replication – Virus is copied from one PC to another PC

Ø Activation – Virus launches and delivers destructive payload.

Ø Discovery – Virus is detected and documented

Ø Assimilation –Antivirus companies are modified to include the new virus

Ø Eradication –Use of antivirus to eliminate the virus.

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The purpose of antivirus (AV) software is to detect, neutralize or eradicate malware (malicious software). AV software not only will identify and destroy the computer virus, but it's also designed to fight off other kinds of threats such as phishing attacks, worms, Trojan horses, rootkits and more.

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biological viruses have always been a potent threat to humanity as multiple historic pandemics have proved. No wonder viruses became an ideal weapon model in a totally different world – a world of programming. The first computer viruses were created as early as in the 1970s. Starting as pranks, they evolved to become a major threat to computer networks’ stability worldwide. And the more I think of viruses, both biological and digital, the more amazed I am by their similarities.

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Antivirus software can detect it by decrypting the viruses using an emulator, or by statistical pattern analysis of the encrypted virus body.

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What are viruses | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool

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Many viruses follow several stages to infect host cells. These stages include attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release. Bacteriophages have a lytic or lysogenic cycle.

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The various components of the immune system of the body acts as the fire wall for human body it helps to prevent spread of a disease immedietly on recognizing a attack .A vaccine is also a firewall as it boosts the immune system to a particular type of virus.

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https://padlet.com/abhilashmm2007/ib2cvmd9hclaya4j

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https://computer.howstuffworks.com/virus1.htm

https://www.welcometothejungle.com/en/articles/btc-computer-biological-virus

https://asiatimes.com/2020/06/viruses-biological-versus-computer/

https://www.csoonline.com/article/3406446/what-is-a-computer-virus-how-they-spread-and-5-signs-youve-been-infected.html

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difference between computer virus and biological virus

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difference between computer virus and biological virus

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Comparison Chart - Computer & BIological Virus