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Park, Roberta J. “‘Embodied Selves’: The Rise and Development of Concern for Physical Education, Active Games and Recreation for American Women, 1776-1865.” Journal of Sport History 5, no. 2 (1978): 5–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43608920.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43608920

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Blacksher, James, and Lani Guinier. "Free at Last: Rejecting Equal Sovereignty and Restoring the Constitutional Right to Vote Shelby County v. Holder." Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 8 (2014): 39.

https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/harlpolrv8&div=5&id=&page=

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In the document, separate court cases are analyzed in how the treatment of African Americans went. The overall discussion of African American sovereignty was considered by many to be very disrespectful. The article briefly touches on the voting rights that African Americans lacked. The document also acknowledges the Dred Scott case which was a big deal in the United States as it was the first court trial with an African American. At the time it was undecided if Dred Scott should receive the opportunity of court because of the color of his skin.

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African Americans were said to be equal to everyone but they were not treated in this way. The debate alone on whether or not African Americans have the opportunity in the court alone showed the consideration the government had for this group. Every citizen should have a right to a trail, however the lack of trials and consideration of them for the African Americans showed the government’s intentions.

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After the American Revolution it is evident that some people had a view on African Americans that made them inferior. Thomas Jefferson, being an influential figure in the United States, carried the large perception that the black population was inferior for several different reasons. With the concept that the whites were superior, many United States people thought the Blacks should not receive the same rights. Using the idea that the people were not equal, the white population was able to justify that the blacks were purposely not treated as citizens.

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Salmon, Marylynn. "The Legal Status of Women, 1776–1830." History Now 7 (2006): 6.

https://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/The-Legal-Status-of-Women.pdf

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In 1765-1769, the opportunity for women’s rights depended on their marital status. Women who were single were able to purchase property and had access to many rights such as suing and court opportunities. Whereas married women were still mostly dependent on their husbands because by marriage they were one person by law.

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The dependency on men was still prevalent even after the successes of women were viewed. The laws that restricted married women were put in place because it was still believe that men were superior so they should make the decisions. Only when it wasn’t possible for men to benefit did women get simple rights. The view on women did not really change as women were still limited with men around. While this article can raise objections that the laws promote women independence, the limit on women was still there.

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Heerman, M. Scott. "In a State of Slavery: Black Servitude in Illinois, 1800-1830." Early American Studies (2016): 114-139.

https://www-jstor-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/stable/44630817?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents

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In the text it describes the selling of slaves, particularly in Illinois. An African American, Nance, was held for public auction to be sold to another owner. During the sale, Nance was chained, threatened, and got very sick during the auction. Nance was tried without her consent and was sold to the other owner. Nance took the case to the Sangamon Court where she lost. The case was then taken to the states Supreme Court where she lost again. The court claimed that African Americans should be treated as “good” and can be sold with their own consent. However, the court concluded that Nance gave her consent and the purchase was upheld.

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The United States government is observed again to break their promises. The government claimed to only sell slaves with their consent and that the northern states were free. However, Nance was sold without her own consent and was in a northern state. The government ignored the dangerous treatment slaves received, even after bringing the case to the court. African Americans were not considered to be citizens as the court declared to treat them as “goods”. Not only did the government say they were not citizens, they refused to treat them as citizens. The government did not protect the slaves as they were confronted with the safety of an African American and did nothing about it. Illinois was not the only state that had cases like this as the treatment of slaves was poor throughout the nation.

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The resource refers to the beginning of the United States when describing the rights of women. In the beginning, women were controlled by their marital status and their husbands. The author then describes how the status of women changed as time passed. In the early nineteenth century, women were starting to do physical labor which was difficult for them. Women were still left with unfair treatment compared to the males. At the time it was expected for women to get married and take care of their children. Beginning in the 1830s groups were formed that started to fight for women’s rights.

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Women’s roles in society were unfair from the beginnings of the United States. Women were viewed based on their husbands and were used for the raising of the children. It is likely that women were treated this way because they were viewed of being inferior to men, therefore they shouldn’t receive the same rights. Women were viewed as being intellectually and physically different from men as many other primary sources include. When the view on women was changing groups fought to earn the basic rights that women deserved, with the claim that if all men are equal why aren’t women.

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In this document the slave is pleading to Thomas Jefferson for abolition. The slave gives specific things said that goes against how the government treats different groups of people. One of the things that is citied is the Declaration of Independence when it says that all men are created equal and have unalienable rights. The slave then goes onto describe how certain groups of people do not receive fair treatment. The salve explains how everyone in the nation can not be treated with equality if some of them are getting separate treatments. Women, children, and slaves are the examples used. Slaves were still being used in the South, even if people claimed there was no slavery within the nation.

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In the text David Walker explains how the treatment of colored people in the United States, is the worst treatment any group of people has received. Walker uses questions to show how they are treated as if they have no soul. He shows how they are treated as if they are not human which he believes is the worst comment of them all. Walker believes that the Creator intended for everyone to be treated equal and not a group treated worse.  Walker claims that the United States land is more the colored than the white’s because the colored have put in all the work within the nation, which creates its success. Lastly, Walker quotes the Declaration of Independence and how the government is not abiding by the claims they made that everyone is created equally.

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In the text Sarah is asking fellow women to join her in fighting for their rights. Sarah explains how women are treated unfairly when compared to men because women are only used for male advantages. Sarah explains how men control them with no interest in their happiness or goals in life. Sarah believes that women are meant to be male companions rather than their slaves. Sarah wants other women to side with her and join her in the fight to gain their own rights, freedoms, and opportunities.

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Richard Allen was formerly a slave that bought his own freedom at age 21. Allen formerly attended St. George’s Church along with a group of other blacks. However, one day when service was taking place, the blacks were dragged out of the church to give space for the whites. After that incident, the blacks refused to go back to St. George’s but desperately wanted a place to worship. In the creation of their own church there was much backlash and negativity towards the group of blacks. A leader from their former church claimed that they would disown them for the Methodist religion if they proceeded. Eventually the church was established and opened but 10 years later they were forced to join the Methodist Conference which ultimately gave up their power in the church. Allen and others refused this and voted to leave the Methodist Conference.

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In the Petition by the Cherokee people, the Cherokee are showing the unreliability of the United States. The Cherokee leaders described their tribes advancements after modeling them from the United States. The Cherokee claim to have become more advanced in their civilization, arts, morals, and sciences. The Cherokee were able to become more successful from the promise that the United States made to protect them. At one point the United States claimed to watch over the Cherokee and remove people from their land that were there to take over. However, the United States revoked this promise and left the Cherokee to defend themselves. The Cherokee are trying to show the United States their poor actions in hopes to taking them back in.

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In the text Thomas Jefferson describes the difference between the black and white population and how it makes the blacks inferior to the white. Jefferson lists several topics under body and mind categories. Jefferson claims that blacks have less hair and more odor when compared to the white population. Jefferson relates the black population to an animal many times when describing them. Intellectually Jefferson claims that the blacks are inferior because they do not produce complex thoughts and through their arts the blacks do not provide impressive things.

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In the text Sharon Harris describes the difference between sexes. Harris believes that women are intellectually superior whereas men are physically superior. Harris claims that the women are more intellectually crafted because of all of the tastes they complete that require creativity and hard-work. On the other hand Harris believes that men are just crafted to be physically stronger.

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Abigail Adams begins her letter by talking about the liberty within the Nation. Abigail writes, “it is not founded uptown that generous and Christian principal of doing to others as we would that others should do upon us.” Abigail feels that the women within the country should be treated with more opportunity as the men in the country have too much. Abigail claims that the women within the country “are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.” Abigail also describes the unfair quantity of rights that the men have.

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This document can be used to show how groups of people were treated differently. The slaves were still being taken advantage of in the South, women were being treated unfairly compared to men, and children were forced to work. The government had several different documents or figures claiming that everyone was equal and had rights but that was not true. Different treatments continued throughout early United States because they only viewed white males to be superior to all of groups. Using the other populations, the white males reaped the benefits without any considerations of others lifestyles.

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In a study of many primary and secondary sources, the government of the beginnings of the United States is analyzed. Particularly how the government treated certain groups of people and the rights the belonged to the different populations. In the following documents the rights of women, colored people, and natives were throughly analyzed that resulted in the conclusion that these three groups of people were not considered to be citizens or treated equally to the group of white wealthy males.

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The document by Walker displays the extend he believes that the colored are treated unfairly. By comparing the colored group treatment to the rest of the world, it shows how extreme the treatment is on the colored people. Walker is simply explaining how everyone is created equally by the Creator which should lead to fair treatment to all types of people. Walker also points out that the government does not listen to their own claims that everyone is equal. The colored population received unfair treatment even after the government claimed they were equal.

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With the treatment that women were receiving at the time, they were not represented as being citizens. Women were used only for the male’s advantages leaving no opportunities for them to be successful individually. It is likely that women received this form of treatment because they were viewed as being inferior. Therefore, the women were left to do the less important work when men were provided with several opportunities.

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This document shows the lack of freedom there was for the black population. The United States claimed everyone had rights but they took them away from the black population. The blacks were not able to enjoy being part of a regular church congregation and were forced out of the church because of their race. Even when the blacks tried to create their own church the blacks were met with many comments that left them unsure. It is possible that the white population wanted to limit what the blacks did because they were afraid of their success and what it might look like. Even as time progressed the blacks were still met with unfair conflicts that could’ve impacted the black’s worship all together.

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After looking through several different sources the most helpful and relevant are the letter from Abigail Adams, Thomas Jefferson’s racism, David Walker Demands Emancipation, Sarah Grimke Calls for Women’s Rights, The Origins of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, In a State of Slavery, and The Legal Status of Women. All of these sources provide relevant information on how the different groups were treated unfairly. While some of the documents overlap in the others, some even provide insight as to how the groups fought for their equality.

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This document shows that while the United States made promises to protect and take in different groups of people, the promises were not fulfilled. The Cherokee tribe modeled their own population to be like the United States after realizing their success. However, when the United States betrayed the Cherokee tribe all together, it showed their lack of interest in assisting the Cherokee population. The United States did not intend for the Cherokee to be citizens which is way they left them all together.

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In the comparison of men in women, Harris expresses why women should be treated with equality. Harris believes that both sexes have different advantages which shows how each should get rights. When describing the differences between the sexes, it also allows for other to interpret that the sexes should work together. If both groups of people receive rights and bring their strengthens together, then overall the advancements will be greater.

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Abigail’s letter gives insight into how women were treated in the eighteenth century, following Independence. Women were treated inferior to men because of their sex, not because of the work performance. The women were never provided with opportunities or the chance to make a difference which is why they threatened to revolt. The men had too much power which the women viewed as being negative and threatening as they could’ve taken all of the power for granted. The people of the nation did not initially include the women of the United States as the men obtained most of the power and rights available.

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Park, Roberta J. "" Embodied Selves": The Rise and Development of Concern for Physical Education, Active Games and Recreation for American Women, 1776-1865." Journal of Sport History 5, no. 2 (1978): 5-41.

https://www-jstor-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/stable/43608920?seq=5#metadata_info_tab_contents