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phase 1: Two pathways to prothrombitin activator
- initiated by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways

Phase 2: Pathway to throbbing
- prothrombin activator catalyzes

Phase 3: common pathway to fibrin mesh

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- platelets
- formation is regulated thrombopoietin
made quickly denegerate
- temporary platelet plug that helps seal in blood vessels

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- production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messenger from red bone marrow and mature WBCs
-interlukins==> are numbered (e.g. IL-3, IL-5)
- colony-stimulating factors (csfs)

- a;; ;leukocytes ordinate from hemocytoblast
- lymphoid stem cells
- myeloid stem cells

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Granulocytes (larger, short-lived in the RBC, contain lobed nuclei, cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with wright's stain, all are phagocytic in some capacity) : contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes)

Neutrophils:
-twice the size of RBC
-  granules (hydrolytic enzymes ot antimicrobial proteins,definsins

-very phagocytic

Eosinophils:
- two lobes connected by a brand band resembles ear muffs
- releases enzymes on large parasitic worms,, as well as immune response modulators

Basophils:
- granules contain histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

Agrandulocytes: don not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
(lymphocytes and monocytes) ==> both spherical or kidney shaped nuclei
-Tcells
-B cells

lymphocytes

monocytes:
- leave circulation,enter tissues, and diffrentiate into marcophages
- active pagocytice cells
- activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response

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- Leukocytes or WBCs are only formed element that is a complete cell with a nuclei and organelles
- function : DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASES

- can leave the capillaries via diapedesis
- moving through in an ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis
-

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

- biconcave shape
- enucleated
- 1-3 million RBCs stream per second

Thrombocytes (platelets)
- important roles related to clotting blood
-release chemicals
-temporary patch on the walls of damaged vessels
-contraction to reduce clot size

Leukocytes (WBCs)
- defend the body
- migrate out of the blood stream, squeeze from capillaries
- phagocytosis

granulycotes
- neutrophils
- swallow the forigean invaders. "front lines"

Eosinophils
- attack objects with antibodies
- attack parasite
- increase in# during allergic reaction

Basophils-
assits mass cells to produce inflammation

Agranulocytes
- monocytes
-large
- great endocytosis
- circulate in blood cycle for 1 day and tissue of macrophages

lymphocytes

- circulare in the blood, in lymphatic organs
- T cells
- B cells
- Natural killer cells

Plasma
- nutrients
- water
- gases/waste
- portions (albumin) Osmotic pressure/ globulins (antibodies)/ fibrinogens (platelets)

Hemostasis
1. vascular spasm --> decreases diameter, endothelial cells release chemical factors

2. planet phase
- platelet plug
- release of chemicals (ADP,clotting factors)

3.coagulation --> collagen fibers and platelets

4.fibrinolysis (clot removal)

RH Factor
+/-  additional antigen on the surface

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-transport gas
- biconcave disc shape
- hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport (binds reversibly with oxygen)
- RBC larger than some capillaries
- protein spectrin (allowing flexibility to change shape)
- Hb molecule can transport four O2
- each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules

Hematopoiesis: formation of ALL blood cells

EPO (released in the kidneys in. response to hypoxia) inducing HIF (negative feedback)

Erythropoiesis

1.  Hematopoietic stem cell: transforms into myeloid
stem cell

2. Myeloid stem cell: transforms into proerythroblast

3. Proerythroblast: divides many times, transforming
into basophilic erythroblasts

4. Basophilic erythroblasts: synthesize many
ribosomes, which stain blue

5. Polychromatic erythroblasts: synthesize largely
amounts of red-hued hemoglobin; cell now shows
both pink and blue area

6.  Orthochromatic erythroblasts: contain mostly
hemoglobin, so appear just pink; eject most
organelles; nucleus degrades, causing concave
shape

7.  Reticulocytes: still contain a small amount of
ribosome

8.  Mature erythrocyte: in 2 days, ribosomes degrade,
transforming into mature RBC

Reticulocyte count indicates the rate of RBC formation

- too few RBC= hypoxia
- too many RBC increase blood viscosity
production and destruciton are based on
- hormonal controls
- dietary requirements

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- high O2 levels (scarlet red)
- low O2 levels shown a dark red

Blood Plasma
- 90% of water
- 100 dissolved solutes
- plasma proteins such as albumin--> plasma osmotic pressure

Formed Elements
- formed elements are... RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
-RBC have no nuclei or other organelles
- Platelets are cell fragments

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blood-is the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

Functions:
-transport
- transports nutrients and o2 to the body cells
- transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination
EXCRETION
- transporting hormones from the endocrine oragsn to target organs
- regulation
- maintaing body temerpature by absorbing and distrubitng heat
- maintaining normal pH using buffers; allkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
- maintainng adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
-protection
- protection functions include:
prevention of blood loss

preventing infections