# data[].attributes.body
READ PAGES 55 - 59 (end in middle of the page) 

# data[].attributes.headline
What connections can you make to what we've read so far? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What connections can you make to what we've read so far? 

# data[].attributes.headline
Racial Restrictive Covenants Map Seattle/King County

# data[].attributes.subject
Racial Restrictive Covenants Map Seattle/King County

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This interactive map shows just some of the subdivisions (developer-platted micro neighborhoods) known to have been racially restricted through deed provisions or restrictive covenants. It is incomplete. We have searched less than half of the property records for the years (1923 and 1950) when restrictions were legally enforceable. Do not assume that blank areas were free of restrictions. Dot size roughly corresponds to the number of properties covered by restrictions in a platted subdivision (ranging from single lots to 966 properties) but the dots do not follow the boundaries of the subdivision. Explanation of data continues below. The maps are hosted by Tableau Public and may take a few seconds to respond. If slow, refresh the page.

Data and credits
These maps and lists are derived from our database of racial restrictive covenants. Examining the microfilmed files of the King County Recorder's Office and King County Archives, we have uncovered more than 500 deeds and covenants containing racial restrictions that apply to at least 20,000 properties. Dots on the map are centered in an intersection in the named plat and are sized to indicate the number of parcels covered by the restriction. Consult the database to read copies of the restrictive documents.

The database is incomplete. We have examined roughly 40 percent of the microfilm for the years in which deed restrictions were common (1923-1950). Two teams of UW students began the project. Carolyn Lind was the first section coordinator and personally located almost half of these restrictions. In Spring 2005, she was joined by Karen Oliver, Pauline Chardoul-Sutter, Susan Griffith, Dien Luu, and Doug Marcoux who sampled deeds registered between 1925 and 1935 as a class project for HSTAA 353. In Spring 2006, BreeAnn Larios, Marco Vargas, Rebecca Gray, Tracie Newbins, Amber Price, Nichole Murray, and Jonathan Brooks collected restrictions that had been registered between 1941 and 1948. Additional cases were drawn from Katharine I. Grant Pankey, "Restrictive Covenants in Seattle: A Case Study in Race Relations," a student research project conducted in 1947 [UW Special Collections Library].

More recently, Greg Lange, archivist at the King County Archives, has located dozens of additional covenants. Amanda Miller and Katherine Cavanaugh have found others and manage the database.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Racial Restrictive Covenants - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This interactive map shows just some of the subdivisions (developer-platted micro neighborhoods) known to have been racially restricted through deed provisions or restrictive covenants. It is incomplete. We have searched less than half of the property records for the years (1923 and 1950) when restrictions were legally enforceable.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mapping Race Seattle/King County 1940-2010

# data[].attributes.subject
Mapping Race Seattle/King County 1940-2010

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore race and residential patterns in this sequence of interactive maps. Move through the decades from 1950-2010. Select a race category, either by number of residents or percentage. Click a census tract for detailed information about a neighborhood which appears in the "Tract populations" window in middle column. These maps are hosted by Tableau Public and may take a few seconds to respond. If slow, refresh the page.

Please also see our decade-by- decade description of population changes and racial segregation/desegration illustrated with screenshots from these maps [here]

See below for sources, credits, and definitions.

These maps and tables were created by Anna Yoon, Brian Lam, Gihoon Du, Jiang Wu, and Yurika Harada using data and shape files from the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS). The work was a class project for Geography 469 GIS Workshop taught by Professor Sarah Elwood-Faustino Spring 2017.

Source: calculated from Steven Manson, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, and Steven Ruggles. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 12.0 [Database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. 2017. http://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V12.0

Glossary: The Census Bureau adds and adjusts the boundaries of census tracts nearly every decade. It also changes the data it reports and often the racial categories. We have changed some labels for the sake of consistency and brevity. Below are the labels used in these visualizations and the actual terms used by census takers.

Note: The Census Bureau adds and adjusts the boundaries of census tracts nearly every decade. It also changes the data it reports and often the racial categories. For 1940, all nonwhites were reported as a combined category. In 1950, this became two categories, "Negroes" and "Other races." Since most of the "others" would have been Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos with small numbers of Native Americans, we relabeled this as "Asian/other races." From 1960 on the Census Bureau reported each Asian nationality separately, but stopped the practice after 2000. It was not until 1970 that a reliable set of questions identified people of Hispanic heritage. That is also when Native Americans were first identified in census tract data.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mapping Race Seattle/King County 1940-2010

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore patterns of segregation and desegregation in this sequence of interactive maps. Select a race category. Click a census tract for information about a neighborhood. Here are some things to notice: The Central Area served as a ghetto for all peoples of color until the late 1970s. Since then, ...

# data[].attributes.body
Here are maps of where Japanese Americans, African Americans, and Chinese Americans lived in 1920 and 1960 and where Native Americans and Filipino Americans lived in 1960.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please see the main page of Race and Segregation maps 1920-2010. Here are two sets of historic maps. First a sequence by sociologist Calvin Schmid showing race distributions in 1920 and 1960. Below that is a set of rare maps by Paul Hatt showing the residences of racial groups and Jewish families in Central Seattle in 1939.

Here are maps of where Japanese Americans, African Americans, and Chinese Americans lived in 1920 and 1960 and where Native Americans and Filipino Americans lived in 1960. Click on the individual maps to see enlarged versions.

African Americans

Chinese Americans

Filipino Americans and Native Americans 1960

Japanese Americans

1939 Central Seattle maps

Sociologist Paul Hatt mapped the residential patterns of Seattle's minority communities in the downtown and central neighborhoods of Seattle using data collected in WPA Seattle Residential Survey. These detailed maps show each household and aare especailly valuable for showing the concentration of Jewish families.Source: Paul Kichener Hatt, "A Study of Natural Areas in the Central Residential District of Seattle" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1945).

Sources: The 1920 and 1960 Seattle maps are from Calvin F. Schmid, Charles E. Nobbe, and Arlene E. Mitchell, Nonwhite Races, State of Washington (Olympia WA, 1968). The 1939 maps are from Paul Kichener Hatt, "A Study of Natural Areas in the Central Residential District of Seattle" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1945)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please see the main page of Race and Segregation maps 1920-2010. Here are two sets of historic maps. First a sequence by sociologist Calvin Schmid showing race distributions in 1920 and 1960. Below that is a set of rare maps by Paul Hatt showing the residences of racial groups and Jewish families in Central Seattle in 1939.