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The Arctic is located at the very northern part of the globe, and unlike Antarctica has permanent residence. In fact, millions of people live in the Arctic, and have indigenous people, who have come to terms with the harsh, cold weather. Different types of animals that are found in the Arctic are plankton, fish, and marine animals, birds, and lands animals such as bears. The flora that appears in the Arctic is things like small shrubs herbs, mosses, and lichens, which all grow close to the ground. Trees are unable to grow in the Arctic, but sometimes in the warmer parts shrubs grow up to 2 metres high. In the colder parts of the Arctic, there is barely and vegetation at all. The average temperature in winter is -40oC, and the average temperature in summer is 3oC to 12oC. The indigenous people that lived i9n the Arctic are called the Arctic small tool tradition, and are believed to have been there from circa 2500 BC. They had Paleo-Eskimo cultures and the Dorset culture. Some of the major threats that the Arctic has is pollution, and climate change, as it is melting the ice caps killing wildlife and ruining the environment.

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Niagara Falls is three waterfalls at the end of the Niagara Gorge, which is located between Ontario and New York, in the United States of America. The names of the three waterfalls are Horseshoe Falls, also known as Canadian Falls that is the biggest, and is located between the Canadian and American border, American Falls, which is located in the United States, and Bridal Veil Falls, which is also located in the United States. If you combine the waterfalls, they have the highest flow rate of all waterfalls in North America. The drop of Horseshoe Falls is approximately 57 metres, whereas the drop of the American Falls is between 21 and 30 metres. Horseshoe Falls gets its water from Lake Erie, and has an average annual flow rate of 2,400 cubic metres per second. Niagara Falls was created 10,000 years ago by the Wisconsin glaciation. The Niagara Falls is being used for hydroelectric power, and has been used for hydroelectric power since around 1853, when there was a mining company. Some fauna and flora that can be found at Niagara Falls are moose, beavers, eagles, wolves, caribou, and rodents, as well as several species of beautifully coloured flowers and plants. If you were to visit Niagara Falls the best time to visit is from June to September, as the weather isn’t too cold or too hot.

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Darling River, New South Wales, Australia

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Darling River, New South Wales, Australia

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Darling River, New South Wales, Australia

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The Darling River is located in New South Wales, near the east coast of the New South Wales- Queensland border.  Measuring to 1472km, the Darling River is the longest river in Australia, and has an average gradient of 16mm per kilometre. Indigenous Australians have live along Darling river for thousands of years, but the Darling Downs was colonized from 1815. The Darling River had dried up at least 45 times between 1885 and 1960, and this year at least 1 million fish had died due to a pipe leak. The Darling River flows mostly southwest across New South Wales, and joins the Murray River, along the Victorian border.  The Darling River receives less than 250 mm of rain every year, and loses more water to evaporation, then it gains. There are an approximately 113 species, 101 of which are native to Australia. 25 of the 101 native species have gone missing and 8 species are extinct.  Rodents, horses, donkeys, camels, foxes, and rabbits are examples of some of the animals that were introduced, and are now classified as pests. There are several wetlands that provide a significant value to the animals along the Darling River, as they provide breeding sites, food sources, and without them there would be less animals and plants.

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Arctic

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Antarctica is the most southern continent in the world, and has no permanent residence. The only people that stay in Antarctica are scientist and tourists. This is because Antarctica is virtually impossible to live in, as there are no towns, cities, or commercial industries. In summer, there are usually around 50 people in the small scientific bases, but when winter comes around, there are usually only 15 to 20 people. This also means that there have never been any native Antarcticans. Antarctica has been isolated from the rest of the world for around 35 million years, and it wasn’t until 1820 when people had seen Antarctica for the first time. Two places that sometimes are referred to as towns is the Villa Las Estrellas base, and the Argentinian Esperanza base, both of which have school, gyms, and medical facilities. The temperature in Antarctica is very cold as summer goes on for 4 months, and winter goes on for 8 months. The average annual temperature is between -10oC and -60oC. The amount of tourists that visit Antarctica have dropped, simply because of the ban of big ships, as a precaution of oil spillage. In the peak season of 2016-17, there were approximately 44,000 tourists. Some flora are lichens, bryophytes, mosses, fungi and algae. Some fauna are several species of penguins, whales, seals, and birds.

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Thor’s Cave is located in the Manifold Valley, in Staffordshire, England, and was opened in 1937. The length of the cave is 46m and is 265m tall. The cave goes 80 metres below the earth’s surface and has an entrance10 metres high. There is evidence that shows that 10,000 years ago, the cave was most likely occupied by either Roman or Saxon times. Tools and the remains of extinct animals were found inside the cave, as well as the bodies of seven people. This makes Thor’s Cave one of the oldest place to have proof of human activity in the Peak District.  Many tourists visit Thor’s Cave for hiking, as there are several hiking tracks that you can go on. The whole hike is 9.2km and goes on for about 2-3 hours. Not only this, but the cave is also used by rock climbers, who have been climbing there since the early 1950’s. The cave has also been featured in movies, and the album cover of a 2 albums. The best time to visit Thor’s Cave is during the months of when it is in summer and spring, as in winter it can rain a lot, making it harder to hike.

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Cutta Cutta Caves Nature Park, Stuart Highway, Katherine NT, Australia

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Cutta Cutta Caves Nature Park, Stuart Highway, Katherine NT, Australia

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Cutta Cutta Caves Nature Park, Stuart Highway, Katherine NT, Australia

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Cutta Cutta Caves are located in the Northern Territory, and formed millions of years ago. They are found 15 metres beneath the earth’s surface, and are still expanding to this day.  The Cutta Cutta Caves Nature Park has a total area of 1499 hectares. There are an assortment of native wildlife found in the Cutta Cutta Caves, some of which include the brown tree snake and the orange horseshoe bat, which is extremely rare. Most of the flora that is found in the Cutta Cutta Caves is eucalyptus trees or shrubs. Cutta Cutta means many stars in Jawoyn. The Aboriginals thought that the Cutta Cutta Caves is where the stars were kept during the day. Tourists have visited Cutta Cutta Caves since the early 1900’s. Cutta Cutta Cave’s wet season starts in October and ends in April. The dry season starts in May and ends in September. Over the wet season, the Cutta Cutta Cave’s collect about 948mm of rain; compared to the dry season that only collects less than 43mm of rain. The average annual rainfall in the Cutta Cutta Caves is 972mm. The average temperature in the wet season is between 33oC to 37oC, and in the dry season the average temperature is 30oC to 35oC.

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The Canadian Rockies are a mountain range in Canada, called the Rocky Mountains, and is part of the Banff National Park. It extends to 1600 km, and has a height of 3350 metres.

The average amount of tourists that visit the Banff National Park is approximately 4 million visitors every year, and the town of Banff has approximately 8,500 permanent residence.

The coldest months for the Canadian Rockies are December and January, the warmest months are July, August and September, and the wettest months are May and June. The average temperature for the month of July, which is the warmest month, is 14.5oC, and the average temperature for January, which is the coldest month is -12oC. The average annual rainfall is 521mm. The month with the highest amount of snow is December, with an average of 43.9cm of snowfall, and the months with the lowest amount of snowfall is July and August, with an average of 0cm of snowfall. There are several different species of flora and fauna that are found in the Canadian Rockies, some of which include grizzly bears, cougars, sheep, and different species of squirrels. Some of the fauna that is found in the Canadian Rockies is different species of orchids, different species of locoweed, hairbell, flax, and brown-eyed susan.

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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The Blue Mountains is a mountain range located in New South Wales. There are over 400 species of fauna that can be found in the mountain range, sixteen of which are amphibian, thirty-two are reptiles, one hundred and thirty are species of birds, and seventeen are mammals.There are numerous amounts of flora that appear in the Blue Mountains, some of which include flowers and weeds. The Three Sisters is an Aboriginal landmark that is located at Echo Point, in Katoomba. According to the Aboriginal legend, the Three Sisters were three sisters that fell in love with three brothers from another tribe, and because of tribal law, they weren’t allowed to get married. The brothers then kidnapped the sisters and caused a war. The witchdoctor turned the sisters into stone to keep them safe, but died so he couldn’t reverse the spell, hence them still being rock. The Blue Mountains receive more than 4 million visitors every year, and has a population of approximately 79,000 people. The temperature for the Blue Mountains varies, depending on where you are located on the mountain. The average temperature in winter (June, July, and August) in the top of the mountains is about 5oC, and in summer (December, January, February) it is 18oC. The average annual amount of rainfall in the upper regions of the blue mountains is 1050mm of rain, whereas the lower region of the mountains is only 850mm of rain.

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The Gobi Desert is a desert located in central Asia, extending across Mongolia and China. The desert consists of sand and rock, and little vegetation. The only vegetation that occurs in the Gobi Desert is all species of shrub or low hanging trees, most of which grows along the riverbed. The desert contains sedimentary rocks that contain sedimentary rocks that are approximately 66 million years old. It also contains fossils from dinosaurs from the Mesozoic Era, which was around 252 to 66 million years ago. There are also sites that were lived in by ancient civilisations, and the artifacts that remain are 35,000 years old. Fauna found in the Gobi Desert is wild camels, gazelles, antelope, and the przewalki’s horse, which is most likely to be extinct in the wild. There are also rodents and reptiles. The population of the Gobi Desert is less than one person per square kilometer, most of whom are there for cattle raising. The averaged hottest months are June, July and August, and the averaged coolest month is January. July is also the wettest month, even though it only rains around 3 to 6 times in that month. January, February, March, April, May, September, October, November, and December are the months that are most likely to have dry periods.

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Great Sandy Desert, Telfer WA, Australia

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Great Sandy Desert, Telfer WA, Australia

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Great Sandy Desert, Telfer WA, Australia

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The Great Sandy Desert is located in northwest and central Australia, and is the second largest desert in Australia. It rains little, meaning that for the most part it is hot and dry. The two seasons occur in the Great Sandy Desert, wet season and dry season. The wet season starts in November and ends in May, and the dry season starts in June and ends in October. In the wet season, the average temperature is 29.2oC to 38.8oC, and in the dry season, the average temperature is 26.2oC to 36.9oC. The average annual rainfall is 301.8mm. The wettest month is February, with an average of 8 days of rain for the whole month. The month estimated with the least amount of rainfall is August, with only an average of 0.5 days of rain. Uluru is momentous to the Aboriginals, and stands 1148 feet above the ground. Wolfe Creek Crater is also quite an extraordinary place as this is where an asteroid weighing 55,000-ton hit the earth around 300,000 years ago. Most of the people that live in the Great Sandy Desert are Indigenous Australians, or people who are there to work in the mines. The Indigenous Australians however falls into two contrasting tribes, in the east the Pintupi and in the west the Martu.

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Halong Bay Vietnam, Bai Chay, Hạ Long, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam

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Halong Bay Vietnam, Bai Chay, Hạ Long, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam

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Halong Bay Vietnam, Bai Chay, Hạ Long, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam

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Halong Bay was listed as a world heritage site in 1994 for the distinguishable limestone mountains. These mountains are famous because unlike most limestone mountains, the ones in Halong Bay are lifted above water. It is the most visited place by tourists in north Vietnam, with millions of people coming to visit every year. The number of tourists has however damaged the environment.  There is a high amount of pollution in the water at Halong Bay, as every day there are hundreds of boats on the water at a time. There is also a high safety concern in Halong Bay, as the government does not have decent safety regulations or standards. The inadequacy of these safety regulations has caused numerous injuries and deaths. Halong Bay consists of approximately 1969 islands and islets, which has taken 500 different stories of how the bay originated, both following the same plot. A dragon stomps on the earth, creating the islands million years to form. The population of Halong Bay is over 1,600 people, who live on boats and floating houses. From March to May it is Spring, from June to September it is Summer, October to December, Autumn, and January to February Winter.  The amount of annual rainfall in Halong Bay is between 2000-2200mm. There are two Chinese and Vietnamese pirates up until the 19th century were using the bay, and artifacts suggest that there was a culture that developed 10,000 years ago.

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The Sunshine Coast is a lovely tourist attraction, but also a spectacular place to live. With numerous beaches and several tourist attractions, the Sunshine Coast is a place that you should visit. Some of the tourist attractions that are on the Sunshine Coast are the Big Pineapple, the Australia Zoo, Sunshine Coast Aquarium, and the Glass House Mountains. Some of the beaches are Noosa Main Beach, Dicky Beach, Sunshine Beach, Kings Beach and Bulcock Beach. The Glass House Mountains are significant to the Aboriginal people, as this is where their ancestors came for trading and ceremonies and some ceremonies still occur there today. Not only is the Sunshine Coast all about the beaches, but there are also several forests. Some of those are the Kondalila National Park, Conondale National Park, and Buderim Forest Park. A native fauna that lives on the Glass House Mountains, and is close to extinction is the Black-Cockatoo.  There is 2360 native flora, and 700 native fauna to the Sunshine Coast.   The population of the Sunshine Coast is over 350,000, with an estimated 3.2 million tourists visiting every year. The Sunshine Coast is the third most popular place in Queensland and the ninth most popular place in Australia. The average weather for summer is around 28o C and for winter, the average is 20o C. The average annual rainfall for the Sunshine Coast is 1497.7mm.  The Sunshine Coast is a lovely tourist attraction, but also a spectacular place to live. With numerous beaches and several tourist attractions, the Sunshine Coast is a place that you should visit. Some of the tourist attractions that are on the Sunshine Coast are the Big Pineapple, the Australia Zoo, Sunshine Coast Aquarium, and the Glass House Mountains. Some of the beaches are Noosa Main Beach, Dicky Beach, Sunshine Beach, Kings Beach and Bulcock Beach. The Glass House Mountains are significant to the Aboriginal people, as this is where their ancestors came for trading and ceremonies and some ceremonies still occur there today. Not only is the Sunshine Coast all about the beaches, but there are also several forests. Some of those are the Kondalila National Park, Conondale National Park, and Buderim Forest Park. A native fauna that lives on the Glass House Mountains, and is close to extinction is the Black-Cockatoo.  There is 2360 native flora, and 700 native fauna to the Sunshine Coast.   The population of the Sunshine Coast is over 350,000, with an estimated 3.2 million tourists visiting every year. The Sunshine Coast is the third most popular place in Queensland and the ninth most popular place in Australia. The average weather for summer is around 28o C and for winter, the average is 20o C. The average annual rainfall for the Sunshine Coast is 1497.7mm.