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Różnice w klasie - jak sobie z tym radzić? Jak stworzyć grupę.

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Każde dziecko jest inne, ale razem tworzą jedną grupę - jak pracować z różnicami w klasach?

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Trudny uczeń w klasie.

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Uczeń z trudnymi zachowaniami w klasie – co możemy zrobić, aby pomóc?

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Webinar: pozytywna dyscyplina uczniów

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Certyfikowana Edukatorka Pozytywnej Dyscypliny dla Rodziców oraz Pozytywnej Dyscypliny w klasie (certyfikacja stowarzyszenia Positive Discipline Association PDA w Stanach Zjednoczonych), członek PDA, z wykształcenia dr nauk ekonomicznych, obecnie w trakcie magisterskich studiów psychologicznych na Uniwersytecie Humanistycznym SWPS, prywatnie mama dwóch synów (12 i 8 lat) i córki (2 lata).

Prowadzi warsztaty dla rodziców i przygotowuje uruchomienie warsztatów PD dla nauczycieli/wychowawców w przedszkolach i szkołach. Warsztaty skierowane są do osób, dla których wychowanie dzieci wydaje się poważnym wyzwaniem i którzy w bardziej świadomy sposób chcieliby wspierać dzieci w stawaniu się coraz bardziej odpowiedzialnymi, samodzielnymi, empatycznymi i świadomymi swojej wartości młodymi ludźmi.

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Certyfikowana Edukatorka Pozytywnej Dyscypliny dla Rodziców oraz Pozytywnej Dyscypliny w klasie (certyfikacja stowarzyszenia Positive Discipline Association PDA w Stanach Zjednoczonych), członek PDA, z wykształcenia dr nauk ekonomicznych, obecnie w trakcie magisterskich studiów psychologicznych na Uniwersytecie Humanistycznym SWPS, prywatnie mama dwóch synów (12 i 8 lat) i córki (2 lata).

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Persian Gulf - naming dispute.

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The Persian Gulf naming dispute is concerned with the name of the body of water known historically and internationally as the Persian Gulf ( Persian: خلیج فارس‎), after the land of Persia (the Western exonym for Iran). This name has become contested by some Arab countries since the 1960s in connection with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, resulting in the invention of the toponym "Arabian Gulf" ( Arabic: الخليج العربي‎) (used in some Arab countries), "the Gulf" and other alternatives such as the "Gulf of Basra", as it was known during the Ottoman rule of the region.

On almost all maps printed before 1960, and in most modern international treaties, documents and maps, this body of water is known by the name " Persian Gulf" (see #Persian Gulf or equivalent). This reflects traditional usage since the Greek geographers Strabo and Ptolemy, and the geopolitical realities of the time with a powerful Persian Empire comprising the whole northern coastline and a scattering of local emirates on the Arabian coast. It was referred to as the Persian Gulf by the Arabic Christian writer Agapius, writing in the 10th century.

According to authors Philip L. Kohl, Mara Kozelsky, and Nachman Ben-Yehuda in their work Selective Remembrances, Sir Charles Belgrave (British adviser to the ruler of Bahrain) was "the first westerner to use and advocate the name 'Arabian gulf', first in the journal Soat al-Bahrain ( Voice of Bahrain) in 1955." Mahan Abedin of The Jamestown Foundation agrees with this, noting that Arab countries used the term "Persian Gulf" until the 1960s. However, with the rise of Arab nationalism during that decade, some Arab countries, including the ones bordering the Gulf, adopted widespread use of the term الخليج العربي ( al-Khalīj al-ʻArabī; Arab Gulf or Arabian Gulf) to refer to this waterway. Teymoor Nabili (a senior presenter for Al Jazeera English) said "ironically, among the major drivers of the movement for change were Arab perceptions that Iran, driven by Washington, had supported Israel during the Arab-Israeli war of 1973". This, coupled with the decreasing influence of Iran on the political and economic priorities of the English-speaking Western World, led to increasing acceptance, both in regional politics and the mostly petroleum-related business, of the new alternative naming convention "Arabian Gulf" in Arab countries.

The capture of Baghdad by the Ottoman Empire in 1534 gave Turkey access to the Indian Ocean via the port of Basra at the head of the Persian Gulf. This coincided with the early mapmaking efforts of Gerard Mercator, whose 1541 terrestrial globe attempts to give the most up-to-date information, naming the gulf Sinus Persicus, nunc Mare de Balsera ("Persian Gulf, now Sea of Basra"). However, on his world map of 1569, the name is changed to Mare di Mesendin (after the peninsula Ra's Musandam, in modern-day Oman), while his rival Abraham Ortelius, for the world atlas of 1570, opted for Mare El Catif, olim Sinus Persicus (after the Arabian port of Al Qatif), but labelled the entrance to the gulf - the present-day Strait of Hormuz - as Basora Fretum (Strait of Basra). Among all this confusion, the old name gradually reasserted itself in the 17th century, but Turkey still uses the name "Gulf of Basra" in Turkish today.

Following British attempts to control the seaway in the late 1830s, the Times Journal, published in London in 1840, referred to the Persian Gulf as the "Britain Sea", but this name was never used in any other context.

The matter remains very contentious as the competing naming conventions are supported by certain governments in internal literature, but also in dealings with other states and international organizations. Some parties use terms like "The Gulf" or the "Arabo-Persian Gulf". Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 some people in Islamic groups suggested the use of "Islamic Gulf" or "Muslim Gulf". The originator of the term Islamic Gulf is not known, while some people suggest that prominent figures of the early years of the Islamic republic including Ruhollah Khomeini, Mehdi Bazargan, and Sadegh Khalkhali may have supported the idea. Khalkhali in his May 1979 visit to the UAE suggested the term "Muslim Gulf". The idea was quickly abandoned after Iran was invaded by its predominantly Muslim neighbor, Iraq.

In Arab countries the terms "Gulf" and "Arabian Gulf" are preferred:

The "Gulf" refers to the body of water known as the Arabian Gulf in GCC countries, or the Persian Gulf as referred to in many other places.

Iran only uses the term "Persian Gulf" and does not recognize the naming when it is referred to as "Arabian Gulf" or just the "Gulf". Iran does not consider the latter an impartial usage, and views it as an active contribution to the abandonment of the historical name.

In a 1974 interview by Mike Wallace in , the last Shah of Iran himself preferred the term "Persian Gulf" while talking to Wallace. In February 2010 Iran threatened to ban from its airspace foreign airlines, especially those from the Gulf region, who did not use the term "Persian Gulf". In 2011 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made a speech to the United Nations General Assembly during which he said that the only correct name of the sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula was the Persian Gulf, and he dismissed the use of any other names as illegitimate and void.

Iran designates 30 April as National Persian Gulf Day. The date coincides with the anniversary of Abbas I of Persia's successful military campaign when the Portuguese navy was driven out of the Strait of Hormuz in the Capture of Ormuz (1622). The decision was taken by the High Council of Cultural Revolution, presided over by former President Mohammad Khatami, noting that the campaign launched in 2009 by certain Arab states to rename Persian Gulf was the driver behind the decision. The Iranian postal authority has issued a series of stamps commemorating the day.

Arab states of the Persian Gulf prefer the use of the term "Arabian Gulf".

Abdel Khaleq al-Janabi, a Saudi Arabian historian, said "It's this name [Persian Gulf] that has been retained by history books and Arab historians, like Ibn Khaldoun and Ibn al Athir. It's also in treaties signed between the governors of the gulf and the British who dominated the region from the beginning of the 20th century ... From a scientific and historical point of view, it has been called the Persian Gulf since Alexander the Great". He said that it was "without foundation" to claim the Romans named it "Arabian Gulf". "Things didn't change until Nasser came to power and the rise of Arab nationalism. The Arabs then began to use the name 'Arabian Gulf'", he added.

In an interview with Al Wasat, Bahraini writer Hussain al-Baharna said one of the reasons for the dispute over naming the "Arabian Gulf as the Persian Gulf" is that the Red Sea was named Arabian Gulf back then, which "prevented the Arabian Gulf from being named as Arabian Gulf, and instead the name Persian Gulf became common".

According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name (pp 92-98), the United Nations Secretariat and its specialized agencies have requested its staff to use only "Persian Gulf" as a standard geographical designation.

The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names discussed the naming issue during its 23rd session, held in Vienna from 28 March to 4 April 2006. According to the report of the meeting, "It is interesting that from among 6000 existing historical maps published up to 1890, there are only three maps mentioning the names of Basreh Gulf, Ghatif Gulf, and Arabic Gulf, in addition to which the name of small gulfs located at the coast with local utilization can be also named such as Chah Bahar Gulf, Siraf Gulf, Basreh Gulf, Ghatif Gulf, Bahrain Gulf,.... but such names are not applied to the entirety of the Persian Gulf. It is obvious that the promotional use by the Arabs of the three aforementioned maps, whose identity and originality are not clear, in comparison with 6000 maps and more than 200 historical and tourism books from Irastus to Herodotus to Estakhri and Ibn Houghal, who have all called the water body, Persian Gulf, shall lack any value."

The report further notes that "any change, destruction, or alteration of the names registered in historical deeds and maps is like the destruction of ancient works and is considered as an improper action. Therefore, the names of geographical features profiting from a unique historical identity, should not be utilized as political instruments in reaching a political, tribal, and racial objective, or in any clash with national interests and other's values," and finally concludes "...it is worth mentioning that the name of Persian Gulf has been admitted in all the live languages of the world so far and all the countries throughout the world, name this Iranian Sea, just in the language of the people: Persian Gulf. Even our Arab brothers do not need to alter a historical name to have a gulf of their own, because there had been a gulf in their own name previously mentioned in the historical and geographical works and drawings, which is called at present the Red Sea (Bahr Ahmar)."

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), an international body for provision of hydrographic information for worldwide marine navigation and other purposes, uses the name "Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf)" for this body of water, in its standard S-23 (Limits of Oceans and Seas), section 41, published in 1953.

The United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency GEOnet Names Server (GNS) is the "official repository of standard spellings of all foreign place names" sanctioned by the Board of Geographical Names (BGN). The GNS lists "Persian Gulf" as the Conventional name, along with 14 Variant names in different languages, such as "Gulf of Iran", "Gulf of Ajam", "Gulf of Basra", "Arabian Gulf", "Persian-Arabian Gulf", "Gulf of Fars", and "Farsi Gulf".

In Persian Gulf States Country Studies published in 1993 by the Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress, the authors follow the practise of the BGN by using "Persian Gulf" while acknowledging that the governments of Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Bahrain "officially reject the use of the term Persian Gulf-as do other Arab governments-and refer to that body of water as the Arabian Gulf".

Since about 1991, due to increased cooperation with Arab states of the Persian Gulf, various branches of the United States armed forces have issued directives to their members to use the "Arabian Gulf" when operating in the area to follow local conventions ("Persian Gulf" is still used in official publications and websites). The practice of the United States Fifth Fleet, based in Bahrain, is to use "Arabian Gulf":

It is commonly understood to be a friendly gesture of solidarity and support for our host nation of Bahrain and our other Gulf Cooperation Council partners in the region to use the term they prefer

-  Spokesman for the United States Fifth Fleet,

The National Geographic Society uses the name Persian Gulf to refer to this body of water. In 2004, the society published a new edition of its National Geographic Atlas of the World using the term "Arabian Gulf" as an alternative name (in smaller type and in parentheses) for "Persian Gulf". This resulted in heavy protests by many Iranians, especially the Internet user community and the Iranology Academy, which led to the Iranian government acting on the issue and banning the distribution of the society's publications in Iran. On 30 December 2004, the society reversed its decision and published an Atlas Update, removing the parenthetical reference and adding a note: "Historically and most commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is referred to by some as the Arabian Gulf."

The 2000 AP Stylebook elaborates: Persian Gulf is the "long-established name" and the best choice. "Some Arab nations call it the Arabian Gulf. Use Arabian Gulf only in direct quotations and explain in the text that the body of water is more commonly known as the Persian Gulf."

In 2004, the Persian Gulf-naming dispute was the subject of a Google bomb by an Iranian blogger named Pendar Yousefi. This was the combined efforts of hundreds of bloggers, webmasters and Persian forums who pointed links with the word Arabian Gulf to a spoof error page found at this link.

Some atlases and media outlets have taken to referring to "The Gulf" without any adjectival qualification. This usage is followed by the BBC and The Times Atlas of the World. Iran does not consider this an impartial usage and views it as an active contribution to abandonment of the historical name. In June 2006, Iran banned the sale of The Economist for the above reason, after a map in the magazine labeled the Persian Gulf as "The Gulf". The magazine repeated this act in its 18 February 2010 article titled "Iraq, Iran and the Politics of Oil: Crude Diplomacy". It also used the name "Arabian Gulf" in the same article.

Google had previously put both Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf on its Google Maps. After May 2012, it removed both names from the body of water stating that it does not name every place in the world and that it did not want to take a political stance. Iranians complained about the change and started a Twitter campaign asking "Where's the Persian Gulf?". Google Earth continues to show both names, unless viewed through a server from a Gulf Coast Arab country, in which case it labels it simply "Arabian Gulf."

A planned second Islamic Solidarity Games in Iran, originally scheduled to take place in October 2009, and later rescheduled for April 2010, was canceled when the Arab World and Iran could not agree over the use of the term "Persian Gulf" in logos and medals for the Games.

In association football, the top tier of the Iranian football league system was named the Persian Gulf Cup in August 2006 to promote the Persian naming. The Iran national football team does not take part in the Arabian Gulf Cup for national teams surrounding the waters.

The top football league in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was founded in 1973 as the UAE Football League. In 2007, the name was changed to UAE Pro-League. Starting from the 2013-14 season the name was changed to UAE Arabian Gulf League, as well as their League Cup and Super Cup competitions. The name change has been viewed as a revival of the Persian Gulf naming dispute with Iran accusing the United Arab Emirates of racism, and the Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran barring the transfer of Javad Nekounam to a UAE club. Similarly, the Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation was founded in 2016 for the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

Arabian Gulf, Sea of Musandam, Gulf of Basra or Gulf of Qatif

1. ^ Eilts, Hermann F. (Autumn 1980). "Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf". International Security. Vol. 5, No. 2. pp. 79-113.

2. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (1980). "The Nomenclature of the Persian Gulf". In Cottrell, Alvin J. (ed.). The Persian Gulf States: A General Survey. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xvii-xxxvi. Not until the early 1960s does a major new development occur with the adoption by the Arab states bordering on the Gulf of the expression al-Khalij al-Arabi as a weapon in the psychological war with Iran for political influence in the Gulf; but the story of these events belongs to a subsequent chapter on modern political and diplomatic history of the Gulf. (p. xxxiii.)

3. ^ "The Coast of Arabia the Red Sea, and Persian Sea of Bassora Past the Straits of Hormuz to India, Gujarat and Cape Comorin". 1707.

4. ^ Spotlight on Regional Affairs. 1-9. 25. Institute of Regional Studies. 2006. pp. 1-2. Since the 1960s, there has been a dispute over the name of the Persian Gulf, namely, whether in the Arabic language it should be called the ... In possibly every map printed before 1960 and in most modern international treaties, documents and maps, this body of water is known by the name 'Persian Gulf, reflecting traditional usage since the Greek geographers Strabo and Ptolemy, and the geopolitical realities of the time with a powerful Persian ...

5. ^ Kohl, Philip L.; Mara Kozelsky; Nachman Ben-Yehuda (2007). Selective Remembrances: Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts. University of Chicago Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-226-45059-9.

6. ^ Alai, Cyrus (7 February 2012) [15 December 2000]. "Geography iv. Cartography of Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica. After World War II, some circles decided to change the name of the Persian Gulf to Arabian Gulf. Although the government of Persia opposed the move vehemently, in some editions of a few maps and atlases the term Persian was omitted, leaving only 'The Gulf' (e.g., The Times Atlas, p. 39), while the historical term Persian Gulf mostly remained intact, as in the National Geographic Atlas. (p. 77; fig. 7.)

7. ^ Milani, Mohsen M. (30 March 2012) [15 December 2006]. "Iraq vi. Pahlavi Period, 1921-79". Encyclopædia Iranica. ...Iraqi troops began to engage their Iranian counterparts in border skirmishes. Iraq once again called for 'liberation' of the Khuzestan province from 'Persian occupiers,' and began to use the term 'Arabian Gulf,' rather than Persian Gulf....

8. ^ "Picture of Gamal Abdel Nasser's Handwritten Letter, Using the Term Persian Gulf". Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

9. ^ Ortelius, Abraham. "Map of Turkish Empire" Archived 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (1570) via cartographicarts.com.

10. ^ Jubin M. Goodarzi (2006). Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. pp. 29, 297. ISBN 978-1-84511-127-4.

11. ^ "Iran To Arabs: It's 'Persian Gulf' Not 'Arabian Gulf' - If You Call It 'Arabian Gulf', You're Toast". Business Insider. 22 February 2010.

12. ^ "Iran Names Persian Gulf National Day" Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 February 2009.

13. (in Arabic) Ali Najeeb (19 June 2008). ^ "البحرين بين الاستقلال وتبعيتها لفارس". Al Wasat. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

14. ^ Historical, Geographical and Legal Validity of the Name: PERSIAN GULF. Working Paper No. 61, United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations. New York, 2006.[1].

15. "^ President Obama's Nowruz Message to the Iranian People Archived 30 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine" at White House official website Retrieved: August 4, 2016. website.

16. ^ Ap, Riyadh (17 January 2010). "Islamic Solidarity Games Cancelled after Gulf Row Divides Nations". Associated Press (via The Guardian).

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The Persian Gulf naming dispute is concerned with the name of the body of water known historically and internationally as the Persian Gulf ( Persian: خلیج فارس‎), after the land of Persia (the Western exonym for Iran).

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Bleu - Tilde tool

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Interactive BLEU score evaluator

Perform comparative quality evaluations of files translated with one or more MT systems. This allows you to compare MT output with human translations and compare the BLEU scores of various MT systems. Click here to learn more.

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Interactive BLEU score evaluator Perform comparative quality evaluations of files translated with one or more MT systems. This allows you to compare MT output with human translations and compare the BLEU scores of various MT systems. Click here to learn more.

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How to choose the best project for Black Belt Lean Six Sigma

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How to Choose a Winning Six Sigma Black Belt Project

What are the requirements for an Initial Six Sigma Black Belt Project for Certification?

The requirements relate to the tools that a Black Belt should have proficiency using. This blog will tell you what we at Six Sigma Development Solutions, Inc. suggest as attributes of a good Sigma Black Belt Project.

A Black Belt Project has been rumored to have a requirement of a $300,000+ savings.

At SSDSI, we do not have a ROI requirement for dollars saved.

We do have a requirement of having a measurable effect on value. That effect has to be initially determined in a well-developed Six Sigma Charter.

What are the Attributes of a Good Black Belt Project?

We should not "already know the solution" to the problem. A good Six Sigma project has a solution that must be discovered through the Process of Analysis.

We should understand the Output (the "Y") in measurable terms. For example, if something is good/bad, do we know exactly what separates the good from the bad? Is this a subjective measurement that could be interpreted differently by different operators?

We should have measurable and controllable inputs (X's).

For a Black Belt project, these measurable and controllable inputs (X's) should be both Attribute/Discrete data and Variable/Continuous data.

For example, a process to fill a bottle full of a liquid could have the following "X's": Fill Date (Discrete), Fill Time (Discrete), Fill Operator (Discrete), Fill Height (Variable), Fill Weight (oz.) (Variable), Fill Liquid Pressure (Variable), etc. These measurable Inputs (X's) combine to produce an Output (Y) with some measure of good or bad. The "Y" could also be a measure of Capability using CpK/PpK.

This Past data should be collected to populate a Multi-Vari sheet. For example, a Multi Vari Sheet could be an Excel spreadsheet where each row has a measurement for each of the "X's" and each "Y" (if more than one "Y").

In our "Bottle Filling" scenario, each time a bottle is filled, there should be a measurement for each "X" that creates the "Y". If we take a sample of 100 bottles, we should have 100 rows of data. This data helps us to do hypothesis testing as well as other statistical analysis to understand the true nature of the process.

In a Black Belt project, once discovering the Key Process Input Variables (KPIV's), we might find that we don't know what specifications to optimize the KPIV's.

For example, if we find that Fill Liquid Pressure is a KPOV but we do not know the optimum pressure tolerance (Upper Spec Limit, Target and Lower Spec Limit) to get an optimum product (Output "Y") then we can use a Design of Experiments (D.O.E.) to find the optimum pressure tolerance.

A Black Belt should be taught to understand the Design of Experiment (D.O.E.) toolset.

This toolset will help you to statistically get a better understanding of what those specifications should be for the KPIV's in question in order to get a more optimum output.

There will be some difference in a Good Six Sigma Black Belt project between Service and Industrial disciplines.

In a Service discipline, in general, you will have more Attribute/Discrete "X's" (Because most in Service disciplines will tell you that "we don't make widgets with measurable tolerances"). Because of this, D.O.E. is less prevalent in a Service discipline.

Can you give us an idea of a good Black Belt project in your organization with the attributes explained in this blog?

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How to Choose an Initial Six Sigma Black Belt Project

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What are the requirements for an Initial Six Sigma Black Belt Project for Certification? The requirements relate to the tools that a Black Belt should have proficiency using. This blog will tell you what we at Six Sigma Development Solutions, Inc. suggest as attributes of a good Sigma Black Belt Project.

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Differences between QA and QE

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Scholastic Publishing Builds a Modern QE Organization

Ram: Let's talk about quality engineering or QE. QE drives, the quality development of product and processes while enabling effective testing in parallel. The idea is that during the software development life cycle, you design your test automation strategy beforehand and then the developers, operations and QE teams, all work together as a single unit. You define the automation in your test cases beforehand, you script them, and make the executables ready as part of your development process. This prepares your team - so they are ready to validate the functionality assets being developed.

The software paradigm is called shift-left wherein the attention to quality is paid, not towards the end of the software development lifecycle, but at the earlier stages - during conceptualization and development. Here you define the executable requirements as part of the behavior defined development process and have it ready as part of the distribution.

As the product is being developed, you implement and verify your executable code and verify the functionality across multiple devices. Once you have your automated testing ready, you have the ability to get quicker feedback on the devices and the viability of the operating systems that you want to verify. You incorporate that feedback back into the software development, and during this process it's important that you incorporate the continuous integration and services into your overall test automation strategy. That helps you with respect to the overall software quality being verified at the early stages of development.

With QE, the emphasis is on creating a lot of automated test cases closer to your development code. So, you develop a large set of unit test cases closer to development code and you have lots of area for automated test cases and the competent technician at the API test level and you do lots of UA-related test cases. This enables you to do rapid development or verification very easily in a heightened manner, so you can complete your validations very quickly. When you compare this with legacy software development lifecycles, there is more manual testing done and less emphasis and data on unit tests. The result is additional time and cost for you to verify across multiple devices.

In the new model, you spend a lot less time on manual testing, and have more automated test cases - closer to the development code. This should provide tighter integration of your automated test cases closer to your development code.

The Difference Between QA and QE

What is the difference between QA and QE? Quality Assurance "assures" quality of the product, but quality engineering drives development of quality product and the processes. This includes quality, maturity of the quality team itself, but it's also a cultural shift within the teams. Quality engineers focus on the quality right from ideation. And it involves the processes, so it includes Agile based processes and uses test-driven development and behavior-driven development processes to define requirements that are meaningful to the business developers and the testing teams.

With QE, everyone on the project development teams understand the common business requirements and they develop and validate those requirements. You also need a common set of tools in your test framework so any test data manager can assist you on running the tests across multiple devices simultaneously. These automated tests are being culled from your continuous integration and continuous deployment processes, and being validated as part of your build deployment.

Sridhar: Hi everybody. This is Sridhar Narayanan, from Scholastic. I'm going to talk to you a little bit about our journey as we transitioned from QA to QE. We had some unique challenges, but certainly some challenges that are common across the industry as well. So, I'll walk through and tell you what we did and am happy to answer any questions you might have.

Scholastic is a very complex, very established organization - almost a hundred years old. We're in the publishing industry, which by all definitions, should not really exist today. At least that's what people have predicted. However, we are in the children's publishing industry. There are lots of children who have interest in reading and books, driven by things like Harry Potter. So, we're alive and thriving and doing very well. Because we are a very old organization we had, a huge number and variety of legacy applications. And we prefer to move all those applications in terms of resource farming, in terms of the cloud, in terms of new initiatives, so a fair amount of real transformation was a backdrop against which we attempted the QA to QE transformation.

About a year ago, we started re-platforming our very large e-commerce application. The shift was to move the application into the cloud, away from our enterprise e-commerce application. A very complex application covering workflows across multiple, multiple customer categories, complex checkout process, going from a non-responsive to responsive application. So, we were looking - in our background, we sort of started with a faulty QA transformation when this was already in play.

This initially meant we had some constraints because the application was in the cloud. With a classic application testing environment, you could hit the API, you could hit a lot of back-end processes with a large number of tests and we could reduce the number of UI tests. But because we were constrained by a cloud vendor, we had very limited access to the back end. So, we couldn't really do a lot of testing in the API back ideologically. So, because of that, we are constrained to run a very large number of tests at the UI layer. This is not highly recommended, but this is a constraint we are facing.

So, as we were building out the test automation framework for this, what I wanted to do was essentially build out an automation framework that we could then leverage across many other product categories of the company. So, as part of this, we laid out some rules as to how we wanted to build a framework, and built it to meet a lot of those requirements. It was then implemented on the UI tests, on this platform. Later, we asked for a frame of what was being built out. We were able to take the framework and start having other things start utilizing the framework, and take advantage of that. As a result, we could see a lot of commonality in terms of how we could address the problem; we could look at common ways of defining the tests, executing the tests, and publishing the test results.

We started the process about 16 months ago and we had a fair amount of experience under our belt with the framework as it applies to this platform, and other applications. Our goal was to use BDD to help us get a strong connection to what a customer really wants out of an application. We had already decided to use BDD in the context of writing a regression test that was not quite as powerful, but we wanted to make sure in this particular case that we were going to have a framework that could still define a test using the syntax and that any newer tests could fit the same pattern and would actually be the way it is supposed to be done.

A lot of other teams which are starting with new features, are able to take advantage of BDD, by defining the spec way ahead of time and using that as a spec to create other wave tests. I'm not a big fan of renovate tooling. There are cost issues, licensing issues, and connectivity issues, in terms of how well you can adopt it to fit what you really need. Those are things that are left lacking. Now, it certainly applies that you need to have a team that can deal with open source and take advantage of it, and somehow, they can use it to work the problem that you need to solve.

It's a double-edged sword in some way, but we our preference was to use open source. I think CI (continuous integration) is very common across the industry now, but our goal was to leverage CI, and for teams that are ready for CDV, we wanted to push them towards CD or at least enable CD such that if teams needed to take advantage of it, our framework was ready for that.

One of the things we did do, is lay some ground rules for how that's got to be done and avoid expensive new tests. For example, rules saying, "Hey, your test should not take more than 10 minutes." And 10 minutes is really the upper limit. We'd like to see tests run in, preferably, less than a minute, maybe three minutes, tops. But just to set a guideline for complex tests, we assume your test will not take more than ten minutes. And one of the reasons for this is we wanted to ensure that all tests could scale; that we could have many tests and execute that in a very efficient amount of time by leveraging parts of this. So, this is one of the rules that we used going into that.

Running multiple tests at the same time, there were several options for internal grade versus very few options available for the cloud-based environments we preferred. But we went for a cloud-based solution and that has worked very well for us. There are some questions about performance but I think overall the data does well enough for us that we don't have any specific complaints. We still need to keep our options open in terms of being able to switch back from cloud provider or to same grade if we need to. And we built the framework with that in mind, keeping the cloud component fairly "switch out-able." So, I could switch to a different provider, or I could switch to internal grade if I wanted to.

The use of a test manager is important here. If tests were public, we wanted to make sure that every test was accounted for. For example, the check-out test: if you want to run a hundred scenarios with check-out, we want to make sure each test running a different browser, a different situation, that each test could be independent. We didn't really have a way of controlling the sequencing of those tests. To address that, we created a very large test data manager that would allow the testers to grab a particular test data set on demand and be assured that no other test was going to use that. So, we had a reservation system and because of that we were able to run multiple checkout scenarios that did not really stop each other.

This is just one example. There were many examples - where allowing the test data on demand, allowing the test to be padded, enabled us to complete many tests in operation. Back to the ten-minute guideline/slogan: "Each test shall last no more than ten minutes." We said, look, given each test is small and short enough, and achieves the objectives; in examining the build, I could build out in that environment and completely be finished in ten minutes, right? 16 is the number of environments I would have access to, and in the cloud, we're speaking short, limited time that you have. So, we put our slogan out there to say what was possible. And it's something that has elevated the status of QA. We'll say; "Hey, this is something that we can do. If you can finish your coding quick enough, we can tell you the regression is solved in ten minutes." That is a conversation worth listening to.

All of this helps us run a large regression suite and reduce the amount of time needed to validate new features. This is just in terms of how we went about the solution: looking at existing tests, creating the framework components and CI using Agile within the regression projects. All of this was standard Agile process for automated test development, and this works well even as the application was being built out. We were able to complete the regression in about the same time as the application was complete. In the end, the build out framework was used across the company, and we were able to run extremely large suite of data. Again, it's largely good at this point.

The goal for our division is to be able to run a core suite of tests, about 150 tests in about 20 minutes. This was extremely useful in being able to push out multiple tests a day. We could give them their test results back extremely quickly, and we could complete our entire regression suite in about three hours. With the current constraints, the team continues to optimize the test, to make each test run faster. We are also looking at expanding so we could really hit a goal that's possible, maybe keep our eye on the ball for that moment.

From a process perspective, we were able to get the QE engaged very early in the game, to create and demonstrate this. The lessons learned: Automation is hard work; everybody knows that, especially if automation is against QA. Just getting them to change their mindset; changing others of the team's mindset about QA is not easy. When we elevate quality engineering and bring them on equal footing when they're creating automation code, they're not doing any less work than somebody filling out the applications.

Sridhar: The technology is all there. If not, there are so many other ways of doing things that there really isn't a gap in terms of solving the problem today. If you're doing BDD you need to pay attention to how the Gherkin is respected, is graded. That is, how the respect is created. If you just try a functional test, you basically are not taking advantage of BDD. Maintenance is a huge aspect of how you test rapidly. You need to pay attention to how the application changes, and how the test changes as well. Upper management support is also important. We had a lot of support. We needed to make sure that is there and it helps take your automation strategy all the way through to the end. A good partner, I think, if you don't have the skillsets in-house, we had Ram and team bring on some support and help us solve the early problems.

Certainly, you need to have your partner participate formally in the game, but a good partner can help you get some lead with this. And, that's it, thank you.

Ram: I would like to talk about QA to QE technology. The key focus areas for QA to QE transformation include those that enclose your role transformation. The quality assurance engineers must make the transition to quality engineers, with the mindset that they want, not just the quality of the product, but the quality of the process, the collaboration that happens with the developers and the development house, and the business analyst, and the business team. And they have to validate the end user stack and then look at the product.

So, they have to be more proactive looking at what the upcoming changes are in the industry, including any new devices and operating systems that are being planned for release to the market. They also have to consider how the end users are actually using the test applications of the product. So, they have to be a little more proactive about the overall process and make sure that the business team, developers, and the developer team follow the process as well. So, that transition is necessary to make sure the goals are achieved.

And that's part of the process transition of the earlier days of the waterfall model of SDLC development and lifecycle. In that scenario, QE has a very limited role in software development. They play only towards the end of the development. But here, the quality engineers walk hand-in-hand with the business and DevOps teams, so they not only just define the processes, they also create the automated code at the same time as the developers - create the development application code.

So, as a result, the end of the development is complete within in a day or two. Nowadays, we work in Agile teams. Where it's been a week, or two weeks, or three weeks. So, by the time you are usually ready for testing, you should be ready to do an automated test case, and be ready to re-execute them and validate them. So, the problem of transformation methodology has created smaller teams of developers defining, validating and releasing quickly to market. That's part of the transformation metric. In the olden days, you used to have your testing distribution cycle, where you're faced with the project development cycle, SIT or System Integration Testing.

User acceptance testing is another area for change. These days you don't hear anything about any system testing or user acceptance testing phases. Within the two-week cycle of the weekly cycle of sprint completion, you validate. At the end of the two weeks, you also give a demonstration to the project stakeholders that includes the business owners and the product owners, and you quickly get back the feedback from them on a continuous basis. And then you release this to the market.

And so, as part of this transition, you no longer can wait for your end of cycle report. Instead, you want a real-time test result dashboard and quality metric suitable for your current agile process. And you also need a set of tools and infrastructure that will help you with continuous integration, continuous deployment, and usage, utilization. And, any on-demand environment schedule that will help you with building test developments on the fly, not innovation to test frameworks and actual test code. So those were some of the key areas for you to transition; and in the overall engineering landscape, during all these conceptualizations and building assignment areas, there are tools in the market that we could leverage. Some of the tools that we are using are open source and many of these tools have been used in Scholastic for our QE organization.

Ram: So, what are the benefits of moving to QE? What is the cost? You can validate your application in more quickly, and that means you are able to deliver to your end customers by quickly releasing to the market. You are saving cost and time to market and accelerating the release cycle. And you are able to incorporate the user feedback back into the application faster, releasing it back to the customers. You're also able to validate across multiple devices and browsers thoroughly. That means now you are getting higher user satisfaction. That brings customer loyalty back to you.

Josh: Excellent, thank you so much. I think that concludes our webinar. We want to give you guys an opportunity to go ahead and submit some questions.

The first question is for Sridhar.

"What are some of the challenges in creating and using a shared service testing framework?"

Sridhar: I think that the biggest concern, is it a macro service? In this case, you're primarily looking at a framework that is hitting the API and you're testing for that. If the application is primarily UI and not in the cloud, you're constrained from hitting that layer. Then there are applications that cut across both where you are initially at the transaction of the UI layer, and then in the backend using an API. So, now you have a sort of mixed mode test. So, understanding what is required and building your response and framework around that, that's the challenging part.

In terms of commonality, everybody still requires a way to define the test. So, having the ability to define the test in a format that works across all the audiences is huge. And like I said before, we are using Gherkin for many reasons, but one of them is getting to have a common language that's cutting across the teams and now different stakeholders. The way we use test data, that's a commonality in framework that helps the way we run the tests in the cloud, is certainly common, and we can leverage that on all the teams. And the way we dispute test results within our dashboard, that is also a shelter of framework, again with the context, we carry out that your test results needed to be set in the context or set in your particular domain. The team that turns a macro service needs to look at this and say, "Hey, this makes sense to me." Similarly, a team that runs more tests, makes UI and API, the test results need to make sense to them, right? So, that's what I look at as being a challenge.

Josh: Speaking of Gherkins versus Cucumber, do you have a preference?

Sridhar: So, Cucumber takes Gherkins specifications and translates that into a state and code for your different application languages. You can use this to integrate the Java code or other similar tools to create - Python, Loki - other code which you can then fill in with the test automation. Gherkin is the name of the format and Cucumber is one of the tools that implements it.

Josh: Another question for you Sridhar is around open source and how Scholastic used open source technology.

Sridhar: So almost all the tooling in our stack is based on open source. Cucumber by itself is free. There's no cost to use it. We are writing our code using Java. We use Jenkins for continuation. There are certain components which have a cost. We use a plug-in called Behave Co to manage all of our user scenarios for BDD. That is a plug-in, again, a very small cost. Nobody will pay for a classic test management tool.

We pay for the cloud-based, test execution environments. Those are an expense, even if you used the same grid. There is an expense to maintain that and your expense to host that, so it is a wash. For a database example, you use MySQL for a test data manager; we use Tomcat when we need a front-end for quality test data manager. So, all the pieces - every problem that we had - were solved by picking an open source component that we used to build for the solution.

Josh: A question for Ram is how do you ensure that your QA cycles are stable enough?

Ram: That's a good question. This goes back to what Sridhar just mentioned, you define your scenarios and behavior, it's not tied to any specific UI element or any other component. So, you have your behavior scenarios defined as part of your test automation framework. That's the way you develop that. You have a strategy wherein the changes to your application can be handled by means of configuration, or dynamically loading based on the changes that are happening to the product itself.

Sridhar: If I can add to the question about test cycles being stable. I think the answer to that doesn't lie specifically in the QE space, but in how you approach application development. Are you breaking the application into small enough chunks where you can basically build it out, within your script period and where you have automation that supports it? You have your registration feature that's built out as you build each feature into big chunks. That's when you have all of your tests automated. You can run regression at any time or several times a day. And then, you can have your quality engineers focus on the exploited testing, focus on the experimental testing and revise testing.

From that perspective, your QA cycles are really critical because if you're able to run your regression, in a matter of minutes or hours, you can tell the developer they broke something as soon as they break something.

Josh: The last question for you guys before we go is a great question from Ikta which is, "where would good tools be available on the market today that give you a real-time dashboard for quality analytics?

Sridhar: We looked at 30 Open Stack tools that leverage Grafana, Kibana, Logstack, and strung them together to create a dashboard. Our initial contract was to leverage something of that sort. We didn't look at commercial tools on the market today, and we haven't found everything that sort of plugs in entirely into the system yet, but what we are using is a plug-in called QMetry Wisdom from Infostretch. It allows you to post test results and provide the dashboard view of the tests that ran. That has worked well for us so far. It's not complete and we still intend to build on top of that, but that's what we use today.

Josh: Great. Okay, I think that concludes our Q & A. I appreciate your time, both you, Ram, and Sridhar's time. Thanks everyone for joining us.

We also have a great promotion running right now, which you can take advantage of a free, no-obligation assessment with one of our QE experts. Take a free QE Assessment. That concludes our webinar for today, if you have any questions or any input, e-mail us or contact us info at infostretch.com. Thanks for joining us today, we appreciate your time.

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Transform from QA to QE the Right Way - a Case Study | Digital Engineering, Digital Technology Solutions & Services Firm - Infostretch

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Scholastic Publishing Builds a Modern QE Organization Ram: Let's talk about quality engineering or QE. QE drives, the quality development of product and processes while enabling effective testing in parallel. The idea is that during the software development life cycle, you design your test automation strategy beforehand and then the developers, operations and QE teams, all work together as a single unit.

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Kim jest grafik VFX?

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Każdy kto został w sali kinowej, aby zobaczyć napisy końcowe zasługuje na głęboki szacunek - przynajmniej na podziw za wytrwałość. Napisy końcowe są świadectwem zmian technologicznych, które nastąpiły w kinie po zadomowieniu się w nim komputera. Pomimo tego, że „lista płac" jest formatowana niewielkim fontem, to ciągnie się w nieskończoność - czasami przez 2-3 utwory muzyczne. Za ten stan rzeczy prawie w całości odpowiedzialny jest grafik i jego komputer w roli „maszynki" do efektów specjalnych.

FX jest skrótem określającym różnego typu efekty - odnosi się on do efektów wizualnych i dźwiękowych. Jego początki sięgają notacji f. x., którą nanoszono na marginesie scenopisu, aby zaznaczyć, że w tym konkretnym momencie należy zastosować efekt specjalny. Obecnie skrót jest wykorzystywany nie tylko przez scenarzystów, ale i filmowców na określenie wszystkich efektów.

Encyclopedia of Movie Special Effects, Patricia D. Netzley, Oryx Press 2000.

Kiedyś a dziś

Patrząc na napisy końcowe dowiadujemy się o istnieniu dziwnych departamentów i profesji, oraz że liczba osób pracujących nad filmem jest coraz bardziej „absurdalna". Na przykład: 2001: Odyseja kosmiczna z 1968 r., to m.in.:

12 makijażystów,

25 osób odpowiedzialnych za efekty specjalne,

76 osób odpowiedzialnych za efekty wizualne.

Tymczasem Avatar z 2009 r. skupił:

30 makijażystów,

223 osoby odpowiedzialne za efekty specjalne,

1853 osób pracujących nad efektami wizualnymi (warto podkreślić, że nie wszyscy byli wymienieni).

Komputer i grafik w branży VFX

Pojawienie się komputerów w przemyśle filmowym zmieniło branżę. Powstały nowe zawody i nastąpiły przesunięcia w kompetencjach. Kiedyś operator filmowy mógł odpowiadać za zdjęcia trikowe - dzisiaj może specjalizować się w pracy z wirtualnymi kamerami. Produkcja efektów specjalnych jest na tyle złożona, że angażuje z reguły kilka firm odpowiedzialnych za CGI.

Kilka dekad temu w dziedzinie efektów specjalnych prym wiedli: pirotechnicy, lalkarze, animatorzy, malarze scenografii i makijażyści. Dzisiaj część z tych zawodów uległa całkowitemu „ucyfrowieniu"; a wiele efektów to wynik połączenia tradycyjnych technik i nowych technologii. Pojazdy kosmiczne w filmach to przeważnie grafika komputerowa, ale nadal buduje się prototypy i montuje na planie, aby wykonać ujęcia z żywymi aktorami w kokpicie. Tak samo jest z lalkami - mogą być budowane analogowo lub cyfrowo, w końcu projekt wykonany w ZBrushu można przenieść do „świata organoleptycznego" dzięki drukarkom 3D.

Przykład „digital matte paintingu", dzięki któremu można ukrywać niechciane elementy planu i tworzyć fragmenty krajobrazu. W produkcji „Gry o tron" bierze udział kilka firm zajmujących się efektami specjalnymi. Zaprezentowane przykłady są owocem pracy studia Bluebolt (inne studia to m.in.: Screen Scene VFX i Pixomondo).

Rozdrobnienie i przenikanie zawodów

W ramach ćwiczenia proponuje zajrzeć do serwisu IMDB.com, wybrać film z efektami specjalnymi, które wbiły Ciebie w fotel, rozwinąć listę See full cast and crew > Visual Effects i przyjrzeć się zawodom. Szybko okaże się, że każdy aspekt pracy z grafiką 2D/3D oraz animacją/ruchem, może znaleźć swój odpowiednik w konkretnym zawodzie/funkcji.

Weźmy za przykład pracę z shaderami - zbiór instrukcji opisujących sposób reagowania powierzchni obiektu geometrycznego na światło. Z perspektywy grafiki 3D, shadery to rozległa dziedzina - tak samo ważna, jak modelowanie, teksturowanie i animacja. Praca z shaderami wymaga osobnego stanowiska ( shader writer) i zwierzchnika ( shaders supervisor). Warto w tym miejscu podkreślić, że stanowisko shader writera nie zajmuje artysta grafik z czystej krwi i kości, tylko programista, który ewentualnie jest artystą grafikiem. Pisanie shaderów to po prostu praca programistyczna. Na tym przykładzie możemy zobaczyć, jak płynnie przenikają się różne dziedziny informatyki.

Spójrzmy na inny przykład - animacja. Może się wydawać, że animacja jest skonsolidowana. Tymczasem na liście płac możemy odkryć, że własne stanowisko pracy ma osoba zajmująca się animacją i specjalizująca się w riggowaniu ( rigging technical - przygotowanie modelu do animacji na bazie szkieletu i kinematyki). Mamy tutaj do czynienia z profesją, która wymaga od nas nie tylko wyczucia ruchu, ale także zrozumienia zagadnień kinetyki i kinematyki.

A gdzie jest miejsce dla tradycyjnych profesji?

Powyżej odwołałem się do profesji, które z tworzeniem końcowego obrazu nie mają wiele wspólnego - dopiero w odległej przyszłości powstanie materiał wyjściowy gotowy do postprodukcji. Myśl techniczna zawsze wiązała się z artystycznym duchem w kontekście filmów. Jeśli miałbym wskazać profesję stricte artystyczną, która jako pierwsza znalazła swoje miejsce w filmie, to byłby to malarz.

Zdolny malarz na ogromnych płótnach mógł w jeden wieczór wyczarować plener, którego sfilmowanie wraz z ekipą zabiera mnóstwo czasu i pieniędzy. Umiejętność malowania krajobrazów i fantastycznych widoków jest dzisiaj kluczowa podczas tworzenia efektów specjalnych; z tą różnicą, że proces opiera się w całości na wykorzystaniu przykł. bluescreenu i komputera.

Spoglądając na serię kadrów począwszy od samego dołu, możemy wyróżnić: 1. ujęcie aktorki; 2. siatka pokrywająca się z postacią - będzie ona punktem odniesienia dla cyfrowego smoka poruszającego się po ciele; 3. smok wraz z mięśniami, przed nałożeniem tekstur; 4. ostateczna kompozycja. Jest to uproszczony schemat - przecież należy jeszcze wygenerować cyfrowego smoka, a to oznacza: modelowanie, teksturowanie, animację i rendering. Niezbędny jest także etap, który umożliwi wkomponowanie smoka w ujęcie.

W stronę specjalizacji

Wgryzając się w zawody powiązane z VFX, możemy napotkać coraz bardziej wąskie profesje: edytor avida, modeler twarzy, technik prewizualizacji itd. Osoba zajmująca się modelowaniem 3d może być przydzielona do modelowania konkretnych fragmentów ciała (wymaga to znajomości anatomii oraz ruchu) lub opracowania modeli powstałych na bazie skanowania (osobny departament, narzędzia i techniki obrazowania).

Technologie przenikają się między różnymi dziedzinami produkcji. Ta sama technologia przechwytywania ruchu ( motion capture), znajduje swoje zastosowanie przy produkcji serialów, filmów i gier audiowizualnych. Oznacza to, że posiadając konkretne umiejętności, możemy znaleźć pracę w różnych branżach.

„Cut scenki" w grze „Dead Space 3" zostały powierzone Digital Domain - zasłużonej i topowej firmie związanej z efektami specjalnymi. Fotorealistyczną jakość materiału wideo osiągnięto między innymi dzięki przechwytywaniu ruchu, zastosowaniu realistycznego oświetlenia oraz wklejeniu twarzy prawdziwego aktora w cyfrową postać (Gunner Wright jako Isaac Clarke).

Przykładowe stanowiska pracy przy Avatarze (lista niekompletna):

Skąd przychodzisz i dokąd zmierzasz?

Brak wyraźnych granic między profesjami to specyfika CGI w filmie. Wiele z nich, nie jest nawet przedmiotem zainteresowania szkół artystycznych. To głównie praktyka i znajomość zagadnień pokrewnych powoduje, że różne osoby odnajdują się w różnych wąskich dziedzinach.

Przykładowo grafik zajmujący się kompozycją obrazu, może także zajmować się wąskim zagadnieniem, jakim jest rotoskopia, lub dołączyć do zespołu pracującego z kolorem (praca z kolorem - podobnie jak montaż - to hermetyczna profesja). Zdolny grafik zajmujący się animacją postaci, może poszukać pracy w departamencie odpowiedzialnym za motion capture.

Podstawą jest znajomość pewnych koncepcji wykorzystywanych w programach graficznych. Zaś znajomość programu komputerowego jest często sprawą drugorzędną. W końcu pracując z Blenderem lub 3ds Max, mamy do czynienia z tymi samymi siatkami geometrycznymi, które cechują się tymi samymi atrybutami; nakłada się na nie tekstury w oparciu o tą samą koncepcję nakładek UV; wprawia się w ruch, na bazie tych samych koncepcji szkieletu oraz klatek kluczowych.

Mamy tutaj do czynienia z branżą, w której można znaleźć swoje miejsce zajmując się różnymi aspektami CGI. Jednak wszystkie one oparte są na na tych samych uniwersalnych koncepcjach grafiki komputerowej, o których będziemy rozmawiać w kolejnych odsłonach cyklu „Fundamenty...".

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Fundamenty grafiki komputerowej - grafik i profesje w VFX | Keylight

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Każdy kto został w sali kinowej, aby zobaczyć napisy końcowe zasługuje na głęboki szacunek - przynajmniej na podziw za wytrwałość. Napisy końcowe są świadectwem zmian technologicznych, które nastąpiły w kinie po zadomowieniu się w nim komputera. Pomimo tego, że „lista płac" jest formatowana niewielkim fontem, to ciągnie się w nieskończoność - czasami przez 2-3 utwory muzyczne.

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Blog - przekład modowy

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National Geographic - webinars and inspirations for English language teaching for various age groups

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Webinars presented by National Geographic Learning - NGL ELT

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Thinking critically is seen as an essential 21st century skill, but what exactly is it and can it be taught? In this webinar, I will address these issues and suggest critical thinking tasks that fit well in communicative English classes as they offer interesting opportunities for discussion, teaching language and giving young people a voice.

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Jak się efektywnie uczyć języka?

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Zacznij przyswajać wiedzę szybciej i skuteczniej. Poznaj techniki efektywnej nauki oparte na wiedzy z zakresu psychologii poznawczej i neurobiologii.

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ELT training - post-CELTA webinars online how to teach English

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British council materials - teaching English

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Welcome to TeachingEnglish

Be part of the world's largest online English teaching community. TeachingEnglish is a global programme for English teachers and teacher educators, drawing on UK and local expertise, and the unique insight and experience of the British Council. Build your professional network, share ideas and knowhow, and stay up to date with the latest research and innovations in teaching. You'll find lesson plans, events and learning resources to support your practice, as well as new opportunities to help your career grow - whether you're taking your first steps as an English language teacher, or your next steps as a teacher educator.

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Be part of the world's largest online English teaching community. TeachingEnglish is a global programme for English teachers and teacher educators, drawing on UK and local expertise, and the unique insight and experience of the British Council. Build your professional network, share ideas and knowhow, and stay up to date with the latest research and innovations in teaching.

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How to make the globe.

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Globe Making: How the World is Made (1955) | British Pathé

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Interesting videos to prepare classes, especially about British history and its kings.

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history documentaries "full length documentaries" "history documentary" "world war 2" "world war 1" "history - topic" "military history" "20th century" timel...

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Welcome to Timeline - the home of world history. Every week we'll be bringing you one-off documentaries and series from the world's top broadcasters, including the BBC, Channel 4, Discovery and PBS. We'll be exploring the mysteries of ancient Egypt, shedding light on the dark ages of medieval Europe and examining the First and Second World Wars.

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Teaching English to small kids - online course

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Teaching English to Children - Free Online Course - FutureLearn

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Learn how young children learn English as an additional language and how to create an environment to help them thrive with an online course from the British Council.

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Various videos, audios and other actvities for children to learn English

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Do you like watching fun videos in English? Watching videos is a great way to practise your English and learn new things about interesting topics. We have lots of great videos here for you to watch. Watch videos, play games, print activities and post comments!

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Co to są klocki Cuisenaire - pomoc w nauce języków i matematyki

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Klocki szczepialne oprócz możliwości złączenia posiadają podziałę co 1 cm. Wykonane z estetycznego i trwałego tworzywa w oryginalnej kolorystyce ustalonej przez G. Cuisenaire. Każdy kolor reprezentuje określoną liczbę: wymiar najmniejszego białego klocka - 1 x 1 x 1 cm, wymiar największego pomarańczowego klocka - 1 x 1 x 10 cm. Ponad 50 lat temu pedagog Georges Cuisenaire wymyślił klocki pozwalające liczyć, porównywać liczby, dokonywać operacji arytmetycznych a także poznawać inne zagadnienia matemtyczne (ułamki, pole powierzchni, objętość).

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Klocki Cuisenaire - szczepialne, z podziałką (74 klocki)

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Klocki szczepialne oprócz możliwości złączenia posiadają podziałę co 1 cm. Wykonane z estetycznego i trwałego tworzywa w oryginalnej kolorystyce ustalonej przez G. Cuisenaire. Każdy kolor reprezentuje określoną liczbę: wymiar najmniejszego białego klocka - 1 x 1 x 1 cm, wymiar największego pomarańczowego klocka - 1 x 1

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AI Translators: The Future Of Language Learning?

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AI Translators: The Future Of Language Learning? | Oxford House Barcelona

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Artificial Intelligence translators are here to make learning English easier. But are they really superior to humans? And does this mean you should give up on your English classes just yet? In this article, we look at the technology behind them, the benefits and the future for learning English!

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HTML & CSS - tutorial about the web development

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HTML CSS Tutorial for Beginners - Web Development Tutorials For Beginners

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SEO for beginners.

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Who is this guide for?

If you own, manage, monetize, or promote online content via Google Search, this guide is meant for you. You might be the owner of a growing and thriving business, the webmaster of a dozen sites, the SEO specialist in a Web agency or a DIY SEO ninja passionate about the mechanics of Search : this guide is meant for you. If you're interested in having a complete overview of the basics of SEO according to our best practices, you are indeed in the right place. This guide won't provide any secrets that'll automatically rank your site first in Google (sorry!), but following the best practices outlined below will hopefully make it easier for search engines to crawl, index and understand your content.

Search engine optimization (SEO) is often about making small modifications to parts of your website. When viewed individually, these changes might seem like incremental improvements, but when combined with other optimizations, they could have a noticeable impact on your site's user experience and performance in organic search results. You're likely already familiar with many of the topics in this guide, because they're essential ingredients for any web page, but you may not be making the most out of them.

You should build a website to benefit your users, and any optimization should be geared toward making the user experience better. One of those users is a search engine, which helps other users discover your content. Search Engine Optimization is about helping search engines understand and present content. Your site may be smaller or larger than our example site and offer vastly different content, but the optimization topics we discuss below should apply to sites of all sizes and types. We hope our guide gives you some fresh ideas on how to improve your website, and we'd love to hear your questions, feedback, and success stories in the Google Webmaster Help Forum ¹.

We hope you will enjoy the content and we hope to hear and integrate your feedback via our Google support Forums

Feel free to save, print off the guide responsibly and re-share it: let's improve the quality of the web.

Happy reading!

Signed,
The Google Search Quality team

Getting started

Glossary

Index - Google stores all web pages that it knows about in its index. The index entry for each page describes the content and location (URL) of that page. To index is when Google fetches a page, reads it, and adds it to the index: Google indexed several pages on my site today.

Crawl - The process of looking for new or updated web pages. Google discovers URLs by following links, by reading sitemaps, and by many other means. Google crawls the web, looking for new pages, then indexes them (when appropriate).

Crawler - Automated software that crawls (fetches) pages from the web and indexes them.

Googlebot - The generic name of Google's crawler. Googlebot crawls the web constantly.

SEO - Search engine optimization: the process of making your site better for search engines. Also the job title of a person who does this for a living: We just hired a new SEO to improve our presence on the web.

Are you on Google?

Determine whether your site is in Google's index - Do a site: search for your site's home URL. If you see results, you're in the index. For example, a search for "site:wikipedia.org" returns these results ².

If your site isn't in Google - Although Google crawls billions of pages, it's inevitable that some sites will be missed. When our crawlers miss a site, it's frequently for one of the following reasons:

The site isn't well connected from other sites on the web

You've just launched a new site and Google hasn't had time to crawl it yet

The design of the site makes it difficult for Google to crawl its content effectively

Google received an error when trying to crawl your site

Your policy blocks Google from crawling the site

How do I get my site on Google?

Inclusion in Google's search results is free and easy; you don't even need to submit your site to Google. Google is a fully automated search engine that uses web crawlers to explore the web constantly, looking for sites to add to our index. In fact, the vast majority of sites listed in our results aren't manually submitted for inclusion, but found and added automatically when we crawl the web. Learn how Google discovers, crawls, and serves web pages. ³

We offer webmaster guidelines ⁴ for building a Google-friendly website. While there's no guarantee that our crawlers will find a particular site, following these guidelines should help make your site appear in our search results.

Google Search Console provides tools to help you submit your content to Google and monitor how you're doing in Google Search. If you want, Search Console can even send you alerts on critical issues that Google encounters with your site. Sign up for Search Console ⁵.

Here are a few basic questions to ask yourself about your website when you get started.

Is my website showing up on Google?

Do I serve high-quality content to users?

Is my local business showing up on Google?

Is my content fast and easy to access on all devices?

Is my website secure?

You can find additional getting started information on http://g.co/webmasters ⁶

The rest of this document provides guidance on how to improve your site for search engines, organized by topic. You can download a short, printable checklist of tips from http://g.co/WebmasterChecklist ⁷.

Help Google find your content

The first step to getting your site on Google is to be sure that Google can find it. The best way to do that is to submit a sitemap. A sitemap is a file on your site that tells search engines about new or changed pages on your site. Learn more about how to build and submit a sitemap ¹².

Google also finds pages through links from other pages. See Promote your site later in this document to learn how to encourage people to discover your site.

Tell Google which pages shouldn't be crawled

Best Practices
For non-sensitive information, block unwanted crawling by using robots.txt
A "robots.txt" file tells search engines whether they can access and therefore crawl parts of your site. This file, which must be named "robots.txt", is placed in the root directory of your site. It is possible that pages blocked by robots.txt can still be crawled, so for sensitive pages you should use a more secure method.

You may not want certain pages of your site crawled because they might not be useful to users if found in a search engine's search results. If you do want to prevent search engines from crawling your pages, Google Search Console has a friendly robots.txt generator to help you create this file. Note that if your site uses subdomains and you wish to have certain pages not crawled on a particular subdomain, you'll have to create a separate robots.txt file for that subdomain. For more information on robots.txt, we suggest this Webmaster Help Center guide on using robots.txt files ¹³.
Read about several other ways to prevent content from appearing in search results. ¹⁴ For sensitive information, use more secure methods

Don't let your internal search result pages be crawled by Google. Users dislike clicking a search engine result only to land on another search result page on your site.

Allowing URLs created as a result of proxy services to be crawled.

Robots.txt is not an appropriate or effective way of blocking sensitive or confidential material. It only instructs well-behaved crawlers that the pages are not for them, but it does not prevent your server from delivering those pages to a browser that requests them. One reason is that search engines could still reference the URLs you block (showing just the URL, no title or snippet) if there happen to be links to those URLs somewhere on the Internet (like referrer logs). Also, non-compliant or rogue search engines that don't acknowledge the Robots Exclusion Standard could disobey the instructions of your robots.txt. Finally, a curious user could examine the directories or subdirectories in your robots.txt file and guess the URL of the content that you don't want seen.

In these cases, use the noindex tag if you just want the page not to appear in Google, but don't mind if any user with a link can reach the page. For real security, though, you should use proper authorization methods, like requiring a user password, or taking the page off your site entirely.

Help Google (and users) understand your content

Let Google see your page the same way a user does
Recommended action:
When Googlebot crawls a page, it should see the page the same way an average user does ¹⁵. For optimal rendering and indexing, always allow Googlebot access to the JavaScript, CSS, and image files used by your website. If your site's robots.txt file disallows crawling of these assets, it directly harms how well our algorithms render and index your content. This can result in suboptimal rankings.

Use the URL Inspection tool ¹⁶. It will allow you to see exactly how Googlebot sees and renders your content, and it will help you identify and fix a number of indexing issues on your site.

Create unique, accurate page titles

A <title> tag tells both users and search engines what the topic of a particular page is. The <title> tag should be placed within the <head> element of the HTML document. You should create a unique title for each page on your site.

Create good titles and snippets in search results

If your document appears in a search results page, the contents of the title tag may appear in the first line of the results (if you're unfamiliar with the different parts of a Google search result, you might want to check out the anatomy of a search result video ¹⁷).

The title for your homepage can list the name of your website/business and could include other bits of important information like the physical location of the business or maybe a few of its main focuses or offerings.
Accurately describe the page's content
Best Practices

Choose a title that reads naturally and effectively communicates the topic of the page's content.
Create unique titles for each page

Choosing a title that has no relation to the content on the page.

Using default or vague titles like "Untitled" or "New Page 1".

Each page on your site should ideally have a unique title, which helps Google know how the page is distinct from the others on your site. If your site uses separate mobile pages, remember to use good titles on the mobile versions too.
Use brief, but descriptive titles

Using a single title across all of your site's pages or a large group of pages.

Titles can be both short and informative. If the title is too long or otherwise deemed less relevant, Google may show only a portion of it or one that's automatically generated in the search result. Google may also show different titles depending on the user's query or device used for searching.

Using extremely lengthy titles that are unhelpful to users.

Stuffing unneeded keywords in your title tags.

Use the "description" meta tag

A page's description meta tag gives Google and other search engines a summary of what the page is about. A page's title may be a few words or a phrase, whereas a page's description meta tag might be a sentence or two or even a short paragraph. Like the <title> tag, the description meta tag is placed within the <head> element of your HTML document.

What are the merits of description meta tags?

Description meta tags are important because Google might use them as snippets for your pages. Note that we say "might" because Google may choose to use a relevant section of your page's visible text if it does a good job of matching up with a user's query. Adding description meta tags to each of your pages is always a good practice in case Google cannot find a good selection of text to use in the snippet. The Webmaster Central Blog has informative posts on improving snippets with better description meta tags ¹⁸ and better snippets for your users ¹⁹. We also have a handy Help Center article on how to create good titles and snippets ²⁰.
Accurately summarize the page content
Best Practices

Write a description that would both inform and interest users if they saw your description meta tag as a snippet in a search result. While there's no minimal or maximal length for the text in a description meta tag, we recommend making sure that it's long enough to be fully shown in Search (note that users may see different sized snippets depending on how and where they search), and contains all the relevant information users would need to determine whether the page will be useful and relevant to them.
Use unique descriptions for each page

Writing a description meta tag that has no relation to the content on the page.

Using generic descriptions like "This is a web page" or "Page about baseball cards".

Filling the description with only keywords.

Copying and pasting the entire content of the document into the description meta tag.

Having a different description meta tag for each page helps both users and Google, especially in searches where users may bring up multiple pages on your domain (for example, searches using the site: operator). If your site has thousands or even millions of pages, hand-crafting description meta tags probably isn't feasible. In this case, you could automatically generate description meta tags based on each page's content.

Using a single description meta tag across all of your site's pages or a large group of pages.

Use heading tags to emphasize important text

Since heading tags typically make text contained in them larger than normal text on the page, this is a visual cue to users that this text is important and could help them understand something about the type of content underneath the heading text. Multiple heading sizes used in order create a hierarchical structure for your content, making it easier for users to navigate through your document.
Imagine you're writing an outline
Best Practices

Similar to writing an outline for a large paper, put some thought into what the main points and sub-points of the content on the page will be and decide where to use heading tags appropriately.
Use headings sparingly across the page

Placing text in heading tags that wouldn't be helpful in defining the structure of the page.

Using heading tags where other tags like <em> and <strong> may be more appropriate.

Erratically moving from one heading tag size to another.

Use heading tags where it makes sense. Too many heading tags on a page can make it hard for users to scan the content and determine where one topic ends and another begins.

Add structured data markup

Structured data ²¹ is code that you can add to your sites' pages to describe your content to search engines, so they can better understand what's on your pages. Search engines can use this understanding to display your content in useful (and eye-catching!) ways in search results. That, in turn, can help you attract just the right kind of customers for your business.

For example, if you've got an online store and mark up an individual product page, this helps us understand that the page features a bike, its price, and customer reviews. We may display that information in the snippet for search results for relevant queries. We call these "rich results."

In addition to using structured data markup for rich results, we may use it to serve relevant results in other formats. For instance, if you've got a brick-and-mortar store, marking up the opening hours allows your potential customers to find you exactly when they need you, and inform them if your store is open/closed at the time of searching.

You can mark up many business-relevant entities:

Products you're selling

Business location

Videos about your products or business

Opening hours

Events listings

Recipes

Your company logo, and many more!

See a full list of supported content types in our developer site ²².

We recommend that you use structured data with any of the supported notations markup to describe your content. You can add the markup to the HTML code to your pages, or use tools like Data Highlighter ²³ and Markup Helper ²⁴ (see the Best Practices section for more information about them).
Check your markup using the Rich Results test
Best Practices
Use Data Highlighter
Once you've marked up your content, you can use the Google Rich Results test ²⁵ to make sure that there are no mistakes in the implementation. You can either enter the URL where the content is, or copy the actual HTML which includes the markup.

If you want to give structured markup a try without changing the source code of your site, you can use Data Highlighter which is a free tool integrated in Search Console that supports a subset of content types.

If you'd like to get the markup code ready to copy and paste to your page, try the Markup Helper tool.
Keep track of how your marked up pages are doing

Changing the source code of your site when you are unsure about implementing markup.

The various rich result reports ²⁶ in Search Console shows you how many pages on your site we've detected with a specific type of markup, how many times they appeared in search results, and how many times people clicked on them over the past 90 days. It also shows any errors we've detected.

Adding markup data which is not visible to users.

Creating fake reviews or adding irrelevant markups.

Manage your appearance in Google Search results

Correct structured data on your pages also makes your page eligible for many special features in Search results, including review stars, fancy decorated results, and more. See the gallery of search result types that your page can be eligible for. ²⁷

Organize your site hierarchy

Understand how search engines use URLs

Search engines need a unique URL per piece of content to be able to crawl and index that content, and to refer users to it. Different content - for example, different products in a shop - as well as modified content - for example, translations or regional variations - need to use separate URLs in order to be shown in search appropriately.
protocol://hostname/path/filename?querystring#fragment
URLs are generally split into multiple distinct sections:
https://www.example.com/RunningShoes/Womens.htm?size=8#info
For example:

Google recommends that all websites use https:// when possible. The hostname is where your website is hosted, commonly using the same domain name that you'd use for email. Google differentiates between the "www" and "non-www" version (for example, "www.example.com" or just "example.com"). When adding your website to Search Console, we recommend adding both http:// and https:// versions, as well as the "www" and "non-www" versions.

Path, filename, and query string determine which content from your server is accessed. These three parts are case-sensitive, so "FILE" would result in a different URL than "file". The hostname and protocol are case-insensitive; upper or lower case wouldn't play a role there.

A fragment (in this case, "#info") generally identifies which part of the page the browser scrolls to. Because the content itself is usually the same regardless of the fragment, search engines commonly ignore any fragment used.

When referring to the homepage, a trailing slash after the hostname is optional since it leads to the same content ("https://example.com/" is the same as "https://example.com"). For the path and filename, a trailing slash would be seen as a different URL (signaling either a file or a directory), for example, "https://example.com/fish" is not the same as "https://example.com/fish/".

Navigation is important for search engines

The navigation of a website is important in helping visitors quickly find the content they want. It can also help search engines understand what content the webmaster thinks is important. Although Google's search results are provided at a page level, Google also likes to have a sense of what role a page plays in the bigger picture of the site.

Plan your navigation based on your homepage

All sites have a home or "root" page, which is usually the most frequented page on the site and the starting place of navigation for many visitors. Unless your site has only a handful of pages, you should think about how visitors will go from a general page (your root page) to a page containing more specific content. Do you have enough pages around a specific topic area that it would make sense to create a page describing these related pages (for example, root page -> related topic listing -> specific topic)? Do you have hundreds of different products that need to be classified under multiple category and subcategory pages?

Using 'breadcrumb lists'

A breadcrumb is a row of internal links at the top or bottom of the page that allows visitors to quickly navigate back to a previous section or the root page. Many breadcrumbs have the most general page (usually the root page) as the first, leftmost link and list the more specific sections out to the right. We recommend using breadcrumb structured data markup ²⁸ when showing breadcrumbs.

Create a simple navigational page for users

A navigational page is a simple page on your site that displays the structure of your website, and usually consists of a hierarchical listing of the pages on your site. Visitors may visit this page if they are having problems finding pages on your site. While search engines will also visit this page, getting good crawl coverage of the pages on your site, it's mainly aimed at human visitors.
Create a naturally flowing hierarchy
Best Practices
Avoid:
Make it as easy as possible for users to go from general content to the more specific content they want on your site. Add navigation pages when it makes sense and effectively work these into your internal link structure. Make sure all of the pages on your site are reachable through links, and that they don't require an internal "search" functionality to be found. Link to related pages, where appropriate, to allow users to discover similar content.
Use text for navigation

Creating complex webs of navigation links, for example, linking every page on your site to every other page.

Going overboard with slicing and dicing your content (so that it takes twenty clicks to reach from the homepage).

Avoid: Create a navigational page for users, a sitemap for search engines
Controlling most of the navigation from page to page on your site through text links makes it easier for search engines to crawl and understand your site. When using JavaScript to create a page, use "a" elements with URLs as "href" attribute values, and generate all menu items on page-load, instead of waiting for a user interaction.
Avoid:
Include a simple navigational page for your entire site (or the most important pages, if you have hundreds or thousands) for users. Create an XML sitemap file to ensure that search engines discover the new and updated pages on your site, listing all relevant URLs together with their primary content's last modified dates.
Show useful 404 pages

Letting your navigational page become out of date with broken links.

Creating a navigational page that simply lists pages without organizing them, for example by subject.

Avoid:
Users will occasionally come to a page that doesn't exist on your site, either by following a broken link or typing in the wrong URL. Having a custom 404 page ³⁰ that kindly guides users back to a working page on your site can greatly improve a user's experience. Your 404 page should probably have a link back to your root page and could also provide links to popular or related content on your site. You can use Google Search Console to find the sources of URLs causing "not found" errors ³¹.

Allowing your 404 pages to be indexed in search engines (make sure that your web server is configured to give a 404 HTTP status code or - in the case of JavaScript-based sites - include a noindex robots meta-tag when non-existent pages are requested).

Blocking 404 pages from being crawled through the robots.txt file.

Providing only a vague message like "Not found", "404", or no 404 page at all.

Using a design for your 404 pages that isn't consistent with the rest of your site.

Simple URLs convey content information

Creating descriptive categories and filenames for the documents on your website not only helps you keep your site better organized, it can create easier, "friendlier" URLs for those that want to link to your content. Visitors may be intimidated by extremely long and cryptic URLs that contain few recognizable words.

URLs like the one shown in the following image can be confusing and unfriendly.

If your URL is meaningful, it can be more useful and easily understandable in different contexts.

URLs are displayed in search results

Lastly, remember that the URL to a document is usually displayed in a search result in Google below the document title.

Google is good at crawling all types of URL structures, even if they're quite complex, but spending the time to make your URLs as simple as possible is a good practice.
Use words in URLs
Best Practices
Avoid: Create a simple directory structure
URLs with words that are relevant to your site's content and structure are friendlier for visitors navigating your site.
Avoid:
Use a directory structure that organizes your content well and makes it easy for visitors to know where they're at on your site. Try using your directory structure to indicate the type of content found at that URL.
Provide one version of a URL to reach a document

Having deep nesting of subdirectories like ".../dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/dir5/dir6/page.html".

Using directory names that have no relation to the content in them.

Avoid:
To prevent users from linking to one version of a URL and others linking to a different version (this could split the reputation of that content between the URLs), focus on using and referring to one URL in the structure and internal linking of your pages. If you do find that people are accessing the same content through multiple URLs, setting up a 301 redirect ³² from non-preferred URLs to the dominant URL is a good solution for this. You may also use canonical URL or use the rel="canonical"³³ link element if you cannot redirect.

Having pages from subdomains and the root directory access the same content, for example, "domain.com/page.html" and "sub.domain.com/page.html".

Optimize your content

Make your site interesting and useful

Creating compelling and useful content will likely influence your website more than any of the other factors discussed here. Users know good content when they see it and will likely want to direct other users to it. This could be through blog posts, social media services, email, forums, or other means.

Organic or word-of-mouth buzz is what helps build your site's reputation with both users and Google, and it rarely comes without quality content.

Know what your readers want (and give it to them)

Think about the words that a user might search for to find a piece of your content. Users who know a lot about the topic might use different keywords in their search queries than someone who is new to the topic. For example, a long-time football fan might search for [fifa], an acronym for the Fédération Internationale de Football Association, while a new fan might use a more general query like [football playoffs]. Anticipating these differences in search behavior and accounting for them while writing your content (using a good mix of keyword phrases) could produce positive results. Google Ads provides a handy Keyword Planner ³⁴ that helps you discover new keyword variations and see the approximate search volume for each keyword. Also, Google Search Console provides you with the top search queries your site appears for and the ones that led the most users to your site in the Performance Report ³⁵.

Consider creating a new, useful service that no other site offers. You could also write an original piece of research, break an exciting news story, or leverage your unique user base. Other sites may lack the resources or expertise to do these things.
Write easy-to-read text
Best Practices
Avoid: Organize your topics clearly
Users enjoy content that is well written and easy to follow.
Avoid:
It's always beneficial to organize your content so that visitors have a good sense of where one content topic begins and another ends. Breaking your content up into logical chunks or divisions helps users find the content they want faster.
Create fresh, unique content

Dumping large amounts of text on varying topics onto a page without paragraph, subheading, or layout separation.
Avoid:
New content will not only keep your existing visitor base coming back, but also bring in new visitors.
Learn more about duplicate content Optimize content for your users, not search engines ³⁶ Avoid:

Rehashing (or even copying) existing content that will bring little extra value to users.

Having duplicate or near-duplicate versions of your content across your site.

Designing your site around your visitors' needs while making sure your site is easily accessible to search engines usually produces positive results.

Inserting numerous unnecessary keywords aimed at search engines but are annoying or nonsensical to users.

Having blocks of text like "frequent misspellings used to reach this page" that add little value for users.

Deceptively hiding text from users ³⁷, but displaying it to search engines.

Act in a way that cultivates user trust

Users feel comfortable visiting your site if they feel that it's trustworthy.

A site with a good reputation is trustworthy. Cultivate a reputation for expertise and trustworthiness in a specific area.
Provide information about who publishes your site, provides the content, and its goals. Shopping and other financial transaction websites should have clear and satisfying customer service information to help users resolve issues. News sites should provide clear information about who is responsible for the content.

Using appropriate technologies is also important. If a shopping checkout page doesn't have a secure connection, users cannot trust the site.

Make expertise and authoritativeness clear

Expertise and authoritativeness of a site increases its quality. Be sure that content on your site is created or edited by people with expertise in the topic. For example, providing expert or experienced sources can help users understand articles' expertise. Representing well-established consensus in pages on scientific topics is a good practice if such consensus exists.
Avoid:
Provide an appropriate amount of content for your subject

Creating high quality content takes a significant amount of at least one of the following: time, effort, expertise, and talent/skill. Content should be factually accurate, clearly written, and comprehensive. So, for example, if you describe your page as a recipe, provide a complete recipe that is easy to follow, rather than just a set of ingredients or a basic description of the dish.

Providing insufficient content for the purpose of the page.

Avoid distracting advertisements

We expect advertisements to be visible. However, you should not let the advertisements distract users or prevent them from consuming the site content. For example, advertisements, supplement contents, or interstitial pages (pages displayed before or after the content you are expecting) that make it difficult to use the website. Learn more about this topic. ³⁸

Putting distracting advertisements on your pages.

Use links wisely

Write good link text

Link text is the visible text inside a link. This text tells users and Google something about the page you're linking to. Links on your page may be internal-pointing to other pages on your site-or external-leading to content on other sites. In either of these cases, the better your anchor text is, the easier it is for users to navigate and for Google to understand what the page you're linking to is about.
Choose descriptive text
With appropriate anchor text, users and search engines can easily understand what the linked pages contain.
Avoid: Write concise text
Best Practices
Avoid:
The anchor text you use for a link should provide at least a basic idea of what the page linked to is about.
Format links so they're easy to spot
Aim for short but descriptive text-usually a few words or a short phrase.
Avoid:

Writing long anchor text, such as a lengthy sentence or short paragraph of text.
Think about anchor text for internal links too
Make it easy for users to distinguish between regular text and the anchor text of your links. Your content becomes less useful if users miss the links or accidentally click them.
Avoid:

Using CSS or text styling that make links look just like regular text.

You may usually think about linking in terms of pointing to outside websites, but paying more attention to the anchor text used for internal links can help users and Google navigate your site better.

Using excessively keyword-filled or lengthy anchor text just for search engines.

Creating unnecessary links that don't help with the user's navigation of the site.

Be careful who you link to

You can confer some of your site's reputation to another site when your site links to it. Sometimes users can take advantage of this by adding links to their own site in your comment sections or message boards. Or sometimes you might mention a site in a negative way and don't want to confer any of your reputation upon it. For example, imagine that you're writing a blog post on the topic of comment spamming and you want to call out a site that recently comment spammed your blog. You want to warn others of the site, so you include the link to it in your content; however, you certainly don't want to give the site some of your reputation from your link. This would be a good time to use nofollow.

Another example when the "nofollow" attribute can come handy are widget links. If you are using a third party's widget to enrich the experience of your site and engage users, check if it contains any links that you did not intend to place on your site along with the widget. Some widgets may add links to your site which are not your editorial choice and contain anchor text that you as a webmaster may not control. If removing such unwanted links from the widget is not possible, you can always disable them with "nofollow" attribute. If you create a widget for functionality or content that you provide, make sure to include the nofollow on links in the default code snippet.

Lastly, if you're interested in nofollowing all of the links on a page, you can add the tag <meta name="robots" content="nofollow"> inside the <head> tag for the page. You can find more details about robots meta tag on the Webmaster Blog ³⁹.

Combat comment spam with "nofollow"

Setting the value of the "rel" attribute of a link to "nofollow" will tell Google that certain links on your site shouldn't be followed or pass your page's reputation to the pages linked to. Nofollowing a link means adding rel="nofollow" inside of the link's anchor tag, as shown here:

When would this be useful? If your site has a blog with public commenting turned on, links within those comments could pass your reputation to pages that you may not be comfortable vouching for. Blog comment areas on pages are highly susceptible to comment spam. Nofollowing these user-added links ensures that you're not giving your page's hard-earned reputation to a spammy site.

Automatically add "nofollow" to comment columns and message boards

Many blogging software packages automatically nofollow user comments, but those that don't can most likely be manually edited to do this. This advice also goes for other areas of your site that may involve user-generated content, such as guest books, forums, shout-boards, referrer listings, etc. If you're willing to vouch for links added by third parties (for example, if a commenter is trusted on your site), then there's no need to use nofollow on links; however, linking to sites that Google considers spammy can affect the reputation of your own site. The Webmaster Help Center has more tips on avoiding comment spam ⁴⁰, for example by using CAPTCHAs and turning on comment moderation.

Optimize your images
Use the HTML <img> or <picture> elements.
Use HTML image elements to embed images in your content.

Best practices:

Semantic HTML markup helps crawlers find and process images. By using the <picture> element you can also specify multiple options for different screen sizes for responsive images. You might also use the loading="lazy" attribute on images to make your page load faster for your users.

Using CSS to display images that you want us to index.

Use the "alt" attribute

Provide a descriptive filename and alt attribute description for images. The "alt" attribute allows you to specify alternative text for the image if it cannot be displayed for some reason.

Why use this attribute? If a user is viewing your site using assistive technologies, such as a screen reader, the contents of the alt attribute provide information about the picture.
Use brief but descriptive filenames and alt text
Another reason is that if you're using an image as a link, the alt text for that image will be treated similarly to the anchor text of a text link. However, we don't recommend using too many images for links in your site's navigation when text links could serve the same purpose. Lastly, optimizing your image filenames and alt text makes it easier for image search projects like Google Image Search to better understand your images.
Supply alt text when using images as links
Best Practices

Like many of the other parts of the page targeted for optimization, filenames and alt text are best when they're short, but descriptive.

If you do decide to use an image as a link, filling out its alt text helps Google understand more about the page you're linking to. Imagine that you're writing anchor text for a text link.

Writing excessively long alt text that would be considered spammy.

Using only image links for your site's navigation.

Help search engines find your images

An Image sitemap ⁴¹ can provide Googlebot with more information about the images found on your site. This increase the likelihood that your images can be found in Image Search results. The structure of this file is similar to the XML sitemap file for your web pages.

Use standard image formats

Use commonly supported filetypes - Most browsers support JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP and WebP image formats. It's also a good idea to have the extension of your filename match with the file type.

Make your site mobile-friendly

The world is mobile today. Most people are searching on Google using a mobile device. The desktop version of a site might be difficult to view and use on a mobile device. As a result, having a mobile ready site is critical to your online presence. In fact, starting in late 2016, Google has begun experiments to primarily use the mobile version of a site's content ⁴² for ranking, parsing structured data, and generating snippets.

Choose a mobile strategy

There are multiple ways of making your website mobile ready and Google supports different implementation methods :

After you have created a mobile-ready site, you can use Google's Mobile-friendly test ⁴⁶ to check if pages on your site meet the criteria for being labeled "Mobile-friendly" on Google Search result pages. You can also check out the Search Console Mobile Usability report ⁴⁷ to fix mobile usability issues affecting your site.

If your site serves lots of static content (like blog posts or product landing pages) across multiple pages, consider implementing it using AMP ⁴⁸ (Accelerated Mobile Pages). It's a special flavor of HTML that ensures your site stays fast and user friendly, and can be further accelerated by various platforms, including Google Search.

Configure mobile sites so that they can be indexed accurately

Regardless of which configuration you choose to set up your mobile site, there are key points that you should take note of:

1. If you use Dynamic Serving or have a separate mobile site, signal to Google when a page is formatted for mobile (or has an equivalent page that's formatted for mobile). This helps Google accurately serve mobile searchers your content in search results.

2. If you are using Responsive Web Design, use meta name="viewport" tag to tell the browser how to adjust the content. If you use Dynamic Serving, use the Vary HTTP header to signal your changes depending on the user-agent. If you are using separate URLs, signal the relationship between two URLs by <link> tag with rel="canonical" and rel="alternate" elements.

3. Keep resources crawlable. Blocking page resources can give Google an incomplete picture of your website. This often happens when your robots.txt file is blocking access to some or all of your page resources. If Googlebot doesn't have access to a page's resources, such as CSS, JavaScript, or images, we may not detect that it's built to display and work well on a mobile browser. In other words, we may not detect that the page is "mobile-friendly," and therefore not properly serve it to mobile searchers.

4. Avoid common mistakes that frustrate mobile visitors, such as featuring unplayable videos (for example,, Flash video as the page's significant content).

5. Mobile pages that provide a poor searcher experience can be demoted in rankings or displayed with a warning in mobile search results. This includes but is not limited to full page interstitials ⁴⁹ on mobile that hinder user experience.

6. Provide full functionality on all devices. Mobile users expect the same functionality - such as commenting and check-out - and content on mobile as well as on all other devices that your website supports. In addition to textual content, make sure that all important images and videos are embedded and accessible on mobile devices. For search engines, provide all structured data and other metadata - such as titles, descriptions, link-elements, and other meta-tags - on all versions of the pages.

7. Make sure that the structured data, images, videos, and metadata you have on your desktop site are also included on the mobile site.

For more information, see Google's mobile-friendly guide. ⁵¹
Best Practices

Test your mobile pages with the Mobile-Friendly Test ⁵⁰ to see if Google thinks your website works well on mobile devices.

If you use separate URLs for your mobile pages, make sure to test both the mobile and the desktop URLs, so you can confirm that the redirect is recognized and crawlable.

Promote your website

While most of the links to your site will be added gradually, as people discover your content through search or other ways and link to it, Google understands that you'd like to let others know about the hard work you've put into your content. Effectively promoting your new content will lead to faster discovery by those who are interested in the same subject. As with most points covered in this document, taking these recommendations to an extreme could actually harm the reputation of your site.

A blog post on your own site letting your visitor base know that you added something new is a great way to get the word out about new content or services. Other webmasters who follow your site or RSS feed could pick the story up as well.
Know about social media sites
Putting effort into the offline promotion of your company or site can also be rewarding. For example, if you have a business site, make sure its URL is listed on your business cards, letterhead, posters, etc. You could also send out recurring newsletters to clients through the mail letting them know about new content on the company's website.

If you run a local business, adding its information to Google My Business ⁵² will help you reach customers on Google Maps and web search.
Reach out to those in your site's related community
Best Practices

Sites built around user interaction and sharing have made it easier to match interested groups of people up with relevant content.

Attempting to promote each new, small piece of content you create; go for big, interesting items.

Involving your site in schemes ⁵³ where your content is artificially promoted to the top of these services.

Chances are, there are a number of sites that cover topic areas similar to yours. Opening up communication with these sites is usually beneficial. Hot topics in your niche or community could spark additional ideas for content or building a good community resource.

Spamming link requests out to all sites related to your topic area.

Purchasing links from another site with the aim of getting PageRank.

Analyze your search performance and user behavior

Analyzing your search performance

Major search engines, including Google, provide free tools for webmasters to analyze their performance in their search engine. For Google, that tool is Search Console ⁵⁴.

Search Console provides two important categories of information: Can Google find my content? How am I performing in Google Search results?

Using Search Console won't help your site get preferential treatment; however, it can help you identify issues that, if addressed, can help your site perform better in search results.

With the service, webmasters can:

See which parts of a site Googlebot had problems crawling

Test and submit sitemaps

Analyze or generate robots.txt files

Remove URLs already crawled by Googlebot

Specify your preferred domain

Identify issues with title and description meta tags

Understand the top searches used to reach a site

Get a glimpse at how Googlebot sees pages

Receive notifications of quality guidelines violations and request a site reconsideration

Microsoft's Bing Webmaster Tools ⁵⁵ also offers free tools for webmasters.

Analyzing user behavior on your site

If you've improved the crawling and indexing of your site using Google Search Console or other services, you're probably curious about the traffic coming to your site. Web analytics programs like Google Analytics are a valuable source of insight for this. You can use these to:

For advanced users, the information an analytics package provides, combined with data from your server log files, can provide even more comprehensive information about how visitors are interacting with your documents (such as additional keywords that searchers might use to find your site).

Additional Resources

Webmaster Central Blog ⁵⁶
Get the latest information from our Webmaster Central blog. You can find information about updates to Google Search, new Search Console features, and much more.

Webmaster Help Forum ⁵⁷
Post questions about your site's issues and find tips to create high quality sites from the product forum for webmasters. There are many experienced contributors in the forum, including Top Contributors ⁵⁸ and occasionally Googlers.

Google Webmasters Twitter ⁵⁹
Follow us for news and resources to help you make a great site.

Google Webmasters YouTube Channel ⁶⁰
Watch hundreds of helpful videos created for the webmaster community and get your questions answered by Googlers.

How Search Works ⁶¹
See what happens behind the scenes as you search for something in Google Search. You'll learn some really cool facts!

Get Your Business Online ⁶²
Register a free website if you have a small business in the US. GYBO is a partnership between Google and Homestead to help small businesses register a free website for one year.

Appendix: Link URLs used in this paper

The following URLs are referenced in this paper:

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Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Starter Guide

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If you own, manage, monetize, or promote online content via Google Search, this guide is meant for you. You might be the owner of a growing and thriving business, the webmaster of a dozen sites, the SEO specialist in a Web agency or a DIY SEO ninja passionate about the mechanics of Search : this guide is meant for you.

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Type of Business Entities and Corporate Organizations in the US

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How to Decide What Type of Business Entity is good for you before you form or incorporate a Company in USA
When a person plans to set up a business, one of the first questions that crosses one's mind is to determine what business structure is suitable for the intended business. That is to say what business identity one wants to adopt for one's business out of the various options available under law. Taking this decision is necessary for tax purposes and also helps an entrepreneur to plan for the future business expansion. It is here that the present article would come handy as far as basic information about available forms of business organizations are concerned. Try to learn as much as you can before making a decision. In addition, be sure to consult a lawyer to assist you and to answer any questions that you may have.

Now about options for business structuring under law.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
While there are many different forms of business entities, there are four main types in the United States:
1.Sole Proprietorship
2.Partnership
3.Limited Liability Company
4.Business Corporation

1. Sole Proprietorship
Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business type. It is a business owned and controlled exclusively by one person. This person is responsible for the business, including all liability and any profit or loss.

Features:
- Inexpensive to form
- Easy to dissolve
- Generally have no tax aspects
- Virtually no formalities to be observed except basic bookkeeping
- Firm's liabilities are treated as personal liabilities of the owner
- On death of the owner sole proprietorship immediately ceases to exist

Profits and losses of the business are of the owner's personal income and the proprietorship firm is disregarded for tax purposes. However, since legally the firm is nothing more than an individual using a trade name, there is no limit to the owner's liability for the firm's obligations.

2. Partnership
It is an association of two or more persons (persons being people, corporations, other partnerships, LLC's, trusts or others) to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit. These individuals are responsible for the business, including all liability and any profit or loss.

The persons intending to enter into a partnership make an agreement to share profits and losses. The partnership is required to file an informational return to the government to report what the profits and losses of the partnership were and how these were allocated to the partners. Since the liability of partners is joint and several, any particular partner can be made to pay the entire debts of the partnership, regardless of the allocation of profits and losses, or capital contributions made into the partnership.

Features:
-Relatively inexpensive to form
- Each partner has joint and several liability to the partnership
- Taxation is a bit complex, but the partnership itself pays no taxes

Partnership can be as simple or complex in structure and administration as the partners want it to be. A partnership ceases to exist when certain criteria are met, such as the death or bankruptcy of a partner; or if the partners decide to end the partnership.

There are three kinds of partnerships:

General Partnership:
This is the most basic type. It assumes equal partnership, and therefore equal ownership. All management and liability is shared between the partners, unless otherwise specified.

Limited Partnership (a Partnership with Limited Liability):
In limited partnership, one or more general partners manage the business and are personally liable for partnership debts; and there are one or more other limited partners who contribute capital and share in profits but who do not run the business and are not liable for the partnership obligations beyond contribution.

A general partnership may elect to have limited personal liability for its general partners by registering this election with the Secretary of State. In such a case, the partners are responsible to the extent of their investment.

Joint Venture:
This type of partnership is time-based. Two or more individuals may work together for a particular project or for an extension of time. Upon completion, the partnership is dissolved. If the individuals would like to continue to work together after that, they would then register as general partners.

3. Limited Liability Company
This is a rather new classification that is now allowed in most states.

A hybrid of a corporation (with an ability to limit personal liability) and a partnership (with an ability to assess profits and losses to individuals), this type of organization provides a flexible structure to achieve these ends.

LLC's are extremely flexible, and can be used for a very wide range of businesses. Like partnerships, LLC's can be as simple or complex as the members desire. Depending on state law, an LLC can have the same limited liability for members as a corporation, or have some members with limited liability and some without limited liability (like a limited partnership), or even have no limited liability for any members (like a general partnership). Unlike corporations, some States require that their LLC's designate a date in the future at which the LLC will automatically dissolve. Some States also require that if a member dies, goes bankrupt or meets some other calamity the remaining members of the company must either dissolve or vote to continue.

A LLC functions as a limited liability corporation, but is taxed and operated in a way that is most consistent with a Partnership. However, one must ensure that a Limited Liability business does not have more than two of the four qualities that characterize a corporation (limited liability concerning assets; continuity of life; centralization of management; the ability to transfer ownership interests). If more than two of these qualities are met, the Limited Liability becomes a Corporation and is taxed accordingly.

4. Business Corporation

A business corporation is a legal entity established by individual(s) under the laws of a state to conduct particular types of business or transactions.

Kinds of Corporations
From the functional point of view, there are two kinds of corporations-a business corporation and a not-for-profit corporation.

A business corporation is formed for the purpose of transacting business in the broadest sense of the word, and these transactions are conducted to return a profit.

A not-for-profit corporation is formed for the purpose of advancing a particular objective of an organization which is not established to make a profit. Generally, this includes charitable, benevolent and educational organizations.

Business and not-for-profit corporations are either domestic or foreign corporations. A domestic corporation is the one incorporated under the laws of one of the states of the United Sttaes. A foreign corporation is the one that has been incorporated under the laws of another state or country and, by registering with a different state in United States, may be authorized to do business within that state.

A business corporation is more complex than a partnership or a sole proprietorship. In fact, by incorporating, a new legal person is created. A corporation is an entity that is separate from its owners, so that regardless of what happens to shareholders, the corporation continues until it is legally dissolved. Depending on state law, a corporation can be owned by just one person and have just one director and officer. The owner(s) of a corporation are known as shareholders. The shareholders elect directors to set the policies of the corporation and represent their interests. The directors appoint the officers of the corporation to manage day to day operations. Corporations are legally required to follow more formalities than any of the other entities, including annual meetings of the shareholders and directors, as well as board approval of most significant acts by the corporation. A corporation is separate from its shareholders. It means that a shareholder cannot just take company's funds for him/herself without documenting the reason and entering a board resolution into the corporate records.

Taxation of corporations is much more complex than sole proprietorships or partnerships. Depending on the number of, residency of and type of shareholders, a corporation can elect to be treated for tax purposes as if it were a partnership (an S corporation), and therefore not pay taxes itself, or it can be treated as a taxable entity (a C corporation). An S Corp allows its shareholders to treat profits as distributions and to pass them through to their personal tax return.

Features:
- The corporation exists separately from its shareholders, directors and employees.
- A corporation is a 'person' in the eyes of the law. A corporation functions in the same manner as a person and has the same rights and responsibilities as a person. - The corporation may make contracts, assume liabilities, sue and be sued.
- The corporation and its shareholders and directors have specific duties and obligations to each other.
- Liability of shareholders is limited to the amount of shares held by them.
- Centralization of Management
- Shareholders can transfer ownership interests
- Continuity until dissolved according to law

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DECIDING THE MOST SUITABLE BUSINESS ENTITY

1. Sole Proprietorship:
In this situation, one owns the business oneself and can reap whatever financial benefits come from it. One can make decisions on one's own and guide the growth of the business without having to consult with any other entity. This also means that no other employee will ever have the chance to have own stocks.

This may sound pretty good. But be aware that with a sole proprietorship, there is no distinction between one's business life and one's personal life as far as taxes and other financial obligations are concerned. As far as the government is concerned, proprietor and the firm are one and the same. This could have negative repercussions on the proprietor. Moreover, as a sole proprietor, one's business will exist only as long as one continues to own it.

2. Partnership:
In the same way as a sole proprietorship, a partnership draws no financial distinction between a partner's personal and business finances. There are also inherent risks in partnerships. It is important to draft a "partnership agreement" to outline what happens if there is a disagreement among partners, if one wants to end the partnership, if one of the partners dies, etc.

3. Limited Liability Company
LLC's are extremely flexible, and can be used for a very wide range of businesses. The members (equivalent to shareholders or partners) can, but need not, have limited liability; can, but need not have, managers (equivalent to directors and officers) and can elect to be taxed either as corporations, or as partners (if they have two or more members) or be disregarded for tax purposes like a sole proprietorship.

4. Business Corporation
Becoming "incorporated" brings with it many advantages. Your business becomes a separated entity (from you) and is chartered by the state in which it is located. This means that your business can enter into contracts, it pays taxes of its own, it can be sued. The owner becomes a shareholder and has the option to sell the business if things don't work out for continued ownership. The negative piece of this option is that it is more expensive than the others and takes a bit more time. It is subject to much more compliances as compared to a Sole Proprietorship or Partnership or Limited Liability Company.

Therefore, some issues to consider when deciding include personal protection from liability, tax liabilities, and business continuity.

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types of business entities & corporation in the usa

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Types of Business Entities & Corporation in the USA-US Market

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How to Decide What Type of Business Entity is good for you before you form or incorporate a Company in USA When a person plans to set up a business, one of the first questions that crosses one's mind is to determine what business structure is suitable for the intended business.

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Why you should ditch FOMO for JOMO

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Why you should ditch FOMO for JOMO - BBC Ideas

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Is it healthy to constantly compare our lives to others through social media? This BBC Ideas video asks if embracing our limits could make us happier?

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Neurology of beauty.

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O wykładzie

Jeden z prekursorów tej bardzo młodej dziedziny wyjaśnia, czym zajmuje się i co bada neuroestetyka. Choć profesor Zeki nie jest z wykształcenia filozofem, to jednak zwraca uwagę na bardzo istotny aspekt towarzyszący każdemu odkryciu naukowemu. Wiele fundamentalnych pytań powstało na długo przed współczesnymi poszukiwaniami odpowiedzi. Czy piękno jest zaklęte w dziełach sztuki? Czy może jednak w ludziach, którzy je oglądają? Jak nasz mózg widzi piękno? Czy kategorie i pojęcia estetyczne mają swoją realizację w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym? Na te i wiele innych pytań wyczerpująco odpowiada prof. Zeki w niniejszym wykładzie.

Kurs powstał w ramach grantu Science for Ministry in Poland przyznanego Centrum Kopernika przez Fundację Johna Templetona.

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Jeden z prekursorów tej bardzo młodej dziedziny wyjaśnia, czym zajmuje się i co bada neuroestetyka. Choć profesor Zeki nie jest z wykształcenia filozofem, to jednak zwraca uwagę na bardzo istotny aspekt towarzyszący każdemu odkryciu naukowemu. Wiele fundamentalnych pytań powstało na długo przed współczesnymi poszukiwaniami odpowiedzi. Czy piękno jest zaklęte w dziełach sztuki?

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More detailed information on interpreting job. Examples of videos showing how to take notes.

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European Commission - European Commission

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A virtual video library with active listening, analysis/synthesis, note-taking methods, communication and expression.

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Fluentwork - exploring different ways to connect with the team.

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Free software to align documents (TMX format)

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Welcome to YouAlign, your online document alignment solution. No software to purchase, no software to install. With YouAlign you can quickly and easily create alignments from your archived documents. A YouAlign alignment contains a document and its translation aligned at the sentence level. You can…

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Jak połączyć dane z wielu komórek w całość, żeby łatwiej się z nimi pracowało w narzędziach CAT?

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Combine Data From Multiple Worksheets into a Single Worksheet in Excel

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Spanish grammar - conjugacion

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Conjugación añadir | Conjugar el verbo añadir en español| Conjugador Reverso

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Conjugación verbo: conjugar añadir en español, ver modelos de conjugación español, verbos irregulares, verbos con doble participio en español

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Strategies for improving proofreading procedures.

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Ensuring a quality translation requires more than extensive terminological research and grammatical accuracy. Translations should be proofread before they are sent to the client. This is the last part of the revision process and involves a re-reading of the target text to make sure nothing has been overlooked, paying particular attention to the orthography, layout, grammar and syntax.

Read on to find out how to effectively proofread your translations...

There are three main types of spell checkers available on the market. Standalone spell checkers were the first to be introduced but these were quickly replaced by word processing packages such as Word Perfect which were later developed to include more languages. More recently, web browsers and social network sites such as Google Chrome, Firefox and Twitter offer spell check options. If the word processing programme you are using does not have a spell check in the language you desire, you can refer to online spell checkers such as spellchecker.net or a specific grammar checker like grammarcheck.me. The latest edition of Microsoft Office also includes a thesaurus, auto-correct list, hyphenator and translation dictionary in English and offers similar services in a range of languages including Catalan and Estonian. However if you have an earlier edition or an older operating system your language packet may not be as extensive. Many Apple Mac applications now have built-in spell checkers but Mac computers may not support certain spell check software so it is advisable to check this with the supplier. Although spell-checkers can be a proofreader's best friend, you need to be aware of a few problems they may present. For example, it is essential you select the correct language. American English has different orthography to British English so the spell check will apply a different set of rules. If you accidentally type a word that is different to the one you intended (i.e. the instead of then), it will not be indicated as a spelling mistake. A careful re-reading of the target text will help you spot these errors. Moreover, don't forget to apply your own knowledge; the spell-checker may not recognise certain technical words but this does not mean they do not exist! Beware of auto-correcting. Automatic capitalisation or bullet points are examples of how this can affect the layout. On most spell checkers you can turn off the auto-correct function.

Never underestimate the effectiveness of taking a break from your text. After giving your eyes a rest and switching off for a few minutes you will be able to focus more easily and spot errors more quickly. If there is a particular phrase that you are unsure of, try highlighting it and coming back to it later. Sometimes the solution becomes clear to you after a short break.

In order to proofread properly you need to maximise your concentration. Each person has their own techniques for concentration. You may work best in total silence or with background music. It may help you to do some brain gym exercises in order to focus your mind. People can concentrate for different time lengths so work out how long you can focus for before you need a break. Always make sure you are sitting in a comfortably at the desk and have any resources on hand so you can work more effectively.

Think back to your school days. What were the teachers always correcting? Here are a few of the common slip-ups:

They're/There/Their and Your/You're- although you now (hopefully) know the difference between these, when typing quickly it is easy to make a mistake.

Un/Dis/Im/Mis - make sure your prefixes are correct. Don't get mixed up and put 'unpolite' instead of 'impolite'. Do you know the difference between 'uninformed' and 'misinformed'?

One word or two? A lot/ alot, a while/awhile and onto/on to. Did you know that 'everyday' is an adjective while 'every day' is an adverb? Find out more about the rules.

Homonyms such as affect/effect aural/oral and practise/practice need to be double checked. For more information on homonyms visit the Oxford words blog

Check figures, names and titles. Although these are small details, they are a clear indication of quality. If you type ten thousand instead of ten million or spell the company director's name wrong the client will not be impressed and it may lose them trade if the translation is for publication online or in a company letter.

Careful with your capitals. Make sure the write letters are capitalised. For example 'The twentieth century' does not need capitals unless followed by a noun as in 'Twentieth Century novel'.

This is a great way to check that a sentence sounds right in the target language. When translating, sometimes phrases resemble the structure of the source rather than the target language. This is hard to spot unless you read it out loud to hear if it sounds right. If you are working in a busy office and want to avoid disturbing others, whispering the sentence to yourself is also effective. If you are still unsure that a phrase is right after reading it out loud a couple of times, double check with a friend or colleague. Getting a second opinion is a great way to ensure quality.

Have you closed that last bracket? Did you need to start a new paragraph there? Do you need an apostrophe after or before the 's'? These are just a handful of the questions that proofreaders ask themselves when checking documents. Forgetting a single question mark or full stop will significantly reduce the quality of your translation and affect the readability of the sentence.

Last but not least, ensure the formatting is correct. This is the first thing that people notice when consulting a text so it is really important you check it carefully. Make sure the font doesn't accidentally change half way through the text and don't forget to check spacing between lines. In particular, check the following:
Correct use of styles, fonts,
Correct use of page layout, paragraphs, indentations, line spacing, paragraph spacing, margins, text align
Proper use of tables, charts, symbols, colours

Create a check list to make sure you don't miss out any of the important stages of proofreading!

These top tips will make sure all your hard work pays off. To find out more about SMG Languages proofreading service visit www.smgtranslations.co.uk

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How to proofread translations - SMG Languages

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Ensuring a quality translation requires more than extensive terminological research and grammatical accuracy. Translations should be proofread before they are sent to the client. This is the last part of the revision process and involves a re-reading of the target text to make sure nothing has been overlooked, paying particular attention to the orthography, layout, grammar and syntax.

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Motivational speeches.

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Najlepsze podcasty dla tłumaczy.

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Inspiracje - łączenie różnych zawodów.

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9 Little Translation Mistakes That Caused Big Problems

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Writers often turn to a thesaurus to diversify their vocabulary and add nuance to their prose. But looking up synonyms and antonyms in a thesaurus can help anyone-writer or not-find the most vivid, incisive words to communicate thoughts and ideas. Since January 18 is Thesaurus Day, we're celebrating with these 10 fascinating facts about your thesaurus.

1. Thesaurus comes from the Greek word for treasure.

Most logophiles consider the thesaurus to be a treasure trove of diction, but the word thesaurus really does mean "treasure." It derives from the Greek word thésauros, which means a storehouse of precious items, or a treasure.

2. The plural of thesaurus is thesauruses or thesauri.

How do you refer to more than one octopus? People say everything from octopuses to octopi to octopodes. Similarly, many people have trouble figuring out the correct plural form of the word thesaurus. Though thesauri is technically correct-it attaches a Latin suffix to the Latin word thēsaurus-both thesauri and thesauruses are commonly used and accepted today.

3. Early thesauruses were really dictionaries.

Ask a French scholar in the 16th century to see his thesaurus, and he'd gladly give you a copy of his dictionary. In the early 1530s, a French printer named Robert Estienne published Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, a comprehensive Latin dictionary listing words that appeared in Latin texts throughout an enormous span of history. And in 1572, Estienne's son Henri published Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, a dictionary of Greek words. Although the Estiennes's books were called thesauruses, they were really dictionaries comprised of alphabetical listings of words with their definitions.

4. A Greek historian wrote the first book of synonyms.

Philo of Byblos, a Greek historian and grammarian, wrote On Synonyms, a dictionary of synonyms that scholars consider to be the first ancient thesaurus. Dating to the late 1st century or early 2nd century CE, the book lists Greek words that are similar in meaning to each another. Sadly, we don't know much more about On Synonyms because copies of the work haven't survived over the centuries.

5. An early Sanskrit thesaurus was written in the form of a poem.

In the 4th century CE, an Indian poet and grammarian named Amara Sinha wrote The Amarakosha, a thesaurus of Sanskrit words. Rather than compile a boring list of similar words, Amara Sinha turned his thesaurus into a long poem. Divided into three sections-words relating to the divine, the earth, and everyday life- The Amarakosha contains verses so readers could memorize words easily. This thesaurus is the oldest book of its kind that still exists.

6. A British doctor wrote the first modern thesaurus.

Peter Mark Roget is the British doctor credited with authoring the first modern thesaurus. In 1805, he began compiling a list of words, arranged by their meaning and grouped according to theme. After retiring from his work as a physician in 1852, Roget published his Thesaurus of English words and phrases; so classified and arranged as to facilitate the expression of ideas and assist in literary composition. Today, Roget's Thesaurus is still commercially successful and widely used. In fact, we celebrate Thesaurus Day on January 18 because Roget was born on this day in 1779.

7. The thesaurus has a surprising link to a mathematical tool.

The division between "words people" and "numbers people" is deep-seated. Many mathematicians may try to steer clear of thesauruses, and bibliophiles may avoid calculators, but the thesaurus is actually linked to a mathematical tool. Around 1815, Roget invented the log-log slide rule, a ruler-like device that allows users to easily calculate the roots and exponents of numbers. So while the inventor of the thesaurus was compiling words for his tome, he was also hard at work on the log-log slide rule. A true jack-of-all-trades.

8. The Oxford English Dictionary has its own historical thesaurus.

In 1965, a professor of English Language at Glasgow University suggested that scholars should create a historical thesaurus based on entries in the Oxford English Dictionary. The project was a massive undertaking, as people from multiple countries worked for 44 years to compile and classify words. Published in 2009, the Historical Thesaurus to the Oxford English Dictionary contains 800,000 words organized by theme and date. The thesaurus covers words and synonyms from Old English to the present day and lets readers discover when certain words were coined and how long they were commonly used.

9. One artist turned his love of words into a series of thesaurus paintings.

In 2014, the Jewish Museum in New York showed a survey of conceptual artist Mel Bochner's art. Bochner had incorporated words and synonyms in his paintings for years-which were collectively referred to as the thesaurus paintings-featuring word paintings and lists of synonyms on canvas. The brightly colored paintings feature different groups of English and Yiddish synonyms. According to Bochner, Vietnam and Iraq war veterans cried after seeing his thesaurus painting , which features words and phrases such as expire, perish, succumb, drop dead, croak, go belly up, pull the plug, and kick the bucket.

10. There's an urban thesaurus for all your slang synonym needs.

Urban Dictionary helps people decipher the latest slang terms, but where should you go when you need a thesaurus of slang? Urban Thesaurus, of course. The site, which is not affiliated with Urban Dictionary, indexes millions of slang terms culled from slang dictionaries, then calculates usage correlations between the terms. Typing in the word money, for example, gives you an eclectic list of synonyms including scrilla, cheddar, mulah, coin, and bling.

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9 Little Translation Mistakes That Caused Big Problems

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Writers often turn to a thesaurus to diversify their vocabulary and add nuance to their prose. But looking up synonyms and antonyms in a thesaurus can help anyone-writer or not-find the most vivid, incisive words to communicate thoughts and ideas. Since January 18 is Thesaurus Day, we're celebrating with these 10 fascinating facts about your thesaurus.

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Everyday portion of exploration of the space.

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.

2024 March 13

The Seagull Nebula
Credit & Copyright: Gianni Lacroce

Explanation: A broad expanse of glowing gas and dust presents a bird-like visage to astronomers from planet Earth, suggesting its popular moniker: the Seagull Nebula. This portrait of the cosmic bird covers a 1.6-degree wide swath across the plane of the Milky Way, near the direction of Sirius, the alpha star of the constellation of the Big Dog ( Canis Major). Of course, the region includes objects with other catalog designations: notably NGC 2327, a compact, dusty emission and reflection nebula with an embedded massive star that forms the bird's head. Dominated by the reddish glow of atomic hydrogen, the complex of gas and dust clouds with bright young stars spans over 100 light-years at an estimated 3,800 light-year distance.

Almost Hyperspace: Random APOD Generator
Tomorrow's picture: open space< |Archive |Submissions |Index |Search |Calendar |RSS |Education |About APOD |Discuss |>
Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff ( MTU) & Jerry Bonnell ( UMCP)
NASA Official: Amber Straughn; Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC,
NASA Science Activation
& Michigan Tech. U.

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A different astronomy and space science related image is featured each day, along with a brief explanation.

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Is peace in the world possible?

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"I am inspired by what Scilla Elworthy has to say in The Business Plan for Peace. She integrates depth, calls out what is not working with courage and compassion, and suggests practical steps for citizens and policy makers, including the economic dimensions of a culture of peace. This is so relevant for our times."

Dr Monica Sharma

Tata Chair Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India Author " Radical Transformational Leadership - Strategic Action for Change Agents"

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"I am inspired by what Scilla Elworthy has to say in The Business Plan for Peace. She integrates depth, calls out what is not working with courage and compassion, and suggests practical steps for citizens and policy makers, including the economic dimensions of a culture of peace.

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The human skills that we need in the contemporary world of change.

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The human skills we need in an unpredictable world

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The more we rely on technology to make us efficient, the fewer skills we have to confront the unexpected, says writer and entrepreneur Margaret Heffernan. She shares why we need less tech and more messy human skills -- imagination, humility, bravery -- to solve problems in business, government and life in an unpredictable age. “We are brave enough to invent things we’ve never seen before,” she says. “We can make any future we choose.”

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Different languages - different thoughts?

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Do we think differently in different languages? - BBC Ideas

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How much of an impact does the language you speak have on how you actually think?

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Proofreading - how to work in a more efficient way.

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efficiently proofread proofreading / editing / reviewing translation translators translation forums discussion help solution

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Copyediting and Proofreading - differences and importance.

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Copyediting and proofreading are two of the translation QA processes to ensure that the translation conforms to client's requested style. The style guides the flow and nature of the entire translation. It is determined by the style of the original author, which the translation team has to consider while preparing the initial draft of the material the translator is rewriting.

Some people are more familiar with proofreading than copyediting while some think the two terms are the same. Maybe it is because the two are steps in the editing process. Each step is important in translation work. There are companies that offer this type of services either individually or together.

In the language services business, quality and accuracy ensure that the company is on the path to business success and better standing in the community. If a translation project does not go through QA processes, it is inevitable that the quality of translation will suffer. This has a direct effect on the brand image of the company and a low customer impression that can take years to erase. Thus, the role of editing is on the same level of importance as the translation work.

Proofreading and copyediting have some similarities although there are differences as well. While the requirements of the document translation dictate which type of services is more applicable, reputable language services company like Day Translations, Inc. use both services to ensure high quality and accuracy in every translation project they do.

What is proofreading?

For the sake of defining and differentiating the two processes, proofreading is often used for planning or business documents that normally do not need specific references or formatting. The proofreader reviews the document in order to optimize it for readability and accuracy. It's a step to polish the translated document.

Proofreading sees to it that the intended message is clearly communicated to the intended users. The proofreader looks at the entire document and checks the word usage, punctuation, grammar and spelling. The proofreader makes sure that there are no errors in the translation and that no words or passages from the original are deleted.

What is copyediting?

Copyediting is a more in-depth phase that a finished translation goes through. The copy editor closely examines the documents for all issues, such as flow, consistency, semantics, jargon, syntax, terminology, punctuation and grammar. The copy editor will follow the requested style (Harvard, Chicago or APA) while editing the work.

Documents or manuscripts the require copyediting include materials that require a specific style format, in most cases those that will be used for publication. Most of these types of documents include a number of cited materials, a bibliography or various references. At times, the unique house style of the publisher must be followed. The references and in-text citations will be reviewed by the copy editor to see to it that the translator has maintained consistency.

The job of the copy editor

Copy editors must be meticulous in checking the translated document in its entirety. This is very important for translation as this determines the accuracy and quality of the translation. The work should conform not only to the guidelines of the language services company but also to the guidelines given by the client.

The copy editor examines the text with the goal of improving its flow. It is also the aim of the copy editor to ensure the quality of the translation. He or she looks for inconsistencies and contextual mistakes. The editor has to check all the facts and ensure that the terminology used is appropriate and correct.

It is the job of the copy editor to search corporate and industry terminology glossaries, specialized dictionaries and counter check relevant websites of institutions, organizations and related companies to ensure the veracity of facts and terminologies.

Recommending corrections is part of the copy editor's work. If necessary, the editor can also change the style used in the translation and go as far as rewriting whole paragraphs.

Normally, the factual and terminology changes are not actually done by the editor. Instead the correction recommendations and comments are sent to the translator who did the translation and have the translator either decides on what changes should be done or follow all of the editor's recommendation regarding changes.

Importance of copyediting in today's interconnected world

It is almost common knowledge that despite globalization, the language gap is as strong as ever. This is the reason why translation itself plays a great role in bridging that gap. Translation is of tremendous help in international communication. Which is why there are specialized translation services such as internationalization, localization and creative adaptation or transcreation.

It is imperative for political, financial and business strategies to deliver their messages clearly to their target audiences. So today, it is no longer enough to just transcribe written text from one language to another. Now it is crucial that cultural barriers are overcome and culturally logical and consistent message is transmitted seamlessly.

This is the reason why copyediting is extremely important in translation. It is a means to avoid mistakes, identify and correct whatever inconsistencies are present in the document and adapt the text to make it relevant and meaningful to the target user or market.

Copyediting is the next step after translation. It is a bilingual review of the source text and the translated work. It aims to verify that the translation is true to the original text. It gives continuity and makes sure that the use of the language is correct. It sees to it that the message is adapted and relayed to the target user as originally intended.

Proofreading should not be forgotten

The quality assurance (QA) process of a professional translation company consists of copyediting and proofreading. It is important to know that the two are different. After editing, the work is sent back to the translator so that the changes can be implemented. The last step in the QA process is proofreading.

Proofreading looks at different aspects in the translation. It compares the source and translated document. Proofreading is more focused on the texts' correctness. It is more concerned with spelling, punctuation, style and grammar. On the other hand, copyediting is focused on facts, terminology and context.

The proofreader can also make suggestions and corrections. He or she can also ask questions relevant to the content. However, the proofreader does not apply the corrections but instead sends the document back to the copy editor.

Preparing for copyediting - defining specific style sheet

There is a methodical process that copy editors might find very helpful when they prepare to edit a translated document. It resembles a checklist of the things a copy editor should do to ensure that the translation is of the highest quality and consistent throughout.

The copy editor must understand the aim of the document's content. Define the content's particular purpose and give it a one-sentence description. If the editor cannot find the goal, it is important to consult the client to avoid copyediting issues later.

At this stage, the copy editor should define the target audience. Ability, age, educational level and professional status define the word choices, the structure of the arguments and the length of sentences.

The second reading of the source document allows the copy editor to see and take note of the patterns, such as different sentence lengths, structural features, section headings, lists and the tone and mood of the content. The editor should also look for the author's choice of words and the use of punctuations.

Authors may be conscious of their intent and the style he or she wants to use. However, many may disregard language as they write their piece. Clients may be using several idioms, which are difficult to translate, as these are traditionally culture-dependent. Does the client want a literal translation? Is it all right to use an equivalent? Translating idioms from one language to another often change the intent and meaning of the idiom, so this aspect should be discussed with client as early as possible. It is advantageous for the editor to have a thorough understanding of other cultures.

Organization is important in copyediting. It can save time and energy when the editor has a general style sheet. It helps the editor to remain consistent from the first to the last sentence of the translation.

Rest assured that all the translation work we do at Day Translations, Inc. pass through our stringent QA processes. Our teams of copy editors and proofreaders ensure that each piece of translation work is thoroughly checked and re-checked before it is approved by the project manager for submission to client. We always aim to be 100 % accurate, employing only native speakers with years of experience in different fields and subject matter expertise. Day Translations operate 24/7, each day of the year to provide you with high quality, fast and efficient translation services any time you need it, wherever you are in the world. You can get in touch with use by calling 1-800-969-6853 or sending us an email at Contact us.

Image Copyright: lamaip / 123RF Stock Photo

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Value of Copyediting and Proofreading in Translation Quality

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Copyediting and proofreading are two of the translation QA processes to ensure that the translation conforms to client's requested style. The style guides the flow and nature of the entire translation. It is determined by the style of the original author, which the translation team has to consider while preparing the initial draft of the material the translator is rewriting.

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Webinar on Phase-Based vs Neural MT

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You can find all of our answers here. Click on the categories on the right to browse through the questions.

In case you missed it, you can watch a recording of the webinar on our YouTube channel:

It's been great receiving all of your questions. In many cases, they also turned out to be great food for thought!

If you think we forgot something important, please send your questions directly to info@matecat.com.

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Phrase-Based Vs Neural MT - Webinar Questions - Matecat

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You can find all of our answers here. Click on the categories on the right to browse through the questions. In case you missed it, you can watch a recording of the webinar on our YouTube channel: It's been great Continue reading ›

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Machine Translation by Argos Multinational - one of the leading translation companies in the market.

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Exploring the threads related to SDL on TranslatorsCafe.com - checking what other users are dealing with.

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*[M]-Użytkownik Mistrz ?

Wyniki wyszukiwania

Wyszukiwanie sdl zwróciło 60 wynik(-ów) w następujących kategoriach:

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... sdl ... Government Science. English Language Training , The British Institute SDLX Training SDL Trados 2007 SDL Trados Studio 2009 SDL Trados Studio ... 2007 - Certified SDL Trados Studi 2009 - Certified SDL Trados Studio 2011 - Certified SDL ...

... sdl ... Chinese) English to Chinese Chinese to English SLD Trados 2007, SDLX and 2014 Email: [email removed]; [email removed];[email removed] ... SDL studio 2011, 2014 and ... SDL...

... sdl ... les miracles veuillez pr&eacute;voir un d&eacute;lai. :-) SDL Trados Studio 2011, SDL Trados FL 2007, Memoq, Wordfast Pro, Star ...

Twoje wyszukiwanie w Katalogu dało więcej niż110 wyników, jednak tylko 10 rezultatów jest wyświetlonych powyżej. W polu wyszukiwarki wybierz średnią lub dużę liczbę wyników wyświetlanych na stronie, bądź sprecyzuj swoje wyszukiwanie. ? Możesz również skorzystać z wyszukiwania zaawansowanego Freelancerów.

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SDLジャパン株式会社
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Twoje wyszukiwanie w Katalogu dało 74 wyników, jednak tylko 10 rezultatów jest wyświetlonych powyżej. W polu wyszukiwarki wybierz średnią lub dużę liczbę wyników wyświetlanych na stronie, bądź sprecyzuj swoje wyszukiwanie. ? Możesz również skorzystać z zaawansowanego wyszukiwania Agencji Tłumaczeń.

Zlecenia

Wyniki wyszukiwania dla sdl w nazwie zlecenia lub opisie

Twoje wyszukiwanie w Tablicy Ogłoszeń dało więcej niż110 wyników, jednak tylko 10 rezultatów jest wyświetlonych powyżej. W polu wyszukiwarki wybierz średnią lub dużą liczbę wyników wyświetlanych na stronie, bądź sprecyzuj swoje wyszukiwanie. ? Możesz również skorzystać z Zaawansowanego wyszukiwania zleceń dla Tłumaczy.

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Testprojekt - Kein Rückpaket erstellbar
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German
Nov. 21, 2019

How to translate keyword entries in MadCap Flare files?
... everyone! I have translated a huge software manual project in SDL Trados Studio 2017, consisting of HTML and FLSNP ...

Techniques
June 17, 2019

Translating subtitle files in a CAT
... have nearly completed the development of a plugin for SDL Trados Studio which you can learn a little about ...

Subtitling
Mar. 27, 2019

SDL GroupShare Server 2017
Hello, A German customer of mine reported severe stability problems with the a. m. program. Does any

Trados, Multiterm, SDLX and Other SDL Products
Feb. 12, 2019

RE: CAT tools Matecat vs Wordfast Anywhere vs ?
... tools. I own licences for the newest versions of: SDL Studio, memoQ, Déjà Vu X3, and CafeTran. I am ...

Other CAT Tools and Other Software for Translators
Dec. 28, 2018

RE: SDL Studio 2017 and compatibility with much, much older versions
Now, when I am looking though the installation guide, it occurs to be that the solution was somehow

Trados, Multiterm, SDLX and Other SDL Products
Dec. 22, 2018

Twoje wyszukiwanie na Forach przyniosło więcej niż 110 wyników, jednak tylko 10 wyników zostało wyświetlonych. W polu wyszukiwarki wybierz średnią lub dużą liczbę wyświetlanych wyników, bądź sprecyzuj swoje wyszukiwanie ?. Możesz również skorzystać z wyszukiwania zaawansowanego na Forach lub z wyszukiwarki Czarnej i Białej Listy(HFS).

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Strona nie będzie działać poprawnie ponieważ Twoja przeglądarka nie akceptuje JavaScript! *[M]-Użytkownik Mistrz ? Wyszukiwanie sdl zwróciło 60 wynik(-ów) w następujących kategoriach: Katalog Freelancer ... sdl ... years of experience in translation and project management, CAT tools ( SDL Trados, SDLX, Wordfast), high speed internet connection. Specialty ...

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Kognitywistyka. Jak język kształuje nasz świat.

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Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think

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There are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world -- and they all have different sounds, vocabularies and structures. But do they shape the way we think? Cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky shares examples of language -- from an Aboriginal community in Australia that uses cardinal directions instead of left and right to the multiple words for blue in Russian -- that suggest the answer is a resounding yes.

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Forum on the choice of the best MT.

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What Machine Translation software is the best?

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Answer (1 of 2): Machine translation software have greatly simplified and sped up the translation process. But not all tools will suit your requirements and a careful consideration is important before making the choice. You must consider the accuracy, reliability, safety, comparative speed and c...

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High quality of translation. How to make sure the translation is fine when delivering it.

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Experience high quality assured

Studio 2019 introduces the option to customize the settings for each language you work with, increasing your flexibility and control over quality assurance (QA) checks. Efficiently handle language-specific aspects such as punctuation, numbers and regular expressions to ensure more accurate QA check results and high quality translations in all languages. When you run a QA check in Studio 2019, the source and target segment are now included in the report, so you can see at a glance exactly where each error occurs.

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SDL Trados Studio 2019 - Quality Assurance | SDL

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Experience high quality assured Studio 2019 introduces the option to customize the settings for each language you work with, increasing your flexibility and control over quality assurance (QA) checks. Efficiently handle language-specific aspects such as punctuation, numbers and regular expressions to ensure more accurate QA check results and high quality translations in all languages.

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word of the day: flabbergasted

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FLABBERGASTED | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary

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flabbergasted definition: 1. feeling shocked, usually because of something you were not expecting: 2. shocked by the.... Learn more.

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Types of goods in logistics.

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As an essential link in global logistics chains, Port of Antwerp-Bruges has grown into a leading European port with a strong and comprehensive offering for cargo. Practically any product you use in daily life passes through our port. Every product requires its own method of transportation, or rather its own form of shipping.

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Context matches - software: memoQ

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Odmiana - hiszpański tryb Subjuntivo de Imperfecto

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Trybu łączącego czyli subjuntivo używamy w hiszpańskim bardzo często. Poznaliśmy już Presente de Subjuntivo, teraz czas na jego formę przeszłą, czyli Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo. Używamy tej formy w poniższych sytuacjach:

- kiedy mówimy o życzeniu, prośbie, rozkazie lub sugestii, który miał miejsce w przeszłości:

Czyli to, co zwykle wyrażamy za pomocą Presente de Subjuntivo, opiszemy w Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo, jeśli będziemy chcieli odnieść się do przeszłości.

Jeśli wyrażamy coś mało prawdopodobnego, często niemożliwy do spełnienia warunek, także używamy Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo. Pierwsze zdanie to życzenie wyrażone za pomocą "ojalá", tyle, że w czasie przeszłym, czyli dotyczy sytuacji, która miała już miejsce. Pozostałe to zdania warunkowe II typu, gdzie warunek trudny do spełnienia wyrażony jest w Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo, a konsekwencja w Condicional Simple.

Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo używa się też po strukturze como si - jakby, za pomocą której stwierdzamy, że coś nie jest prawdą, nie jest takim, na jakie wygląda:

Form Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo użyjemy również jako zwrotów grzecznościowych:

Takie są użycia Imperfecto de Subjuntivo, przejdźmy do jego budowy.

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tryb łączący imperfecto de subjuntivo - język hiszpański

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Tryb łączący Imperfecto de Subjuntivo - język hiszpański

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Trybu łączącego czyli subjuntivo używamy w hiszpańskim bardzo często. Poznaliśmy już Presente de Subjuntivo, teraz czas na jego formę przeszłą, czyli Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo. Używamy tej formy w poniższych sytuacjach: - kiedy mówimy o życzeniu, prośbie, rozkazie lub sugestii, który miał miejsce w przeszłości: Czyli to, co zwykle wyrażamy za pomocą Presente de Subjuntivo, opiszemy w Pretérito Imperfecto de Subjuntivo, jeśli będziemy chcieli odnieść się do przeszłości.

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Formy prawne podmiotów prawnych w Australii.

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When you start a business, it's very important to choose the business structure that best suits your needs. Your structure may change as your business grows.

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“CAT hopping” (using one CAT tool to translate in another CAT tool) - Wordfast and Memsource

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Translate any file format in Wordfast Classic with Memsource Personal Edition

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Shortcut on keyboard for Select All

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Hello all,

Does anyone know a way to select all segments in a file or filter set without having to use "shift+mouse click?"

I am programming Dragon NaturallySpeaking scripts for Studio. Invoking the "Shift+mouse" combination is something that requires Windows system-level programming skills that go far beyond my skill set. It involves turning on the shift key at the system-level instead of just as a key combination, and then turning it off again.

It would ... See more

Hello all,

Does anyone know a way to select all segments in a file or filter set without having to use "shift+mouse click?"

I am programming Dragon NaturallySpeaking scripts for Studio. Invoking the "Shift+mouse" combination is something that requires Windows system-level programming skills that go far beyond my skill set. It involves turning on the shift key at the system-level instead of just as a key combination, and then turning it off again.

It would be great if one could achieve this in someway in Trados without being forced to use the mouse, and even worse the dreaded shift+click combo.

Any ideas?

Thanks,

Tom

select all
select all segments ▲ Collapse

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select mouse sdl trados support tech translators translation forums discussion help solution

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Hello all, Does anyone know a way to select all segments in a file or filter set without having to use "shift+mouse click?" I am programming Dragon NaturallySpeaking scripts for Studio. Invoking the "Shift+mouse" combination is something that requires Windows system-level programming skills that go far beyond my skill set.

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Ewolucja języka.

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1. Sygnał, komunikacja, język

2. Komunikacja w świecie zwierząt

3. Komunikacja u zwierząt: małpy człowiekowate i delfiny

4. Historia badań nad językiem

5. Jak nasze umysły posługują się pojęciami?

6. Ewolucja i charakterystyka zdolności czytania

7. Egzamin

Wymagane umiejętności

Brak.

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Sygnał, komunikacja, język Komunikacja w świecie zwierząt Komunikacja u zwierząt: małpy człowiekowate i delfiny Historia badań nad językiem Jak nasze umysły posługują się pojęciami? Ewolucja i charakterystyka zdolności czytania Egzamin Brak.

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Jak wybrać dla siebie właściwie narzędzie CAT?

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4. Is it worth testing different CAT tools?

Absolutely. I wouldn't waste time on free ones though. I'd go straight to the market leaders and take whatever free trial they're offering for the full-featured version of their software. That will let you do a proper test run so you can make an informed decision.

5. Are CAT tools inter-compatible?

These days they should be. Double check with sales before you buy if you have any doubt. In my experience, it isn't ideal to have to swop between tools. But nowadays it works fine between, say, Trados and Memo Q.

6. Is it easy to learn to use a CAT tool?

It doesn't take much to get up and running to do a straight translation. But CAT tools have lots of complex features that can help you in different areas of your work, like terminology look-up, for instance. To take full advantage of them, you'll have to take time to learn about them. The big companies run courses and have online knowledge bases for troubleshooting. Professional associations like the ITI and CIoL will sometimes also run webinars that offer training on CAT tools as part of their CPD offering.

7. Is it worth paying for ongoing support and updates?

It's fair to expect a few bumps along the way as you start to use your CAT tool. If a paid support service is on offer, it's worth looking into it. I personally pay for ongoing support and updates and have done for 10 years now. Having someone there when I need them and always having the latest software is worth the investment. The support helps me make sure I deliver what I said I would, while the updates mean I always have the latest programs. Both make a good impression on my client.

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10 Basics for Help Choosing a CAT Tool | The Translator's Studio

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Absolutely. I wouldn't waste time on free ones though. I'd go straight to the market leaders and take whatever free trial they're offering for the full-featured version of their software. That will let you do a proper test run so you can make an informed decision. These days they should be.

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Types of business legal entities in the UK

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Not every owner has the same needs and not all of them are prepared to take the same level of liability for their business activities. This is the reason why there are a few different types of business ownership options out there. By learning more about them, you should be able to make the right choice. Of course, it would be even better if you talk to experts from company formation agencies.
The different types of business ownership
Basically, there are three types of business ownership in the United Kingdom - sole trader, partnership, and limited company.
Sole trader
In the recent period, sole trader is becoming a very popular business ownership structure for one reason - the rise of online stores. In order to start a business like this, you must register with HMRC (HM Revenue and Customs) once you start conducting business activities. What's unique about sole trader as a business ownership structure is that the owner is fully responsible for the debts and legal actions against the business. So, the liability goes on a personal level. As a result of that, the owner can also take the whole profit.

To put in simple words, sole trader is the perfect ownership structure for those who want to start their business quickly and to take full control of the profits and decisions related to their business. The downsides are the facts that this is not an independent business entity and the high level of responsibility.
Partnership
Here's another example of a popular business ownership option in the UK. It is mostly used by small businesses. At least two individuals are needed for an ownership structure like this. In most cases, people start partnerships in order to join their experience, skills, knowledge, and assets. They believe that their joint forces can get them closer to business success.

In order to set up a partnership, owners must select a nominated partner and this partner will register the structure with HMRC. Once again, the partners are liable for the obligations, legal actions, and debts related to their business on a personal level. Partnerships are good for dividing labor and they allow better capital investment. However, they are not a separate legal entity and the owners are jointly liable at a personal level.
Limited company
Finally, if you are interested in using a separate entity, then you have to focus on setting up a limited company. Remember that the process of setting up and running a company is more complex which is why most people seek professional help. Besides notifying HMRC for the business, you also have to register the limited company with the help of the Companies House. The owner or the owners of a limited company are not personally financially liable for the debts and legal actions associated with the company. In addition, running a company will definitely enhance your credibility.

When analyzing the different types of business ownership options, focus on the ones that suit your business needs and requirements in the best way. Consult a financial expert before you make your final decision.

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Types of business ownership in the United Kingdom

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Not every owner has the same needs and not all of them are prepared to take the same level of liability for their business activities. This is the reason why there are a few different types of business ownership options out there. By learning more about them, you should be able to make the right choice.

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Instruction video how to add a TM and approve segments.

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How to be efficient in MT - academic article

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English version of the Main Market in Warsaw

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How to run SDL Trados Studio on an Apple Mac

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Working solutions explained

Although Trados Studio is not officially supported on an Apple Mac computer, we have had many success stories from our users running Trados Studio software via Microsoft Windows on their Apple Macs.

Trados Studio will not install or run on the Apple Macs operating system - MAC OS X - directly. However, there are two solutions which will enable you to run Trados Studio using Microsoft Windows on an Apple Mac.

For each of these solutions a copy of Microsoft Windows will need to be purchased from an independent retailer or the Microsoft Windows store.

Although Trados Studio is not officially supported on an Apple Mac computer, we have had many success stories from our users running Trados Studio software via Microsoft Windows on their Apple Macs.

Trados Studio will not install or run on the Apple Macs operating system - MAC OS X - directly. However, there are two solutions which will enable you to run Trados Studio using Microsoft Windows on an Apple Mac.

For each of these solutions a copy of Microsoft Windows will need to be purchased from an independent retailer or the Microsoft Windows store.

Solution 1: Studio in Apple's Boot Camp utility

Boot Camp is a free utility built into Mac OS X. It allows you to use Microsoft Windows applications, such as Trados Studio on your Apple iMac, MacBook Pro or MacBook Air.

To use Trados Studio you must set your Mac to run Boot Camp, ensuring that you boot in to Windows, and then reboot. This solution runs Windows natively on your Mac, therefore running at the same speed as if you were using a PC.

Solution 2: Studio on a Parallels or VMware Virtual Machine

If you would like the option of seamlessly switching - without re-booting - between MAC OS X and Windows applications, you can download either Parallels or VMware at a small cost.

Parallels and VMware are applications known as virtual machines. A virtual machine will run alongside MAC OS X, allowing you to use your files and software on two operating systems simultaneously. It is simple to use and even allows you to copy and paste files, such as, SDLXLIFF and ITD bilingual files between Windows and MAC OS X environments.

Boot Camp is a free utility built into Mac OS X. It allows you to use Microsoft Windows applications, such as Trados Studio on your Apple iMac, MacBook Pro or MacBook Air.

To use Trados Studio you must set your Mac to run Boot Camp, ensuring that you boot in to Windows, and then reboot. This solution runs Windows natively on your Mac, therefore running at the same speed as if you were using a PC.

If you would like the option of seamlessly switching - without re-booting - between MAC OS X and Windows applications, you can download either Parallels or VMware at a small cost.

Parallels and VMware are applications known as virtual machines. A virtual machine will run alongside MAC OS X, allowing you to use your files and software on two operating systems simultaneously. It is simple to use and even allows you to copy and paste files, such as, SDLXLIFF and ITD bilingual files between Windows and MAC OS X environments.

Which solution is best for me?

The decision to use either solution is simple. If you need to simultaneously use Windows software alongside MAC OS X software, Parallels or VMware is the best solution for you. This solution however is known to be slightly slower than Boot Camp, as it requires Windows to be running within MAC OS X, therefore making your memory and processor work harder.

Boot Camp has the benefit of being free with MAC OS X. It also has the advantage of running Windows at full native speed. However, unlike Parallels or VMware, you cannot run Windows and MAC OS X applications at the same time.

The decision to use either solution is simple. If you need to simultaneously use Windows software alongside MAC OS X software, Parallels or VMware is the best solution for you. This solution however is known to be slightly slower than Boot Camp, as it requires Windows to be running within MAC OS X, therefore making your memory and processor work harder.

Boot Camp has the benefit of being free with MAC OS X. It also has the advantage of running Windows at full native speed. However, unlike Parallels or VMware, you cannot run Windows and MAC OS X applications at the same time.

Trados Studio installation guidelines

Once you have chosen the right solution for your particular needs, you can download Trados Studio as normal, using the following guidelines:

1. Download Trados Studio on to your Windows desktop; do not download it onto your MAC OS X desktop.

2. Download your soft key license file to your Windows desktop; do not download it onto your MAC OS X desktop. If you are using an activation code then please ignore this step.

3. Double-click the Trados Studio installer and follow the instructions provided.

4. When prompted for a license, enter the path to your soft key license file or your activation code.

Trados Studio should then install successfully and you can begin to take advantage of the many intuitive and time saving features.

Once you have chosen the right solution for your particular needs, you can download Trados Studio as normal, using the following guidelines:

1. Download Trados Studio on to your Windows desktop; do not download it onto your MAC OS X desktop.

2. Download your soft key license file to your Windows desktop; do not download it onto your MAC OS X desktop. If you are using an activation code then please ignore this step.

3. Double-click the Trados Studio installer and follow the instructions provided.

4. When prompted for a license, enter the path to your soft key license file or your activation code.

Trados Studio should then install successfully and you can begin to take advantage of the many intuitive and time saving features.

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How to run Trados Studio on an Apple Mac

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Using and installing a working version of Trados Studio translation memory software on an Apple iMac, MacBook Pro or MacBook Air.

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SEO for beginners: how to make sure the website is high in the ranking in search engines.

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SEO For Beginners: A Basic Search Engine Optimization Tutorial for Higher Google Rankings

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Trados - shortcuts for MAC

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using trados shortcuts mac keyboard sdl trados support tech translators translation forums discussion help solution

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Using Trados shortcuts with MAC keyboard

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This site uses cookies. Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site, while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used. For more information, please see the ProZ.com privacy policy.

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What is Crown Fountain in Chicago?

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CROWN FOUNTAIN, 2004

Millennium Park, Chicago, USA

Commissioned by: The Public Art Program, Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Chicago, 2000

Glass, stainless steel, LED screens, light, wood, black granite and water

2 towers of 16 meter high upon a water sheet of 70 x 14 meter in a total surface of 2.200 m ²

What is a fountain? How is it relevant to the people who will see it? Why build it? When deciding upon an artist to tackle these questions, there was a desire to the both visionary and to also acknowledge the rich historical context. Spanish sculptor Jaume Plensa (Barcelona 1955) was chosen because his work is principally focused on the human experience of standing in between, so-to-speak, between past and present, present and future, knowledge and ignorance, heaven and hell.

I have always maintained that sculpture has more to do with time than with such secondary problems as scale or space. This concept of time as the sediment of experiences within a general memory where or recollections also fit. The finished work begins it own cycle, and just like another memory it becomes linked to the vaster memory, in which no chronology makes sense. Time is the substance of my work.

Plensa was immediately captivated by the chance to co-opt an ancient, historical symbol, a fountain, a meeting place where once people came to obtain water, the substance of life, exchanged ideas, learned of each other's accomplishments, consoled one another in their losses and celebrated their common humanity. Why not still?

Located as it is near street-level along Chicago's bustling Michigan Avenue at the corner of The Art Institute in Chicago's Millennium Park, visitors may be initially struck by the transformative serene setting, surrounded by trees, but also enveloped by the walls of neighboring skyscrapers. The two fifty-foot-high illuminated glass towers of Plensa's monumental Crown Fountain are united by a black granite skin pool measuring 232 feet long by 48 feet wide but only 1/8 inch deep. The two glass towers of the fountain may be the first indication that dualities, elements engaged in a constantly evolving dialogue, are at the heart of experience Plensa seeks to create. These dualities are both formal, as in the vertical of the towers and horizontality of the granite plaza surrounding them, the hardness of the stone and the softness of the water, and they are also conceptual. The latter very much exemplified by the ongoing dialogue between the faces of the 1000 Chicago residents displayed on the facing LED screens within the towers, The faces intermittently emerge from the flow of water and become for a few moments a kind of contemporary interpretation of a "gargoyle" by spouting water from their mouths. The artist is a sort of playful but thought provoking way that here we momentarily become the givers of life, which he feels to be one of our most profound desires. The emphasis is always on communication, conversation and interaction - the purpose of a meeting place.

The ability to truly walk on water is also among the thrilling elements of the design. Plensa provides this opportunity through the very thin layer of water that covers the plaza area between and surrounding the towers. As in nature, in this fountain water falls down, but does not shoot up and the sound of water falling is magnetic. Furthering this sensation are images of nature interspersed among the faces of people. Even the benches that face each other from opposite sides of the fountain exist in order to further underline the concepts of communication and duality and their material, wood, helps to express the idea of the integral connection between nature and man through the subtlety of touch when people are seated.

Plensa has worked with a large team of very dedicated and talented individuals to realize his vision in the kind of collaboration that can be both harrowing and highly rewarding for an artist. There is no question that the Crown and Goodman families, whose initial vision and ongoing generosity are the reason for the project as they set the tone for an unusual and groundbreaking effort to address the meaning of a public space in the 21st century.

Some of the principal members of the professional team working on the Crown Fountain are U.S. Equities, project managers, Krueck & Sexton Architects, Halvorson & Kaye, structural engineer, ESD, mechanical engineer, Crystal Fountains, water engineering technology, Schuler & Shook, lighting. Shen, Milson & Wilke, screen technology, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, image content production, W.E. O'Neil, general contractor. Major suppliers include Barco, LED display, Circle Redmont, glass block assembler, L.E. Smith Glass, glass block fabricator.

Latest works of the artist.

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CROWN FOUNTAIN, 2004 Millennium Park, Chicago, USA - Public Space - Works and projects | Jaume Plensa CROWN FOUNTAIN, 2004 featured in Millennium Park, Chicago, USA by Jaume Plensa

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Ewolucja języka - kurs

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1. Sygnał, komunikacja, język

2. Komunikacja w świecie zwierząt

3. Komunikacja u zwierząt: małpy człowiekowate i delfiny

4. Historia badań nad językiem

5. Jak nasze umysły posługują się pojęciami?

6. Ewolucja i charakterystyka zdolności czytania

7. Egzamin

Wymagane umiejętności

Brak.

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Sygnał, komunikacja, język Komunikacja w świecie zwierząt Komunikacja u zwierząt: małpy człowiekowate i delfiny Historia badań nad językiem Jak nasze umysły posługują się pojęciami? Ewolucja i charakterystyka zdolności czytania Egzamin Brak.

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zysk a dochód - różnica

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Typy ślepoty.

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There are several types of inherited colour blindness. For information on acquired colour vision defects refer to our page Acquired Colour Vision Defects

Trichromacy

Normal colour vision uses all three types of light cones correctly and is known as trichromacy. People with normal colour vision are known as trichromats.

Anomalous Trichromacy

People with 'faulty' trichromatic vision will be colour blind to some extent and are known as anomalous trichromats. In people with this condition all of their three cone types are used to perceive light colours but one type of cone perceives light slightly out of alignment, so that there are three different types of effect produced depending upon which cone type is 'faulty'.
Normal Vision Deuteranomaly
The different anomalous conditions are protanomaly, which is a reduced sensitivity to red light, deuteranomaly which is a reduced sensitivity to green light and is the most common form of colour blindness and tritanomaly which is a reduced sensitivity to blue light and is extremely rare.

The effects of anomalous trichromatic vision can range from almost normal colour perception to almost total absence of perception of the 'faulty' colour.

People with deuteranomaly and protanomaly are collectively known as red-green colour blind and they generally have difficulty distinguishing between reds, greens, browns and oranges. They also commonly confuse different types of blue and purple hues.

People with reduced blue sensitivity have difficulty identifying differences between blue and yellow, violet and red and blue and green. To these people the world appears as generally red, pink, black, white, grey and turquoise.

See the dichromacy images below - about half of people with anomalous trichromacy will see the world in a similar way to those with dichromacy but their ability to perceive colours will improve in good light and deteriorate in poor light. Often their colour perception can be as poor as it is for those with dichromacy.

People with anomalous dichromacy can have either inherited colour blindness, in which case their ability to see colours will remain the same, or they can have acquired it, in which case their condition could get worse, or possibly improve over time

Dichromacy

People with dichromatic colour vision have only two types of cones which are able to perceive colour i.e. they have a total absence of function of one cone type. Lack of ability to see colour is the easiest way to explain this condition but in actual fact it is a specific section of the light spectrum which can't be perceived. For convenience we call these areas of the light spectrum 'red', 'green' or 'blue' . The sections of the light spectrum which the 'red' and 'green' cones perceive overlap and this is why red and green colour vision deficiencies are often known as red/green colour blindness and why people with red and green deficiencies see the world in a similar way.

People suffering from protanopia are unable to perceive any 'red' light, those with deuteranopia are unable to perceive 'green' light and those with tritanopia are unable to perceive 'blue' light.

People with both red and green deficiencies live in a world of murky greens where blues and yellows stand out. Browns, oranges, shades of red and green are easily confused. Both types will confuse some blues with some purples and both types will struggle to identify pale shades of most colours.

However, there are some specific differences between the 2 red/green deficiencies.
Protanopia
Protanopes are more likely to confuse:-
1. Black with many shades of red
2. Dark brown with dark green, dark orange and dark red
2. Some blues with some reds, purples and dark pinks
3. Mid-greens with some oranges
Deuteranopes
Deuteranopes are more likely to confuse:-
1. Mid-reds with mid-greens
2. Blue-greens with grey and mid-pinks
3. Bright greens with yellows
4. Pale pinks with light grey
5. Mid-reds with mid-brown
6. Light blues with lilac
Tritanopes
The most common colour confusions for tritanopes are light blues with greys, dark purples with black, mid-greens with blues and oranges with reds.

The images show how the beautiful colours of the pigments are lost to people suffering with each type of dichromatic vision.

Monochromacy (achromatopsia)
Normal Vision Monochromacy
People with monochromatic vision can see no colour at all and their world consists of different shades of grey ranging from black to white, rather like only seeing the world on an old black and white television set. Achromatopsia is extremely rare, occuring only in approximately 1 person in 33,000 and its symptoms can make life very difficult. Usually someone with achromatopsia will need to wear dark glasses inside in normal light conditions.

We have had several very concerned people contact us via this website because they or their children have been diagnosed by their optician with 'total colour blindness'. Although we are unable to advise on the diagnosis of specific cases we have undertaken further research to try and understand why so many people are being told they are totally colour blind when in reality they are much more likely to have a severe form of red-green colour blindness. Our research has revealed that in many cases opticians have only received basic training on colour vision deficiency and some may therefore be incorrectly interpreting the results of the Ishihara tests.

If you have been diagnosed as 'totally' colour blind please follow the links to these two specialist websites for further information. If you think you do have the symptoms of achromatopsia ask your optician to refer you to a specialist who can confirm your condition.

www.achromat.org
www.achromatopsia.org

Statistics

There is general agreement that worldwide 8% of men and 0.5% of women have a colour vision deficiency. These figures rise in areas where there is a greater number of white (Caucasian) people per head of population, so in Scandanavia the figures increase to approximately 10-11% of men. By contrast in sub-Saharan Africa there are few colour blind people. Countries such as India and Brazil have a relatively high incidence of colour vision deficients because of the large numbers of people with mixed race genes in their genetic history.

The 8% of colour blind men can be divided approximately into 1% deuteranopes, 1% protanopes, 1% protanomalous and 5% deuteranomalous. Approximately half of colour blind people will have a mild anomalous deficiency, the other 50% have moderate or severe anomalous conditions.

Numbers of tritanopes/tritanomalous people and achromats is very small, perhaps 1 in 30-50,000 people.

Reliable statistics for people with an acquired form of colour vision deficiency are difficult to find but as many as 3% of the population could be affected because age-related deficiency is relatively common in the over 65s and therefore on the increase in the UK due to the rising numbers of elderly people per capita.

To put these statistics in context, an all-boys school in the Home Counties of England with 1000 pupils would have approximately 100 colour deficient students. 12-13 would be deuteranopes, 12-13 would be protanopes, 12-13 would have a form of protanomaly and 62 would have a form of deuteranomaly. About half of those with an anomalous condition would have a moderate to severe form of deficiency.

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There are several types of inherited colour blindness. For information on acquired colour vision defects refer to our page Acquired Colour Vision Defects Trichromacy Normal colour vision uses all three types of light cones correctly and is known as trichromacy. People with normal colour vision are known as trichromats.

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Human nervous system - polivagal theory

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Historia teorii poliwagalnej.

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Trochę historii - Jackson, MacLean i „mózg trójjedyny"

Kiedy jeszcze w XIX wieku John Hughlings Jackson - brytyjski neurolog i pionier myśli neurobiologicznej po raz pierwszy zaproponował tezy teorii nazwanej później przez Paula MacLean'a koncepcją „trójjedynego mózgu" niewielu potraktowało ją poważnie. Śmiałe twierdzenia o tym, że w rzeczywistości w obrębie mózgu można wyodrębnić trzy systemy - mózg gadzi, ssaczy i homo sapiens sapiens zdawały się tylko daleko posuniętymi przypuszczeniami. Dziś wiemy już, że badacze mieli dużo racji. Prawdą jest, że owe trzy systemy rzeczywiście istnieją i pełnią odrębne role. Mózg gadzi jest najbardziej prymitywny, odpowiada za realizację popędów i zachowanie homeostazy, a jego anatomiczne podstawy stanowią najstarsze ewolucyjnie obszary pnia mózgu. Nad nim znajduje się mózg ssaczy zajmujący się emocjami i mieszczący się w układzie limbicznym. Najmłodszy jest mózg wyższych ssaków - odpowiadają mu rejony kory mózgowej, a funkcje które są dla niego specyficzne to cały zespół racjonalnych procesów myślowych. Z reguły funkcjonujemy w oparciu o najmłodsze ewolucyjnie obszary. Kora przedczołowa posiada zdolność hamowania emocjonalnych obszarów, czyniąc tym samym nasze zachowanie racjonalnym i adekwatnym do sytuacji.

Kolejny etap - Stephen Porges i jego teoria

Dr Stephen Porges jest amerykańskim badaczem, profesorem na Wydziale Psychiatrii Uniwersytetu Illinois oraz dyrektorem ośrodka Brain - Body Center. Zajmuje się psychofizjologią, badając jak procesy fizjologiczne oraz emocje, poznanie i osobowość współdziałają ze sobą. W 1994 roku sformułował tezy teorii poliwagalnej opisującej działanie autonomicznego układu nerwowego. Okazała się ona być w dużym stopniu przełomowa i ma poważne implikacje dla badania typowo ludzkich zachowań, a nawet terapii niektórych zaburzeń.
Autonomiczny układ nerwowy unerwia narządy wewnętrzne i w odróżnieniu od układu somatycznego działa niezależnie od woli. Dzieli się na układ współczulny (sympatyczny) odpowiadający za pobudzenie organizmu do walki i ucieczki oraz na układ przywspółczulny (parasympatyczny), który działa przeciwstawnie. Dr Porges udowadnia, że rola autonomicznego układu nerwowego nie ogranicza się do fizjologii - ewolucja układu nerwowego człowieka odpowiada ze to, że zachowania społeczne i emocjonalne aspekty naszego funkcjonowania mają podłoże biologiczne, są więc w nas „wdrukowane". Co więcej, sugeruje też szersze spojrzenie na autonomiczny układ nerwowy, którego funkcjonowanie nie do końca opiera się na równowadze między pobudzeniem a hamowaniem, ale raczej ma strukturę hierarchiczną. Autonomiczny układ nerwowy dzieli on nie na dwie, ale na trzy specyficzne części.

Trzy systemy neuronalne

Teoria dr Porgesa swoją nazwę zawdzięcza jednemu z nerwów czaszkowych - nerwowi błędnemu (ang. vagus nerve). Jest to nerw czuciowy, ruchowy i przywspółczulny. Wychodzi z mózgu i unerwia zdecydowaną większość układu parasympatycznego (w tym narządy klatki piersiowej i jamy brzusznej). Nerw błędny ssaków składa się z dwóch części: niezmielinizowanej (grzbietowej) oraz posiadającej osłonki mielinowe (brzusznej). Pełnią one odrębne funkcje i wraz z układem współczulnym tworzą trzy układy neuronalne autonomicznego systemu nerwowego. Niezmielinizowana część (u prymitywnych kręgowców występuje tylko ona) odpowiada za najbardziej pierwotne i najstarsze filogenetycznie reakcje behawioralne - zastygnięcie, czyli udawanie śmierci i brak podejmowania w obliczu zagrożenia jakiejkolwiek aktywności. Bardziej rozwinięty pod względem ewolucyjnym jest system odpowiedzialny za mobilizację (reakcję walcz lub uciekaj), jest on zależny od układu sympatycznego. Istnieje także trzeci, najbardziej rozwinięty i typowy dla ssaków system - zależy on do funkcjonowania zmielinizowanych włókien nerwu błędnego i nazywany jest systemem społecznego zaangażowania.

Czym jest system zaangażowania społecznego?

Jest to system nakierowany na kontakty społeczne, które są dla nas - jako dla gatunku -wyjątkowe i właśnie one stanowią o istocie człowieczeństwa. System ten posiada swoje ośrodki zarówno w korze jak i w pniu mózgu i za pomocą różnych nerwów czaszkowych kontroluje między innymi mięśnie twarzy, ucha czy krtani. Są to mięśnie, których działanie służy wykonywaniu społecznie pożądanych reakcji. Mięśnie twarzy odpowiadają za cały wachlarz mimiki uwarunkowanej interakcjami społecznymi - uśmiech w odpowiedzi na uśmiech jest tutaj najprostszym, ale i najbardziej trafnym przykładem. Ewolucja ucha środkowego, która zaszła u ludzi doprowadziła do tego, że możliwe stało się wydobywanie z otoczenia dźwięków o charakterystycznych dla głosu ludzkiego częstotliwościach. Z kolei unerwienie gardła i krtani odpowiada za powstawanie mowy i innych wokalizacji. Za to wszystko odpowiada właśnie typowy dla ludzi system społecznego zaangażowania, opierający swoje funkcjonowanie na działaniu nerwu błędnego. W obliczu zagrożenia najczęściej działamy w oparciu o ten system - poszukujemy spokoju i kontaktu z drugim człowiekiem. Dopiero kiedy on się „nie sprawdzi" cofamy się do wcześniejszych systemów, a więc walczymy, uciekamy lub podejmujemy najmniej adaptacyjny wzorzec polegający na dysocjacji i wycofaniu.

Kliniczne implikacje teorii poliwagalnej

Tezy i badania dr Porgesa nie pozostają tylko naukowymi dywagacjami. Tym co czyni je ważnymi jest ich kliniczna użyteczność. System społecznego zaangażowania, który konstytuuje nasze zachowania interpersonalne sprawia, że jesteśmy w stanie budować satysfakcjonujące nas relacje. Wszystko dzięki temu, że ten sprawnie funkcjonujący system pozwala nam wykazywać zainteresowanie, regulować ekspresję ciała, mimikę. Dysfunkcje w tych obszarach występują często u osób cierpiących na zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu, zaburzenia lękowe i afektywne. Zdarza się, że u takich osób funkcje społecznego systemu zaangażowania sterowanego przez zmielinizowaną część nerwu błędnego są wyłączone. Terapia prowadzić ma zatem do jego uruchomienia, odrzucić można natomiast stale nieudające się próby słownego zmuszania takich osób do nawiązywania kontaktu wzrokowego czy reakcji mimicznych. Teoria uczy, że pewne zachowania są niepodważalnie uwarunkowane fizjologicznym stanem układu nerwowego i tylko zmieniając ową fizjologię możemy też dążyć do zmian w zachowaniu. Możliwe sposoby pobudzania obwodów nerwowych są stale badane - wiadomo natomiast, że sprawdzają się takie działania jak zmiana intonacji głosu, prezentowanie znajomych twarzy czy kontrola ilości bodźców płynących z otoczenia. Należy pamiętać o tym, że dla układu nerwowego bezpieczne jest to, co uznaje on za znane i stałe - wszelkie przejawy nowości niekoniecznie są w przebiegu terapii pożądane, gdyż nie mogą być skojarzone z poczuciem bezpieczeństwa.

Z teorii płynie także przesłanie dla osób niekoniecznie cierpiących na poważniejsze zaburzenia, ale stawianych od czasu do czasu w stresujących sytuacjach codziennego życia. W obliczu takich zdarzeń warto pamiętać o pobudzaniu neuronalnych obwodów systemu społecznego zaangażowania - jest to w końcu część układu przywspółczulnego, dążącego do homeostazy i spokoju. Ważne w tym kontekście jest stworzenie sobie bezpiecznego miejsca, w którym nie potrzebujemy być stale w stanie wzmożonej czujności. Pamiętajmy też o tym, że zależność od innych osób, jaką przejawiamy jest czymś zupełnie naturalnym - zanim zaczniemy „walczyć lub uciekać" warto zaangażować się w kontakt społeczny prosząc o pomoc w opanowaniu emocji. Wszelkiego rodzaju techniki medytacji często - mniej lub bardziej świadomie - opierają się na wiedzy, jaka płynie z opisywanej teorii. Wiemy, że pomiędzy nerwami kontrolującymi mimikę a tymi regulującymi przykładowo pracę serca istnieje silne powiązanie. Ćwiczenia mięśni twarzy, skupienie się na oddechu czy słuchanie muzyki za pośrednictwem połączeń neuronalnych wpływa na stan autonomicznego układu nerwowego, a więc w efekcie też na poziom opanowania stresu i kondycję psychiczną.

Teoria poliwagalna powoli staje się coraz bardziej popularna w środowiskach terapeutycznych zajmujących się autyzmem, ADHD, a nawet PTSD. Jednoznacznie potwierdza ona, że fizjologia i psychika są od siebie współzależne. Co więcej, zwraca też uwagę na to, że pewne zachowania są wpisane w nas za pomocą pewnych biologicznych znaków. Ewolucyjnie i biologicznie jesteśmy stworzeni do kontaktu z drugim człowiekiem - ten właśnie kontakt jest najbardziej pożądany będąc zarazem najbezpieczniejszym i najskuteczniejszym narzędziem terapeutycznym.

Korzystałam z informacji zawartej na stronie internetowej dr Porgesa: http://stephenporges.com/
Na stronie PRACownia dostępny jest natomiast przetłumaczony na język polski wywiad z dr Porgesem: https://pracownia4.wordpress.com/2011/10/10/jak-uklad-nerwowy-sabotuje-twoja-zdolnosc-do-kontaktu-z-ludzmi/

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Teoria poliwagalna - próba ewolucyjnej odpowiedzi o istotę człowieczeństwa | Neuropsychologia.org - portal wiedzy neuropsychologicznej

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Kiedy jeszcze w XIX wieku John Hughlings Jackson - brytyjski neurolog i pionier myśli neurobiologicznej po raz pierwszy zaproponował tezy teorii nazwanej później przez Paula MacLean'a koncepcją „trójjedynego mózgu" niewielu potraktowało ją poważnie. Śmiałe twierdzenia o tym, że w rzeczywistości w obrębie mózgu można wyodrębnić trzy systemy - mózg gadzi, ssaczy i homo sapiens sapiens zdawały się tylko daleko posuniętymi przypuszczeniami.

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More detailed information on human nervous system.

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Układ nerwowy człowieka ( łac. systema nervosum) − układ zbudowany z tkanki nerwowej oraz tkanki glejowej, integrujący działalność organizmu, rejestrujący bodźce, przetwarzający zawartą w nich informację oraz sterujący czynnościami organizmu: ruchem mięśni oraz wydzielaniem hormonów.

Czynności obwodowego układu nerwowego można umownie podzielić na dwie kategorie:

Układ nerwowy somatyczny (łac. soma - ciało) nastawiony na łączność ze światem zewnętrznym, odbiera z niego różnorodne informacje za pośrednictwem narządów zmysłów oraz zarządza aparatem ruchowym, umożliwiając poruszanie się w przestrzeni i reagowanie w sposób celowy na bodźce zewnętrzne.

Układ nerwowy autonomiczny lub wegetatywny (łac. autos - samo- i nomos - prawo, a więc "samorządzący się") - jego rolą jest sprawowanie kontroli nad przemianą materii oraz prawidłowym działaniem narządów wewnętrznych.

Działalność obu tych układów koordynowana jest na wyższych piętrach układu nerwowego.

Osobny artykuł: Neuron.

Podstawowym elementem układu nerwowego jest komórka nerwowa z odchodzącymi od niej wypustkami, zwana neuronem.

Neuron składa się z bańkowatego ciała komórkowego z jądrem (perikarion) i odchodzących od ciała licznych wypustek. Wypustki te tworzą drzewkowate rozgałęzienia zwane dendrytami. Jedna z wypustek jest o wiele dłuższa od pozostałych, pokryta jasną otoczką i nosi ona nazwę neurytu lub aksonu. Najdłuższe z aksonów mają około 1,2 m.

Neurony kontaktują się ze sobą za pośrednictwem łączy, zwanych synapsami. Ich liczba jest wielokrotnie większa niż liczba komórek nerwowych, ponieważ każda wypustka tworzy wiele kontaktów synaptycznych z innymi komórkami nerwowymi.

Neurony tworzą synapsy nie tylko z komórkami nerwowymi, lecz także z innymi typami komórek (np. z komórkami mięśniowymi, komórkami narządów zmysłów).

Ośrodkowy układ nerwowy człowieka składa się z około 100 trylionów synaps, 10-15 miliardów neuronów i 140 miliardów komórek glejowych.

Głównym zadaniem neuronów jest przyjmowanie, przetwarzanie i przekazywanie informacji w postaci bodźców elektrycznych. Każda komórka nerwowa otrzymuje informacje przekazaną od innych neuronów, a także od innych wyspecjalizowanych komórek - receptorów narządów zmysłowych, bądź bezpośrednio ze środowiska zewnętrznego przez wyspecjalizowane dendryty. Informacje te przekazuje komórka dalej poprzez akson. Przekazywane i przetwarzane w neuronach informacje są zakodowane w postaci sygnałów elektrycznych lub chemicznych. Ważną rolę w tym procesie pełni osłonka mielinowa aksonu. Jest ona zbudowana z lipidów i pełni rolę izolatora. Po obu jej stronach zgromadzone są ładunki elektryczne - po wewnętrznej ładunki ujemne ( aniony), po zewnętrznej - dodatnie ( kationy). Komórka jest więc spolaryzowana, a występująca po obu stronach błony różnica potencjałów nosi nazwę potencjału błonowego. W stanie spoczynku potencjał ten wynosi od 50 do 100 m V.

Osłonka mielinowa nie jest jednak izolatorem absolutnym, gdyż poprzez złożone zjawiska fizykochemiczne może dojść do przepuszczania jonów i wyrównania potencjałów po obu stronach błony. Zjawisko to nosi nazwę depolaryzacji neuronu.

Te właśnie lokalne zmiany potencjału stanowią podstawę czynności komórki nerwowej. Potencjał szybko narasta, po czym z różną prędkością powraca do stanu wyjściowego - jest to tzw. potencjał czynnościowy.

Przesuwanie się potencjału czynnościowego wywołanego przez bodziec stanowi istotę przekazywania informacji. Prędkość, z jaką proces ten zachodzi, jest różna w różnych aksonach i waha się w granicach od 4 do 400 km/h.

Ważną cechą przewodzenia bodźców w aksonie jest to, że potencjał czynnościowy podczas swej wędrówki nie traci na sile ani nie wygasa.

Sposób przekazywania sygnałów w całym układzie nerwowym jest taki sam, a rodzaj informacji i rozkazów zostaje odczytany zależnie od tego, jakie neurony lub grupy neuronów zostają pobudzone.

Neurony przekazują nie tylko pobudzenie ale także jego siłę. Siła bodźca zostaje przełożona na częstotliwość impulsów nerwowych. Słabe bodźce wywołują impulsy o małej częstotliwości (kilka impulsów na sekundę) zaś bodźce silne - impulsy o dużej częstotliwości (kilkaset na sekundę).

Inny rodzaj zjawiska zachodzi, gdy bodziec dochodzi do synapsy. Akson neuronu przekazującego bodziec nie styka się bezpośrednio z ciałem komórki odbierającej bodziec, lecz istnieje między nimi szczelina 10-15 nanometrów. Bodziec nerwowy pokonuje tę szczelinę za pośrednictwem specjalnego przenośnika chemicznego. Przenośnik ten, zwany mediatorem, uwalniany jest w minimalnej ilości na zakończeniu aksonu i wywołuje w błonie komórkowej sąsiedniej komórki stan pobudzenia lub hamowania.

Różnice pomiędzy rozchodzeniem się bodźca w aksonie a pobudzeniem rozchodzącym się w synapsie

Pobudzenie aksonu to zjawisko określane w fizjologii "wszystko albo nic", polegające na tym, że bodziec, jeśli jest dostatecznie silny, wyzwala zawsze tę samą reakcję, jeśli jest zbyt słaby, nie jest w stanie nawet reakcji zapoczątkować.

W synapsie, każdy nadchodzący bodziec powoduje przejście na drugą stronę szczeliny synaptycznej pewnej porcji mediatora chemicznego. Synapsy przewodzą sygnał tylko w jednym kierunku - od aksonu jednej komórki do dendrytu drugiej.

Równowagę zapewnia fakt, że na ciele komórkowym i jego dendrytach znajduje się wiele zakończeń aksonów i rzadko neuron pobudzany jest przez bodziec nadchodzący tylko z jednego, nadchodzące po sobie sygnały sumują się. Dzięki temu systemowi, zniszczenie kilku komórek nerwowych nie zakłóca wykonywanej przez nie czynności, ponieważ ich rolę przejmują komórki sąsiednie (kanały równoległe).

Neuroprzekaźniki

Do najważniejszych należą:

Podział układu nerwowego

Podział topograficzny

Podział czynnościowy

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Układ nerwowy człowieka ( łac. systema nervosum) − układ zbudowany z tkanki nerwowej oraz tkanki glejowej, integrujący działalność organizmu, rejestrujący bodźce, przetwarzający zawartą w nich informację oraz sterujący czynnościami organizmu: ruchem mięśni oraz wydzielaniem hormonów. Czynności obwodowego układu nerwowego można umownie podzielić na dwie kategorie: Układ nerwowy somatyczny (łac.

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Śmierć w kulturze.

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Wampirza krew i otwór na duszę. Śmierć w dawnych rytuałach i przesądach

W dawnej kulturze polskiej śmierć była nierozłącznie spleciona z życiem - jej nadejście zwiastował doczesny świat naturalny w licznych znakach i symbolach.

Pierwszym wyczerpującym studium poświęconym polskiej kulturze funeralnej były "Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ludu polskiego" profesora Adama Fischera, wybitnego etnologa i folklorysty (1889-1943). Na podstawie "materjałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych" z lwowskich księgozbiorów stworzył pionierskie dzieło, wydane po raz pierwszy w 1921 roku przez Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. To z niego w dużej mierze czerpali późniejsi polscy badacze regionalnych tradycji obrzędów pogrzebowych i przesądów związanych ze śmiercią. Czego dowiadujemy się ze słynnego opracowania i innych tekstów, pochodzących już z końca XX i z XXI wieku?

Złowróżbna fauna i flora

Śmierć w tradycji dawnej silnie spleciona była także z magią, co podkreślał Fischer w jednym z pierwszych podrozdziałów swojego dzieła:

umysł pierwotny ma przekonanie, że człowiek umiera tylko dlatego, że ktoś mu śmierć niewidzialnymi czarami sprowadził. [...] Bardzo często śmierć przypisuje się nie gwałtownemu wystąpieniu, ale mistycznemu sposobowi magicznemu.

Przebiegła kostucha przybierała więc postaci zwierzęce: w podaniach odnaleźć możemy wizerunek śmierci m.in. jako białej gęsi. Przebrać się mogła także za wielkiego czarnego psa. Za proroczy śmiercionośny sen uważano dawniej natomiast ten o białym rumaku ciągnącym wóz z obornikiem. Taka interpretacja marzeń sennych obecna jest zarówno w "Zwyczajach pogrzebowych ludu polskiego", jak i we współczesnym opracowaniu, książce "Śmierć jako wydarzenie eschatyczne" dra Zdzisława Kupisińskiego (będącej efektem badań etnologicznych na terenie regionu opoczyńskiego i radomskiego).

Ze śmiercią silnie kojarzony był świat ptasi, gdyż, jak czytamy u Fischera, "ptak jest najważniejszem praźródłem wszystkich wyobrażeń o bóstwie i tajemniczej sile świętej". Za wysłannicę samego szatana uznawano sowę, której nocne życie było dla polskiego ludu podejrzane i budzące niepokój.

wyobraźnia ludowa otoczyła sowę aureolą demoniczną i złowrogą. Sowa jest posłańcem i wróżką śmierci, a głos jej uchodzi za śmiech samego diabła.

- pisał dalej badacz.

Sowy i puchacze, aktywne w czasie, gdy większość ludzi śpi, były uważane za łączników między sferą żywych i umarłych. Za zły omen brano także jaskółki wpadające gwałtownie do domu czy w ogóle ptaki uderzające o szyby. W "Śmierci jako wydarzeniu eschatycznym" czytamy:

Zdarzało się, że gospodyni, chcąc zapobiec nieszczęściu, wybiegała na podwórze przepędzić ptaki, by nie wykrakały czegoś złego.

Obok ptactwa grupą najwyraźniej zwiastującą śmierć były zwierzęta udomowione, a więc najbardziej związane emocjonalnie z człowiekiem: wierzono, że psy, konie i krowy mają swoiste zdolności mediumiczne i bacznie obserwowano ich zachowanie, doszukując się w nim mrocznej przepowiedni lub oznak połączenia ze światem zmarłych. Uważano na przykład, by zaprzęg konny nie składał się ze zwierząt gospodarza-nieboszczyka, bo wierzono, że konie płoszyłyby się na widok jego ducha.

Świat naturalny zwiastował śmierć także poprzez rośliny i zjawiska atmosferyczne: złym znakiem było, oczywiście, upadające drzewo czy więdnące nagle kwiaty. Wzmożony wiatr przypisywano natomiast jęczącym duszom samobójców. Co ciekawe, spadająca gwiazda, dziś kojarzona raczej z pomyślnością przy spełnianiu marzeń, również traktowana była jako podniebny zwiastun umierania. Z gwiazdą łączono bowiem duszę człowieka: "każdy człowiek ma swoją gwiazdę, która pojawia się z dniem jego urodzenia, a spada w godzinie śmierci" (Fischer).

Sekretne życie przedmiotów

Fatalne znaki odnajdywano także w żyjącym własnym życiem gospodarstwie domowym: niedobrze było, gdy gwałtownie i samoistnie pękały porcelany i szkła, nagle zatrzymywała się wskazówka zegara lub gasła świeca, a ze ścian spadały obrazy. Lęk budziła także większość dziwacznych domowych odgłosów: rozmaite szemrania, chrobotania i stukania były najczęściej poczytywane za sygnały z zaświatów.

Ważne było, aby do trumny włożyć zmarłemu wszystkie jego osobiste utensylia (wyjątek stanowiły nieraz przedmioty szczególnie cenne, jak męska brzytwa - te niejednokrotnie zostawiano w domu do dalszego użytkowania) - w tym używki, jak papierosy, alkohol czy tabakę - aby po pogrzebie duch nie powrócił, upominając się o to, co do niego należy. W "Śmierci jako wydarzeniu eschatycznym" autor zauważa:

niektórzy mężczyźni już za życia życzyli sobie, aby do trumny włożono im małą buteleczkę wódki, żeby "tam nie odczuwali pragnienia" czy "mogli poczęstować kolegów, którzy ich uprzedzili w drodze do wieczności".

Duch powrócić mógł także w koszmarach sennych, gdyby np. nie był zadowolony ze stroju, w jakim złożono go do grobu (ważne było więc, aby wypełnić w tej kwestii ostatnią wolę). Nie mniej istotne było, aby pamiętać, by w szytej specjalnie na pogrzeb pośmiertnej koszuli nie zrobić na nitce żadnego węzełka: ten bowiem, jako miejsce, w którym gnieżdżą się grzechy, uniemożliwiłby duszy spokojne opuszczenie ciała. Czyniono więc wszystko, by umożliwić zmarłemu możliwie lekką śmierć, a duszy łatwe odłączenie od ciała.

Otwór na duszę

Wóz z trumną rytualnie powstrzymywano (trzykrotnie), tak, by nie odjechał za szybko, pozostawiając ducha zmarłego w domu lub obejściu. W przeciwnym razie "dusza musiałaby biec za zwłokami" (Kupisiński). Od chwili śmierci do pochówku czekano bowiem zwykle trzy dni, czuwając przy zwłokach, lecz za moment odejścia duszy w zaświaty uznawano dopiero ceremonię pogrzebu. Do tego czasu powstrzymywano się od wszelakich prac domowych tak, by duszy nie niepokoić lub - nie daj Boże - nie nadepnąć lub nie trącić miotłą podczas zamiatania. Czy dusza uszła już z ciała, sprawdzał tzw. lider pogrzebowy, przystawiając do ust konającego lusterko - jako że duszę utożsamiano z oddechem.

W niektórych przekazach zaznaczano, że głośne i ostentacyjne lamentacje były bardzo źle widziane (tak o górnośląskich obyczajach pisała m.in. prof. Turek) - żal bliskich utrudniałby bowiem odejście ducha na tamten świat. Istniało także przekonanie, że po śmierci dusze muszą nosić dzbany lub wiadra wypełnione łzami przelanymi przez rodzinę z powodu ich odejścia - stąd przeważnie powściągano rozpacz. Odejście duszy ułatwić miało także pozostawienie otwartych okien i drzwi, komina, pieca chlebowego oraz wszelkich kufrów i skrzyń, a niekiedy nawet częściowe zrywanie pokrycia dachowego. Jak zauważał Fischer:

dom prasłowiański miał specjalny mały otwór obok dymnika - dla duszy.

Inne praktyki, które miały "skrócić agonję", dotyczyły m.in. przesądu o złym wpływie kurzego pierza: spod głowy konającego należało wyciągnąć poduszkę z takim wypełnieniem. Zdarzało się także, że ściągano umierającego z łoża i układano go na ziemi, aby zbliżyć go do "państwa cieniów". Cień był zresztą kolejnym z wyraźnych zwiastunów śmierci i elementem łączącym światy żywych i umarłych: jego zmiany odczytywano jako zapowiedzi rychłego odejścia. Jeden z przesądów mówił, że ten, kto w wieczerzę wigilijną obróci się za siebie i nie zobaczy własnego cienia - wkrótce umrze.

Zabiegi antywampiryczne

O skłonności wampiryczne podejrzewano osoby, które za życia mogły pochwalić się podejrzanie rumianą (nabiegłą krwią) twarzą lub w których zachowaniu dostrzec można było niepokój i gwałtowność. Jeszcze pod koniec XIX wieku odnotowano na polskiej wsi stosowanie "zabiegów antywampirycznych": jeśli społeczność uznała, że wampir grasuje (czyli zabiera na swoją stronę kolejnych członków rodziny), dokonywano tajemnej - bo zabronionej prawnie - brutalnej egzekucji przy pomocy szpadla do kopania torfu.

Ks. Jan Perszon w swojej opartej głównie na badaniach terenowych rozprawie "Na brzegu życia i śmierci" dotyczącej tradycyjnej kultury funeralnej Kaszub pisał, że jeszcze "w XIX wieku przynajmniej w kilku przypadkach wszczęto prawne dochodzenie w sprawie znieważenia zwłok zakończone wyrokiem kilkuletniego więzienia".

Przed tym radykalnym rozwiązaniem można było uchronić się poprzez szereg praktyk uniemożliwiających powrót "żywego trupa": wkładano do trumny, obok przedmiotów osobistych, także cegłę, sieć (którą musiałby rozplątać) czy ziarenka maku (które musiałby policzyć), a do ust monetę, żeby zająć czymś nieboszczyka i tym samym zapobiec jego inwazji. Czuwanie przy zwłokach, oprócz wymiaru rodzinno-religijnego (można było pożegnać ukochanego członka rodziny modlitwą o jego zbawienie), miało także aspekt antywampiryczny - czuwający mógł dzięki uważnej obserwacji wykluczyć letarg lub dostrzec niepokojące skłonności zmarłego.

Zdarzało się także, że krew z uciętej "wampirowi" głowy... dodawano do kawy czy herbaty członkom rodziny "dla zabezpieczenia przed aktywnym wampirem". Wzmianki o tych praktykach, jak twierdził Fischer, pojawiają się jeszcze w niektórych XIX-wiecznych relacjach.

Żeby cię zmarły nie wypatrzył

Jak zauważa prof. Krystyna Turek w rozprawie "Ludowe zwyczaje, obrzędy i pieśni pogrzebowe na Górnym Śląsku", dawniej dokonywano także wszelkich starań, by jedna śmierć nie pociągnęła za sobą kolejnych: wiele zabiegów magicznych miało uniemożliwić duszy nieboszczyka porwanie innych dusz na tamten świat. Praktyki te nie były jednak specyficznie górnośląskie, ale - jak czytamy u Fischera - istniały u ludu polskiego powszechnie. Stąd zamykano zmarłemu oczy (żeby "nikogo nie wypatrzył"), a jeśli powieki nie chciały opaść - kładziono na nich obciążające monety. Podwiązywano także brodę, żeby zmarły nikogo "nie wywołał".

Obowiązkiem było obudzić wszystkich śpiących domowników, jeśli zgon nastąpił nocą. W ludowej wyobraźni bowiem sen i zaświaty tajemniczo łączyły się i istniało ryzyko, że dusza śpiącego zostanie przez duszę nieboszczyka przeciągnięta na tamtą stronę. Z chwilą śmierci zasłaniano w domu wszystkie zwierciadła i szklane naczynia odbijające światło - zobaczenie w odbiciu ducha zmarłego było okrutną klątwą. Unikano także wypatrywania orszaku żałobnego przez okno i wychodzenia konduktowi naprzeciw - tu także istniało niebezpieczeństwo, że zmarły "pociągnie" kogoś za sobą. Kiedy umierał gospodarz, o jego śmierci zawiadamiano bydło i...pukano w ule, informując pszczoły, aby zwierzęta nie poszły za zmarłym.

Miłość i lęk

Konający bliski w dawnych wierzeniach budził w pozostałych domownikach troskę (a jego śmierć rozpacz), jednak groźba powrotu jego duszy lub pociągnięcia za sobą żywych wiązała się z głębokim lękiem. Taki ambiwalentny wymiar ma m.in. wspomniane czuwanie przy zwłokach. Wierzono w magiczne właściwości wody po obmyciu ciała nieboszczyka - przypisywano jej jednak zarówno zabójczą, jak i uzdrawiającą moc. Uważano, żeby wodą tą nie oblać własnego cienia i nie sprowadzić tym samym na siebie śmierci. Część wierzeń mówiła natomiast o leczniczych walorach pośmiertnej wody: używano jej do leczenia chorób skórnych, kurzajek, brodawek i wrzodów.

Przekazywane z pokolenia na pokolenie zwyczaje były obecne w Polsce do połowy XX wieku, a na niektórych obszarach aż do lat 80. XX wieku. Pionierskie opracowanie Fischera, wespół z późniejszymi pracami - korzystającymi ze słynnego dzieła etnologa, ale i bazującymi na innych źródłach pisanych oraz współczesnych badaniach terenowych - przybliżają nam zanikające dziś rytuały i przesądy świadczące o mocnej obecności śmierci w dawnej codzienności.

Najbardziej znaczącą obecnie zmianą jest powszechne "usunięcie" śmierci z domostw - niegdysiejsze umieranie było złożonym doświadczeniem zbiorowym, wpływającym na wszystkie aspekty funkcjonowania gospodarstwa domowego i jego członków. Kluczowy rytuał przejścia obwarowany był wieloma magicznymi praktykami, które umierającemu ulżyłyby w agonii, a żyjącym pomogłyby w złagodzeniu lęku. "Śmierć ludu nie przeraża, bo poddaje się jej z rezygnacją" - pisał Fischer. Z pewnością ustanie życia biologicznego było dla polskiego ludu momentem nie ostatecznego kresu, ale nowego otwarcia dla duszy.

Źródła: "Śmierć jako wydarzenie eschatyczne: zwyczaje, obrzędy i wierzenia pogrzebowe oraz zaduszkowe mieszkańców regionu opoczyńskiego i radomskiego", Z. Kupisiński; "Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ludu polskiego", A. Fischer; "Na brzegu życia i śmierci. Zwyczaje, obrzędy oraz wierzenia pogrzebowe i zaduszkowe na Kaszubach", ks. J. Perszon; "Ludowe zwyczaje, obrzędy i pieśni pogrzebowe na Górnym Śląsku", K. Turek;

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Wampirza krew i otwór na duszę. Śmierć w dawnych rytuałach i przesądach

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W dawnej kulturze polskiej śmierć była nierozłącznie spleciona z życiem - jej nadejście zwiastował doczesny świat naturalny w licznych znakach i symbolach. Pierwszym wyczerpującym studium poświęconym polskiej kulturze funeralnej były "Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ludu polskiego" profesora Adama Fischera, wybitnego etnologa i folklorysty (1889-1943).

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Polishing vocabulary.

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About Words - Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog

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by Liz Walter

My last two posts looked at phrasal verbs to describe a range of specific emotions, so I thought it would be nice to round the topic off by covering some phrasal verbs for talking about emotions in a more general way.

If someone shows a very strong negative emotion such as fear or anger, we can say informally that they freak out.
He freaked out when he saw the size of the waves
We sometimes say that a negative emotion eats away at someone, meaning that they think about it a lot and it continues to upset them, and if someone rakes up things that cause negative feelings, they make you remember bad things that happened in the past:
I could tell that his failure to get any acting jobs was eating away at him. She couldn't deal with the newspapers raking up stories of her divorce.
If you bottle up your feelings, you do not show them, and often do not acknowledge them even to yourself. If you fight down a feeling such as panic or fear, or fight down tears or laughter, you try very hard not to show them:
She had spent years bottling up her feelings of anger and grief. He fought down a sudden urge to scream.
There are several phrasal verbs connected with stopping bad emotions. If you get over an experience that has made you unhappy, you start to feel happy again:
It took her years to get over the trauma of the fire.
Some phrasal verbs connected with stopping bad feelings are often used as commands. For instance, you might tell someone you think is too upset, excited etc to calm down. If you tell someone to pull themselves together or snap out of it, you mean that they should stop feeling sad or upset. These commands both sound very unsympathetic, and show that you are angry with the person showing the emotion:
Calm down! There's no need to get so upset. You need to pull yourself together and do something useful. Come on, snap out of it! You're spoiling the day for everyone.
If you , you don't let it upset you at all and if you dust yourself down after a bad experience, you act in a positive way and do not let it affect you badly:
They simply shrugged off all the criticism and carried on with their project. He suffered many setbacks, but each time he picked himself up, dusted himself down, and carried on as cheerfully as ever.
I hope these posts on emotion phrasal verbs have been useful. Don't let phrasal verbs freak you out, and if you make a mistake, just dust yourself down and try again!

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Freaking out or shrugging it off? Phrasal verbs to express emotions (3)

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by Liz Walter My last two posts looked at phrasal verbs to describe a range of specific emotions, so I thought it would be nice to round the topic off by covering some phrasal verbs for talking about emotions in a more general way. If someone shows a very strong negative emotion such as fear...

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New vocabulary.

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About Words - Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog

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undertourism noun [U]
UK /ˌʌn.də.ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/ US /ˌʌn.dɚ.ˈtʊr.ɪ.zəm/
the situation when a city or other holiday destination does not receive many tourists or enough tourists

But a new phenomenon is developing. "Undertourism" is the increasingly common marketing tactic being used by less-frequented destinations. Come here, they say, because we're not as rammed as the neighbours. Visit us, and you won't have to queue for your Instagram likes.
[www.nationalgeographic.co.uk, 12 August 2019]

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DNA trip noun [C]
/ˌdiː.enˈeɪ.trɪp/
a holiday taken by someone who has taken a DNA test to trace their ancestry, to a destination where their ancestors came from, according to that test

But to really dive into your DIY DNA trip, you will want a full-featured travel web site. Travel sites started out more than 20 years ago as search engines for the cheapest airline tickets or bargain hotel rooms. Thankfully for the DNA traveler, things have come a long way since those days.
[www.bestonlinereviews.com, 27 March 2019]

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begpacker noun [C]
UK /ˈbeg.pæk.əʳ/ US /ˈbeg.pæk.ɚ/
someone who goes on holiday and begs for money from local people

Authorities in Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries are cracking down on "begpackers": usually young Westerners who ask locals for money to help fund their journeys. Some of the travelers sell photographs or perform songs on sidewalks, while others simply ask for quick handouts... The locals to who give begpackers money are often poorer than the travelers.
[www.businessinsider.com, 25 July 2019]

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About new words

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undertourism noun [U] UK /ˌʌn.də.ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/ US /ˌʌn.dɚ.ˈtʊr.ɪ.zəm/ the situation when a city or other holiday destination does not receive many tourists or enough tourists But a new phenomenon is developing. "Undertourism" is the increasingly common marketing tactic being used by less-frequented destinations. Come here, they say, because we're not as rammed as the neighbours.

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TOOLS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TRANSLATION MEMORY MAINTENANCE.

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Język a postrzeganie świata - w kontekście oszczędzania pieniędzy na przykładzie chińskiego i angielskiego.

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Keith Chen: Czy język wpływa na zdolność oszczędzania?

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Czego ekonomiści mogą nauczyć się od językoznawców? Keith Chen, ekonomista behawioralny, wyprowadza ze swych badań fascynujący schemat: język pozbawiony idei przyszłości: "padać jutro" zamiast "jutro będzie padać" - silnie wiąże się z wysokimi stopami oszczędności. Przeczytaj więcej na temat badań Chena "

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Czym właściwie jest sztuczna inteligencja? Najważniejsze fakty.

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Artificial intelligence's progress is staggering. Efforts to advance AI concepts over the past 20 years have resulted in some truly amazing innovations. Big data, medical research, and autonomous vehicles are just some of the incredible applications emerging from AI development.

To understand some of the deeper concepts, such as data mining, natural language processing, and driving software, you need to know the three basic AI concepts: machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks. While AI and machine learning may seem like interchangeable terms, AI is usually considered the broader term, with machine learning and the other two AI concepts a subset of it.

Machine learning and applications

It's likely that you've interacted with some form of AI in your day-to-day activities. If you use Gmail, for example, you may enjoy the automatic e-mail filtering feature. If you own a smartphone, you probably fill out a calendar with the help of Siri, Cortana, or Bixby. If you own a newer vehicle, perhaps you've benefited from a driver-assist feature while driving.

As helpful as these software products are, they lack the ability to learn independently. They cannot think outside their code. Machine learning is a branch of AI that aims to give machines the ability to learn a task without pre-existing code.

In the simplest terms, machines are given a large amount of trial examples for a certain task. As they go through these trials, machines learn and adapt their strategy to achieve those goals.

For example, an image-recognition machine may be given millions of pictures to analyze. After going through endless permutations, the machine acquires the ability to recognize patterns, shapes, faces, and more.

A well-known example of this AI concept is Quick, Draw!, a Google-hosted game that lets humans draw simple pictures in under 20 seconds, with the machine-learning algorithm trying to guess the drawing. More than 15 million people have contributed more than 50 million drawings to the app.

Deep learning gets ready to play

How do we get machines to learn more than just a specific task? What if we want it to be able to take what it has learned from analyzing photographs and use that knowledge to analyze different data sets? This requires computer scientists to formulate general-purpose learning algorithms that help machines learn more than just one task.

One famous example of deep learning in action is Google's AlphaGo project written in Lua, C++, and Python code. The AlphaGo AI was able to beat professional Go players, a feat that was thought impossible given the game's incredible complexity and reliance on focused practice and human intuition to master.

How was a program able to master a game that calls for human intuition? Practice, practice, practice - and a little help from an artificial neural network.

Neural networks follow natural model

Deep learning is often made possible by artificial neural networks, which imitate neurons, or brain cells. Artificial neural networks were inspired by things we find in our own biology. The neural net models use math and computer science principles to mimic the processes of the human brain, allowing for more general learning.

An artificial neural network tries to simulate the processes of densely interconnected brain cells, but instead of being built from biology, these neurons, or nodes, are built from code.

Neural networks contain three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer. These layers contain thousands, sometimes millions, of nodes. Information is fed into the input layer. Inputs are given a certain weight, and interconnected nodes multiply the weight of the connection as they travel.

Essentially, if the unit of information reaches a certain threshold, then it is able to pass to the next layer. In order to learn from experience, machines compare outputs from a neural network, then modify connections, weights, and thresholds based on the differences among them.

AI concepts checklist

To learn more about AI, machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, take a look at some of these other resources:

Machines get smarter

All three of these AI concepts - machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks - can enable hardware and software robots to "think" and act dynamically, outside the confines of code. Understanding these basics can lead to more advanced AI topics, including artificial general intelligence, super-intelligence and AI, as well as ethics in AI.

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Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Abbasid Caliphs, dynastic rulers of the Islamic world from the mid eighth to the tenth century. They headed a Muslim empire that extended from Tunisia through Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and Persia to Uzbekistan and the frontiers of India. But unlike previous conquerors, the Abbasid Caliphs presided over a multicultural empire where conversion was a relatively peaceful business. As Vikings raided the shores of Britain, the Abbasids were developing sophisticated systems of government, administration and court etiquette. Their era saw the flowering of Arabic philosophy, mathematics and Persian literature. The Abbasids were responsible for patronising the translation of Classical Greek texts and transmitting them back to a Europe emerging from the Dark Ages. So who were the Abbasid Caliphs and how did they come to power? What was their cultural significance? What factors can account for their decline and fall? And why do they represent a Golden Age of Islamic civilisation? With Hugh Kennedy, Professor of History at the University of St Andrews; Robert Irwin, Senior Research Associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies; University of London; Amira Bennison, Senior Lecturer in Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the University of Cambridge.

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Editor and redactor - differences.

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Podcast: We speak with Matt Cutts about leading the United States Digital Services and the role software can play in government. Listen now.

Asked

English is not my native language, so may be I overlooked something obvious?

I seen in few places that "editor" and "redactor" in context of magazine or newspaper are not the same, but can't find a good explanation of the difference.

Thanks.

asked Apr 15 '16 at 23:58

I have worked at dozens of magazines and newspapers, as well as for a number of book publishers, and at none have I ever heard of a redactor. When I traveled in France and explained to people what I did, they called me a "redacteur," but I have never been called that in English. In English, "Redaction is a form of editing in which multiple source texts are combined (redacted) and altered slightly to make a single document. Often this is a method of collecting a series of writings on a similar theme and creating a definitive and coherent work." So, yes, in English, a redactor is a kind of editor, but this particular kind of editing is not much called for at magazines or newspapers. These media largely rely on original material. Editors are required to hire writers, to define the parameters of what is written, and to improve the writing and put it into publishable form, to report and analyze news, to profile celebrities, to review new books and movies, etc. They do not generally combine previously published text to create new documents. This is often more the realm of scholars, who combine various texts from antiquity, for example, to create a new work. The Bible was redacted, The Book of One Thousand and One Nights was redacted.

It has been pointed out that redactor sometimes means "censor" as well. This is true, but, again, you won't find censors at newspapers or magazines, at least censors as we commonly think of them--as those who expurgate offensive material. The film industry and TV have used censors in their histories (and they were called censors, not redactors), but the print media has always been more protective of their First Amendment rights, and more willing to go to court to fight for them. Such lawsuits have followed the publication of works by Nabokov, Joyce, etc. Also, the NYT found itself in court after the publication of the Pentagon Papers, and even today is fighting against the Obama administration in cases involving its reporter James Risen. Newspapers and the government are frequent adversaries on matters of censorship.

Having said this, there is a relation between what a traditional editor does and what a censor does--they cross things out. Editors famously use (or, before computers, did use) blue pencils to cross out material they want to delete from a text, possibly because it is offensive, or at least not in keeping with the tone of the publication in which the text will appear, but more likely because of space considerations, improper grammar, irrelevant tangents, etc. etc. In this sense, a redactor and an editor do the same thing.

But, in short, the word redactor is never used in American publishing.

answered Apr 16 '16 at 0:25

A redactor (redacter?) in the newspaper trade during the 1960s was one who typed onto rolls of paper (original plus carbon copies) spoken information taken from a primitive telephone answering machine. My mother did this for a few years at a daily newspaper in north Florida during this time. I can't recall the name of the recording device, but reporters from the various bureaus throughout the state would phone in and leave their stories on the recording device. The machine utilized flat, circular bands of soft plastic (four or five inches wide) to capture the reporters' stories. The redactor's job was to play and re-play each story until she captured the story on paper using a typewriter. Mom wore a single earphone for better comprehension since the news room was a noisy place most of the time. Naturally there were queries back and forth between bureau reporters and the state news desk for clarifications of all sorts.

Within a few years this technology became obsolete, replaced by fax machines and first-generation computers. Which was a good thing!

MH

answered Jan 8 '19 at 3:17

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Does your job require you to provide business metrics? Do you need to total financial data from many Microsoft Excel files? Sometimes a simple copy and paste is the most efficient way to transfer content. But what if you have extensive data in several workbooks? You can use the Excel merge and converge functionality to keep things organized.

Excel offers more than five ways to merge spreadsheets or consolidate data rows and columns in a primary workbook. In this article, advanced Excel users discuss instances where you might want to combine data, as well as common problems and best practices to help your team get the most out of Excel. You'll find step-by-step instructions that describe merge methods in Microsoft Excel - when steps are unique to a specific version, those steps are indicated in the instructions. Plus, you can use the downloadable demo file to practice what you learn.

Naming Conventions in this Article

Before we delve into the ins and outs of merging data and worksheets in Excel, it's necessary to provide you with a working vocabulary of the terms used throughout this article:

Workbook: A workbook is an electronic file, like a folder, that contains one or more worksheets.

Spreadsheet or Worksheet: A worksheet is known in Excel as a spreadsheet. A spreadsheet contains rows and columns of cells that contain data, such as numbers, text strings, or functions. Content in cells can refer to other cells in the same spreadsheet, in several spreadsheets in the same workbook, or in a different workbook or workbooks. Spreadsheets differ from databases, which have tables.

Consolidating: This action combines one or more Excel lists or sets of data from different worksheets within the same workbook, or from many workbooks into a primary worksheet.

Merging: This concept involves merging copies or moving spreadsheets from one or more external workbooks.

Source Workbook or Spreadsheet: The workbook or spreadsheet you're moving items from.

Target Workbook or Spreadsheet: The workbook or spreadsheet you're moving items to.

Download Practice Files
You can download the following files and practice merging Excel files with the instructions in this article. PracticeBook1 contains spreadsheets for copying and merging within the same workbook, and PracticeBook2 contains spreadsheets for copying and merging from an external workbook.
‌ Download Merging Demo Practice Book 1 ‌ Download Merging Demo Practice Book 2

Merging and consolidating data in Excel can help you anytime you need an overview of large amounts of data. For example, if input comes to you from multiple sources, such as from all your account executives, it is easier to add numbers and create a report from one file. You could copy and paste, as that may be the fastest option if you have only a few cells or columns to update. But for multiple workbooks, or for hundreds or thousands of rows and columns of data, manual copying can be slow, complicated, and painful.

As an example, a company may use JIRA to track and manage quality assurance results, but track project timeline data in another database. Merging information from the two sources can create a business metrics report. "[This] process is significantly easier using Excel," Schaeffer adds.

In What Ways Can You Merge Excel Data and Workbooks?

In Excel, data is contained in worksheets, also called spreadsheets, which reside in container files called workbooks. You can consolidate and merge data in different ways, depending on your needs:

Merge workbooks to include all spreadsheets in the target workbook.

Merge one or many spreadsheets from one or many workbooks into a single workbook.

Merge the data from many sheets into one worksheet.

"Merging can be as simple as taking a list of people's first and last names and showing them in one cell with a comma," Gunnis explains.

But on the other hand, Gunnis explains, "It can be as complicated as collecting data from various spreadsheets and compiling them into one spreadsheet that can be used for analysis and reporting, such as for budgeting."

See "How to Merge Excel Spreadsheets" and "How to Concatenate (Combine) Cells" below for step-by-step instructions.
Making It Easier to Converge and Merge Excel Data
If you and your team converge data regularly, consider creating an appropriate template and sharing it with the team. Schaeffer says that creating templates can take time upfront, but that the effort pays for itself in team efficiency. In addition, Gunnis suggests taking a course to familiarize yourself with shortcuts, and formulas such as VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, INDEX MATCH, and IF statements. You can even extend training to your team. To maximize your Excel experience, consider hiring a consultant to provide targeted training and to customize analysis and reporting capabilities.

How Do You Compare and Merge One or More Workbooks in Excel?

Before you merge data, you may want to compare files to ensure you're not duplicating content or to verify other aspects of the data.
Compare Two Spreadsheets in the Same Workbook or Another Workbook

1. Open the workbooks you want to compare. You cannot select to view another workbook if it is not already open.

2. Click the View tab, in the Window group, and click the New Window button. The same Excel file opens in a different window.

3. To view the worksheets side by side, click View Side by Side. Select the sheet you want to compare.

H3: How to Merge Excel Workbooks

Excel provides a range of methods for consolidating data. Which one you choose depends on how much data you need to move and on your facility with advanced functions like VBA, which you may choose to use if you are merging many workbooks.
Copy and Paste Cell Ranges
Simple copy and paste actions are easy for small amounts of data. However, if you are moving hundreds or thousands of cells across multiple sheets, or if you need to copy and paste the same cells often, there are more efficient actions.
To Copy and Paste Cells:
In the source spreadsheet, click in the first cell you want to copy or move and drag your cursor to select all the cells you want to copy.

1. When the cells are highlighted, right-click and click Copy on the dropdown menu.

2. In the target spreadsheet, click in the first cell. Right-click and then click Paste from the dropdown menu.

Combine Spreadsheets in a Single Workbook Using the Move or Copy Command
You can add one or more spreadsheets to a target workbook by using the Move or Copy command in Excel. If you move a spreadsheet, only one version of the spreadsheet exists. If you copy a spreadsheet, a version will remain in the source workbook and the copy can be added to the same workbook or a different workbook.
To Move Source Spreadsheets to a Target Workbook:

1. Open your target workbook and all source workbooks.

2. In a source workbook, for each nonadjacent worksheet you want to copy, press CTRL and click the sheet. To select a range of files, click in the first sheet's tab, and then press SHIFT and click the last tab. The range of tabs is selected.

3. Right-click, and then click Move or Copy.

4. In the Move or Copy dialog box, select the target workbook in the Move Selected Sheets to Book dropdown menu.

5. In the Before Sheet box, select the order for your sheets. You can select to place the sheets before any of the existing sheets or after the last sheet. Click the blue OK button. The sheets are moved to the target workbook. Reorder or rename the sheets as needed.

To copy a spreadsheet within the same workbook or to a target workbook:

1. Open your workbook and select the spreadsheet you want to copy.

2. Right-click and then click Move or Copy.

3. In the Move or Copy dialog box, select the target workbook in the Move Selected Sheets to Book dropdown menu, whether the same or external.

4. In the Before Sheet box, select the order for your sheets. You can select to place the sheets before any of the existing sheets or after the last sheet.

5. Click Create a Copy. Click OK.

Combine Workbooks By Using VBA

An advanced method for merging workbooks uses a VBA macro in Excel. We supply a script here, written by Michael Schaeffer. To use the macro, ensure that VBA is enabled for your sheet and that the Developer tab is present in the ribbon.

If you can't see the Developer tab, you need to enable VBA.
How to Enable VBA by Adding the Developer Tab to the Ribbon
1. On the File menu, click Options, and then click Customize Ribbon.
​
Note: If Options isn't available, try the Excel menu. Click Preferences and click Ribbon and Toolbar to add the Developer tab to the ribbon.

2. In the Command pane, click Developer, and then click Add. Click OK.
To Insert a Macro into an Excel File:

1. Open the Excel workbook you want to add a macro.

2. Click the Developer tab.

3. In the Code group, click the Visual Basic icon.

4. Click VBA Project (Book1), click Microsoft Excel Objects, and right-click on ThisWorkbook.

5. Point to Insert and click Module.

6. Copy and paste the script (below) into the code window.

7. Click Run.

.
VBA Script by Michael Schaeffer
Below is the VBA script written by Michael Schaeffer. When copying and pasting start with the text after the ===== lines.

'===================================================================================================

'Inputs:

'Outputs:

'

'Notes: This function creates a new workbook and merges data from all Excel files contained within

'the desired folder path.

'

'It contains the most basic functionality and should be expanded upon to meet individual needs.

'===================================================================================================

Sub MergeFolderPathWorkbooks()

Dim WorkBk As Workbook

Dim MergedSheet As Worksheet

Dim SourceData As Range

Dim DestinationData As Range

Dim LastRow As Long

Dim CurrentRow As Long

Dim FolderPath As String

Dim FileNames As String

Application.ScreenUpdating = False

Application.DisplayAlerts = False

Set MergedSheet = Workbooks.Add(xlWBATWorksheet).Worksheets(1)

CurrentRow = 1

'UPDATE folder path based on where the Excel files to be merged are located

FolderPath = "C:\Users\Michael\Desktop\Folder\"

FileNames = Dir(FolderPath & "*.xl*")

Do While FileNames <> ""

Set WorkBk = Workbooks.Open(FolderPath & FileNames)

LastRow = Cells(Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Row

'UPDATE range based on desired data to merge

Set SourceData = WorkBk.Worksheets(1).Range("A1", "B" & LastRow)

Set DestinationData = MergedSheet.Range("A" & CurrentRow)

Set DestinationData = DestinationData.Resize(SourceData.Rows.Count,SourceData.Columns.Count)

DestinationData.Value = SourceData.Value

CurrentRow = CurrentRow + DestinationData.Rows.Count

WorkBk.Close savechanges:=False

FileNames = Dir()

Loop

Application.ScreenUpdating = True

Application.DisplayAlerts = True

End Sub

How to Concatenate (Combine) Cells in Excel

You can combine the contents or text strings of different cells into another cell by using the Concatenate function, which may be known as Concat in your version of Excel 2016. Combining strings is helpful if you need copy a formatted list to another file format. For example, if first names are listed in column A and last names in column B, you can concatenate them in column C.
To Concatenate Strings:

1. In the target sheet, click in the cell where you want to add content. The sheet can be in the same sheet or workbook or in another sheet or workbook.

2. Click the Insert Function button The Insert Function window appears.

3. In the Select a Function box, select Concatenate. If you do not see Concatenate, in the Search for a Function box, type concat, and then select Concatenate when it appears in the Select a Function box. Click OK.

4. In the Function Arguments window, click in the Text1 box, and click in the first cell you want to add. Continue to add all cells, and then click OK.

The cells are combined in the target cell as PlumsPearsPeaches.

5. In the Formula bar, make the following edits to change the syntax of your concatenated strings:

To add commas: In the function formula, between each cell, add ",". Ensure that additional commas follow the previous cell and precede the next cell.

To create a sentence: In the formula, add text. For example, =CONCATENATE("Favorite fruits are ", Sheet1!A2, ", ",Sheet1!A3, ", ",Sheet1!A3, ".")

To add ampersands between elements: =CONCATENATE(Sheet1!A2, " & ",Sheet1!A3, " & ",Sheet1!A3)

Tip: Take careful note of the placement of quotation marks, spaces, and commas around each element. In addition, ensure that you use straight quotation marks.

How to Merge Excel Spreadsheets

You may need to merge data from specific spreadsheets into one spreadsheet, rather than including separate spreadsheets in one workbook.
Why Consolidate Data?
Consolidating data is helpful when you need to perform the same action on data in different worksheets. For example, if you need to aggregate and then report on sales results for several account executives, it's much easier to work with all the data in one sheet. The data you consolidate may be in different sheets in the same workbook, or in multiple sheets in one or more other workbooks.
How Consolidation Works
The Consolidate command works only for numerical values, and totals or sums common values and copies unique values. Consolidation requires a common field - in other words, that at least the left or top labels are the same. The data can be in the same order.

If the labels are the same, the organization can also be different. Excel ignores capitalization differences on labels, but different spellings of the same word are treated as different labels. For example, pear and pears are considered different.

However, the columns Jan, Feb, Mar and Jan, Feb, Apr, Mar are recognized and summed correctly. Column and label order follow the order of the first sheet entered.

Tip: Ensure your sheets contain no empty cells or empty rows or columns. Empty areas between data may cause consolidation to fail.
To Consolidate Data from One or More Spreadsheets into a Single Spreadsheet:
1. In the target sheet, click in upper left cell where you want to add content. To avoid overwriting data, ensure that you have enough free cells below and to the right.

2. Click the Data tab, and in the Data Tools group, click the Consolidate icon.

3. In the Function box, click Sum for summary function.

4. Click in the Reference box.

If the data you want to consolidate is in a worksheet in the same workbook, click the sheet. OR

If the data you want to consolidate is in another workbook, open the workbook and select the sheet you want. Click Browse and click the preferred workbook.

5. In the source sheet, select the data range. Click in the first cell and drag down and to the right until your data range is surrounded by a marquee. If you have labels in the top row and left column, include those. The range appears in the All References box. You can also type in the data range. Click Add. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each data range on each sheet.

6. To link to the source data so that your target sheet updates whenever the source changes, click Create Links to Source Data.

7. Click OK. The data is added to the target sheet. If you selected to link to the source data, you can also view source data.

8. Click a plus sign to view all source data sheets.

9. Click a number to view data for each linked sheet.

How Do I Link Two Excel Spreadsheets?

Linking sheets means that the data will be connected and one set of data will be updated when the other is updated. There are two ways to do this:
To Create Links to a Data Source:

1. For new data, follow the steps in the Consolidate Data procedure, then click Create Links to Source Data.

2. To link to an existing consolidated data sheet, select all the cells in the target sheet that you want updated, and then in the Data tab, click Consolidate Data. Select the source sheet, and then click Create Links to Source Data. The cells in the target are now linked to the corresponding cells in the source sheet.

INDIRECT Function
With the INDIRECT function, you can look up and return specific values from other spreadsheets without changing the original cells. You can return a single or locked cell value or a range of values from sheets within the same workbook or from many workbooks.

Other Options for Converging and Merging Data in Excel

Besides the commands, tools, and functions available in Excel, other tools can accelerate or streamline the processes.

Microsoft Access may be used to combine files with a common identifier to create a table in Access for each spreadsheet and query the data you want.

Microsoft Query in Excel allows you to merge data through a connection to a SQL database.

SUM formulas in Excel are similar to the INDIRECT function and VLOOKUP function to total data on multiple spreadsheets and then display it in a report. PivotTables similarly aggregate data for analysis.

Microsoft Power Query is an advanced tool in Excel 2010, also called Get and Transform in Excel 2016. In addition, Power Query may require a significant investment in time to learn well. This is a tool for downloading multiple sheets.

Kutools can help you compare and combine multiple sheets for under $40. Available for Excel version 2007 - 2016 and Excel for Office 365.

Office Tab allows you to access multiple Microsoft Office files from tabs, as in a web browser.

RDBMerge is a free add-in for Excel to help you merge Excel for Windows files.

The Professor Excel Add-In merges Excel spreadsheet with just a few clicks and offers a free seven-day trial.

Ablebits Consolidate Worksheet wizard offers another alternative for easy consolidation for under $30. Excel version 2007 - 2016.

Troubleshooting: Why Can't I Merge in Excel?

Even with the cleanest data sheets and the newest version of software, things can go wrong. Here are a few considerations before you try to merge data or sheets and if your attempts are not successful:

Different Data Formats: "The most common problem that I find when using data is that when the data is imported, the format of each cell may not be equal. For example, dates are not all in the same format," explains Gunnis. She suggests importing data through CSV so that you can format data.

Funky File Formats and Functions: Diverging file formats and corrupted functions can also present problems, especially when spreadsheets are linked and are edited by multiple users. "It is important that everyone using the files understand saving standards to ensure that formulas don't become corrupted," Gunnis advises.

Empty Spaces: Empty cells in columns and empty columns and rows can prevent data from merging.

Make Better Decisions by Merging Data Across Your Work in Smartsheet

Having the right information at the right time is critical for you to improve and accelerate decision-making in your organization, and to act on those decisions more quickly. That's why finding a tool that enables you to manage your data in real-time is essential to your ability to make these critical decisions.

One such tool is Smartsheet, a cloud-based enterprise work management platform that is fundamentally changing the way businesses and teams work. Over 70,000 brands and millions of information workers trust Smartsheet to help them accelerate business execution and address the volume and velocity of today's collaborative work.

With cross-sheet formulas in Smartsheet you can accelerate execution and enable better decisions by connecting data across your team's work. Easily roll up and summarize data from any of your sheets, reduce the need for double-entry or rework, and automate processes by auto-populating cells with information from other sheets.

Discover how cross-sheet formulas in Smartsheet will help to connect your data to make better decisions, fast.
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How to Merge Excel Spreadsheets | Smartsheet

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Does your job require you to provide business metrics? Do you need to total financial data from many Microsoft Excel files? Sometimes a simple copy and paste is the most efficient way to transfer content. But what if you have extensive data in several workbooks?

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Choice of CMS for an online shop for a business.

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CMS (z ang. Content Management System - System Zarządzania Treścią). To odpowiednio przygotowana oprogramowanie, które dzięki stworzonemu panelowi administracyjnemu pozwala samodzielnie i bezpłatnie dokonywać zmian w treści, bez znajomości programowania w naszym sklepie internetowym. Dzięki wspomnianemu panelowi, możemy dodawać, zmieniać i usuwać zdjęcia, teksty, tabele, filmy, grafiki jak również i całe podstrony. bez znajomości języka HTML czy PHP. Nie musimy się również łączyć przez FTP.

Dlaczego wybór odpowiedniego CMS jest tak istotny?

Każdy system zarządzania treścią musi być odpowiednio dopasowany pod nasz sklep, dzięki czemu będziemy mieć pewność, że dany CMS nie będzie nas ograniczał pod względem oferowanych funkcjonalności. Należy pamiętać, że późniejsza zmiana sklepu na inny jest czasochłonna i niesie ze sobą dodatkowe koszty. Dodatkowo należy wziąć pod uwagę fakt, że nie każdy CMS sprawdzi się w przypadku sklepu internetowego.

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W przypadku sprzedaży produktów mających małą ilość zmiennych, prawdopodobnie wystarczy nam prosty system i może niekoniecznie płatny, generujący dodatkowo koszty, które tak naprawdę nie wpływają na zwiększenie sprzedaży i rozwój naszego biznesu.

Bardzo ważnymi czynnikami są kwestie związane z SEO, a mianowicie czy wprowadzanie zmian pod jego kątem będzie łatwe, czy też będzie wymagało specjalistycznej wiedzy, z której korzystając będziemy narażeni na dodatkowe koszty, których mogliśmy uniknąć wybierając CMS lepiej odpowiadający naszym potrzebom? Dlatego tak ważne jest wybranie odpowiedniego CMS by niepotrzebnie nie generować zbędnych kosztów jak i również nie doprowadzić do tego, aby system ograniczał nasze zyski i rozwój naszego biznesu.

Jeśli myślisz o sklepie internetowym, albo dopiero zaznajamiasz się z branżą i nie wiesz na jaki CMS się zdecydować, aby łatwo można było go optymalizować to zapraszamy Cię do lektury naszego artykułu. Kiedy w koło słyszymy mnóstwo informacji, często ze sobą sprzecznych, trudno nam zdecydować, co dla nas będzie najlepsze. Dlatego w tym artykule postaramy się przybliżyć sylwetki ośmiu najpopularniejszych CMSów, pod kątem ich funkcjonalności pożytecznych z punktu widzenia SEO. Dowiesz się między innymi, jakie funkcjonalności posiadają, a jakich im brakuje, jakie są ich plusy, a jakie minusy. Zapraszamy do lektury !

PrestaShop

PrestaShop jest darmowym i obecnie najbardziej popularnym Systemem zarządzania treścią w Polsce mającym 25% udziału w rynku. Posiada spore zaplecze modułów rozszerzających, podstawowe funkcjonalności naszego sklepu, zarówno darmowe jak i płatne. PrestaShop umożliwia nam definiowanie meta opisów osobno dla każdego z produktów, kategorii i stron. Są one automatycznie generowane, według określonych schematów jeśli je pominiemy, lub o nich zapomnimy. Dzięki temu mamy możliwość wybrania interesujących nas fraz kluczowych, podczas procesu pozycjonowania sklepu internetowego.

PrestaShop generuje adresy podstron, dla produktów, kategorii czy innych stron. Adresy nie zawierają niepotrzebnych parametrów, oddzielonych „&" dzięki czemu linki są w dużej mierze „przyjazne" pod kątem SEO. Mamy dodatkowo możliwość personalizacji adresów URL, dla naszych produktów. Te dwie funkcjonalności pomagają nam uzyskać już całkiem dobre wyniki, jeśli chodzi o pozycjonowanie.
Oprócz tego mamy kilka możliwości sortowania list produktów, co niewątpliwie dla użytkowników stanowi wygodne rozwiązanie, jednak powoduje generowanie dodatkowych duplikatów danej strony, co niestety z punktu widzenia robota Google jest niepożądane. PrestaShop ma na ten problem kilka gotowych rozwiązań, umożliwia bowiem nam wykluczenie w pliku robots.txt stron, których nie chcemy indeksować.

PrestaShop jest dobrym wyborem dla właścicieli sklepów zaczynających przygodę z Systemami Zarządzania treścią. Społeczność PrestaShop jest dynamicznie rozwijana, dzięki czemu zawsze znajdziemy odpowiedź na ewentualne pytania lub problemy.

WooCommerce

WooCommerce to niezwykle popularne narzędzie e-commerce, zintegrowane w pełni z WordPress. To wtyczka doskonale dostosowana zarówno dla początkujących, pierwszy raz mający z nią do czynienia jak i webdeveloperów. WooCommerce jest drugim co do popularności CMS w Polsce, posiada 23% udział w rodzimym rynku sklepów online. Co świadczy o jego ogromnej popularności, zdobytej głównie dzięki łatwości personalizacji i intuicyjności tego systemu?

WooCommerce jest skonstruowany tak, aby można było sprzedawać niemal każdy rodzaj produktu bez względu, czy jest to produkt fizyczny, cyfrowy, do pobrania czy jest to afiliacyjny produkt innego sklepu. Dzięki dodatkowym płatnym rozszerzeniom możemy oferować, rezerwacje, odnawialne subskrypcje i strony typu membership. Dzięki WooCommerce możemy również, oferować swoim klientom zniżki na cyfrowe produkty, gotowe do pobrania. W WooCommerce mamy dostęp do rozbudowanych systemów płatności. Ten CMS daje nam niemal nieograniczone możliwości kontrolowania i personalizacji naszego sklepu. WooCommerce jest ciągle rozwijany, większość funkcjonalności pod kątem SEO zostało zaimplementowanych domyślnie.

WooCommerce jest tak skonstruowany by być jak najbardziej przyjazny dla wyszukiwarek i tak np. adresy URL są budowane w taki sposób aby jak najlepiej z nimi współgrać, struktura strony jest uporządkowana i logiczna co jest istotne w procesie indeksowania strony. Dodatkowo strony są zgodne z normami, posiadają sprawdzony układ nawigacyjny typu breadcrumbs. Dodatkowo WooCommerce posiada wtyczkę Yoast, która umożliwia nam całkowicie za darmo zarządzanie wieloma funkcjonalnościami SEO, chroniąc nas w dużym stopniu przed uczynieniem krzywdy naszemu serwisowi. Yoast posiada box umożliwiający edycję wpisów z podglądem jak będzie prezentował się on w Google. Dzięki Yoast możemy monitorować zagęszczenie słowa kluczowego, w pełni obsługiwać SEO dla podstron, obsługiwać plik robots.txt, dzięki któremu w prosty sposób możemy określić te części serwisu, które mają być indeksowane. Wtyczka posiada olbrzymi zasób szablonów dla tytułów, całkowite wsparcie sitemapy z możliwością wyłączenia z niej pewnych części, nawigacje breadcrumbs i możliwość importu ustawień z innych wtyczek. Jedynym minusem tego CMSa są problemy związane z pełną kompatybilnością z językiem polskim.

WooCommerce jest systemem prostym, intuicyjnym i niezwykle popularnym, a dzięki wtyczce Yoast optymalizacja serwisu nawet dla osób nie mających doświadczenia z SEO może być łatwa i przyjemna.

Magento

Magento to rozbudowany System zarządzania treścią typu open source o ogromnych możliwościach. W zamian za wiele możliwości wspierających optymalizację, wymaga znajomości specjalistycznej wiedzy z zakresu programowania, dlatego też Magento polecany jest szczególnie doświadczonym już specjalistom od SEO. Jest to system wybierany i polecany najczęściej osobom planującym rozwijać duży sklep internetowy.

Magento z poziomu panelu administracyjnego umożliwia nam dostosowywanie adresów URL w taki sposób by były jak najbardziej przyjazne dla wyszukiwarki, możemy również dostosować meta tagi, tytuły i opisy danych produktów i kategorii. Wbrew pozorom w oparciu o domyślne ustawienia Magento możemy osiągnąć dosyć znaczące efekty w kwestii SEO. Wśród istotnych elementów Magento pod kątem optymalizacji możemy wyróżnić następujące: wszystkie zdjęcia na podstronach danych produktów są zaopatrzone w znaczniki ALT, mapa strony jest automatycznie tworzona, podobnie jak wyszukiwanie popularnych haseł, oferuje unikalne linki dla każdego produktu, umożliwia zgłoszenie mapy witryny do Google Search Console.

Jednak do tego wszystkiego należy pamiętać o kosztach, które są dosyć wysokie, sam koszt uruchomienia sklepu to wydatek prawie 1000 złotych, a każda godzina usług mających na celu jego modyfikację to 130 złotych.

Magento jest niezwykle popularnym CMSem, który ma do zaoferowania pod kątem pozycjonowania i funkcjonalności wiele jednak zdecydowanie dedykowany jest dla użytkowników zaawansowanych, których celem jest zbudowanie dużego sklepu.

IAI Shop

IAI Shop to CMS oparty na modelu SaaS (software as a service - oprogramowanie jako usługa). Model ten opiera się na założeniu, polegającym na tym, że w zamian za miesięczny abonament nasz sklep jest konfigurowany przez dostawcę systemu. To rozwiązanie ma jednak duży minus, jako właściciele sklepu nie mamy nad nim pełnej kontroli. Sklep będąc pod nadzorem dostawcy nie może być przez nas dowolnie konfigurowany, aby dokonać zmian programistycznych musimy kontaktować się z IAI, które może odmówić wdrożenia danej implementacji. W IAI znaczniki meta i meta tagi mogą być generowane ręcznie lub automatycznie, które są generowane osobno dla każdej ze stron, dzięki czemu ich unikalność poprawia pozycjonowanie, w kwestii deklaracji opisów IAI daje nam dużą swobodę. Generowanie linków kanonicznych również następuje automatycznie, dzięki czemu zjawisko zduplikowanego contentu jest minimalizowane. Wraz z utworzeniem sklepu, utworzona mapa strony jest przesyłana bezpośrednio dla Google, dzięki czemu jest automatycznie widoczna dla robota Google.

IAI posiada moduł Google Analitycs, dzięki czemu integracja z tym środowiskiem będzie prosta. Linki są również budowane w taki sposób, aby były przyjazne, jednak nie mamy możliwości zmiany alt tagów dla zdjęć.

Shoper

Shoper system również oparty na modelu Saas, dający nam możliwość założenia sklepu w oparciu o jeden z pięciu różnych pakietów. Cztery z nich z punktu widzenia SEO niczym się nie różnią, system jednak posiada tzw. Licencje samodzielną, która daje nam możliwość wglądu w kod i jego ewentualnej modyfikacji. Dzięki czemu jesteśmy w stanie znacząco poprawić funkcjonalność naszego e-sklepu. Jednak skupmy się na najbardziej popularnych, czyli podstawowych wersjach, które mają kilka plusów jak i minusów.

Do plusów możemy zaliczyć dowolność ustawiania podstawowych danych SEO dla każdego produktu i kategorii z osobna. Title i description możemy ustawić według schematu, automatyczne dodawanie tagów kanonicznych - co jest rozwiązaniem względnie poprawnym, przekierowywanie ruchu na jeden adres naszego sklepu (np. www na brak www), łatwa integracja z narzędziami takimi jak: Google Analitycs, Tag Manager, Search Console Google Maps. Dużym minusem tego systemu jest zamknięty kod źródłowy dla trzech podstawowych wersji systemu. Utrudnia to rozwój systemu jak i uniemożliwia wprowadzanie do niego zmian.

Htaccess(plik pozwalający na dokonywanie pewnych zmian w konfiguracji serwera) jest dla nas niedostępny, skutkuje to dla nas brakiem możliwości ustawienia przekierowań do określonej strony sklepu. Ogólnie nie mamy dostępu do FTP.

Podsumowując, dzięki Shoper możemy stworzyć sklep, który dobrze prezentuje się dla Google jednak ustawienie go pod kątem poprawnej optymalizacji może sprawić wiele kłopotów, zwłaszcza osobie bez nawet podstawowej znajomości SEO i programowania.

RedCart

RedCart jest to CMS typu SaaS, posiadający szeroką paletę funkcjonalności. Na początek otrzymujemy 14 dniowy okres próbny dzięki czemu możemy zdecydować czy ten CMS będzie dla nas odpowiedni.

A jak to wygląda pod kątem SEO? Skrypt automatycznie tworzy mapę naszego sklepu dla Google, jak również pozwala na personalizację adresów URL w obrębie naszego e-sklepu. W RedCart mamy możliwość ustawiania meta opisów dla każdego produktu i kategorii. Znaczącym minusem z punktu widzenia SEO, jest brak możliwości ustawienia tagów kanonicznych co nie jest pozytywnie postrzegane przez robota Google.

RedCart jest raczej prostym w obsłudze systemem, mającym dużo do zaoferowania. Jednak z powodu braków, może pozostać CMS-em, który nie będzie dla nas wystarczający w kwestiach związanych z optymalizacją, co może zdecydowanie obniżyć nasze zyski w dłuższej perspektywie czasu.

Sote

Sote do niedawna był jednym z czołowych liderów na rynku CMS, obecnie przeżywa spadek zainteresowania. Jednak ciągle pozostaje jednym z lepszych CMS pod kątem optymalizacji.

Sote jest niepodważalnie dobrze zbudowanym systemem, który posiada wiele zaawansowanych modułów, pomagających w realizacji SEO naszego sklepu. Między innymi, mamy możliwość ustawiania znaczników meta dla sklepu, każdego produktu z osobna jak i kategorii, alt tagów dla zdjęć, linkowania wewnętrznego tzw. breadcrumbs, integracji z social mediami. Skrypt automatycznie tworzy mapę strony dla Google i linków kanonicznych. Widocznym minusem pod kątem SEO jest brak możliwości ustawienia znacznika H1 dla nazw produktów.

Sote to dobry CMS, pomimo spadku zainteresowania pozostaje solidnym graczem na rynku, któremu można zaufać.

Shopify

Shopify kolejny z czołówki popularnych CMSów na świecie, w Polsce jednak pozostaje daleko w tyle za konkurencją, jego udział w polskim rynku szacowany jest na około 1%.

Co ważne, sam system pod kątem optymalizacji jest dość wdzięczny, gdyż posiada rozbudowaną możliwość edycji np. meta opisów, URLów w obrębie naszego sklepu, alt tagów dla zdjęć, opisów zdjęć. Dodatkowo, skrypt automatycznie generuje: mapę stronę co jak już wspomnieliśmy niesie za sobą korzyść lepszej widoczności dla robota Google, linki kanoniczne by zapobiec niekorzystnemu zjawisku duplikowania contentu, który degraduje naszą stronę w wynikach wyszukiwania.

Podsumowując, funkcjonalności jakimi dysponuje ten CMS są bardzo mocno rozbudowane, dzięki czemu jest jednym z najczęściej wybieranych CMS w Stanach Zjednoczonych, umożliwia on personalizację pod kątem SEO, dzięki temu możemy sprawić, że nasz sklep będzie widoczny w wynikach wyszukiwania.

Podsumowanie

Mamy nadzieję, że informacje zawarte w artykule pomogą w wyborze odpowiedniego Systemu Zarządzania Treścią dla Waszego sklepu. Mamy świadomość, że na temat CMSów można napisać bardzo wiele, gdyż ten temat jest niezwykle szeroki, a to opis tylko kilku najważniejszych funkcjonalności. Dlatego też zachęcamy do szerszego zainteresowania tematem, aby jeszcze lepiej odpowiedzieć sobie na pytanie, który z nich będą dla nas najlepszym wyborem ?

Warto również odpowiedzieć sobie na kilka pytań:

Te i inne pytania mogą być kluczowe przy wyborze odpowiedniego CMSa, dlatego warto poświęcić chwilę by udzielić sobie na nie odpowiedzi. Jest to istotny aspekt, który będzie w przyszłości miał wpływ na możliwe ograniczenia i trudności związane z funkcjonowaniem naszego sklepu co niewątpliwie wpłynie na wyniki finansowe naszego biznesu.

Czy zamierzamy sami zajmować się naszym sklepem, czy planujemy powierzyć jego zarządzanie specjalistom?

Jakiego typu produkty będziemy sprzedawać w naszym sklepie?

Do jakich rozmiarów chcemy rozwijać nasz sklep?

Jakich funkcjonalności oczekujemy od CMSa?

Jakim budżetem na uruchomienie i zarządzanie sklepem dysponujemy?

Jak ma wyglądać nasz sklep?

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Jak wybrać CMS dla sklepu internetowego, mając na uwadze SEO?

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CMS (z ang. Content Management System - System Zarządzania Treścią). To odpowiednio przygotowana oprogramowanie, które dzięki stworzonemu panelowi administracyjnemu pozwala samodzielnie i bezpłatnie dokonywać zmian w treści, bez znajomości programowania w naszym sklepie internetowym. Dzięki wspomnianemu panelowi, możemy dodawać, zmieniać i usuwać zdjęcia, teksty, tabele, filmy, grafiki jak również i całe podstrony.

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Different areas in CATs answered - for new users.

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Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools include a wide variety of software programs that are employed to facilitate various aspects of the translation process. However, often the term CAT tools is used as a synonym for translation memory programs. These are programs that store previous translations; when you translate new texts, they offer translation suggestions based on material stored in a translation memory.

Terminology maintenance tools are applications that help to maintain and build complex multilingual glossaries which contain translations as well as a variety of other information, including grammatical, contextual, or other descriptive attributes. Good terminology maintenance tools often allow users to interactively view and use existing content and add new information as they translate or prepare for translation.

It's both, and then some. Déjà Vu X3 is made up of a number of components, including translation memories and very advanced terminology databases. But what makes Déjà Vu X3 unique in this respect is its ability to dynamically use both of these components to automatically repair matches that are not perfect.

Translation memory is merely a very advanced way to help translators remember things and to share their memory with others. The computer assists in making suggestions (which it bases on the material it's been fed in the past), but it is the translator who performs the actual translation. Machine translation, on the other hand, attempts to perform not only lexicological matching and translation, but also grammatical, stylistic, and syntactical. Very few-if any-machine translation implementations have been successful so far.

We use the term example-based machine translation to describe Déjà Vu X3's unique ability to self-repair fuzzy matches from the translation memory by deleting the incorrect part of the sentence and replacing it with the correct one. As long as Déjà Vu X3 has sufficient terminology databases, it is able to do this process through the close association of the memory matching and assemble processes.

Déjà Vu X3 is able to handle a great variety of external formats, including Trados Workbench RTF/DOC files or Trados BIF and TTX files. Furthermore, you can process any file that is based on the SGML/XML standard, including many Star Transit files. Translation memory exchange is facilitated through the latest implementation of TMX (the widely supported Translation Memory Exchange format) and other interchange formats, including the Trados Workbench text format.

So, the answer is: yes.

Well, that's a difficult question for us to answer. There's a learning phase for any new tool, but we've tried to ease the process by including Wizards to guide you through virtually every aspect of the program. And we have spent intense effort to make our documentation user-friendly and informative (no, this does not have to be an oxymoron!).

A great strength of Déjà Vu X3 is the fact that every file type is processed in the same interface, which we believe makes it much easier to work with than the tools of some of our competitors.

Yes and no. Déjà Vu X3 does not need any other program to run for most file formats. Remember that all the translation is done in the same interface. There are some file formats, however-including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint-for which Déjà Vu X3 needs the original application to export and import the files.

Déjà Vu X3 supports every language as both source and target language that is supported by the Windows system you work on. Because everything is done in Unicode, there is no limitation, even when it comes to complex languages such as East Asian double-byte languages, or right-to-left languages such as Arabic and Hebrew.

There is naturally a limit to the number of spellcheckers that Déjà Vu X3 provides, but a link to the corresponding spellchecker in Microsoft Word allows you to use that if it's installed.

No. This is really important to understand. The language knowledge of Déjà Vu X3 depends entirely on what you teach it, either by translating, importing third-party material, or aligning existing translations.

Obviously that depends on your particular situation. We know many users who report a complete return-on-investment in less than a week.

For a chart that outlines the differences between the Editor, Standard, Professional, and Workgroup editions, click here.

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Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools include a wide variety of software programs that are employed to facilitate various aspects of the translation process. However, often the term CAT tools is used as a synonym for translation memory programs. These are programs that store previous translations; when you translate new texts, they offer translation suggestions based on material stored in a translation memory.

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English classes - warmers and fillers booklet

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Feeding the mind with interesting talks and different concepts. Slavoj Zizek, Love as a political category.

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Slavoj Žižek: Love as a political category /// 16th May 2013

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TED talk on the flow of data in Internet.

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Hans Block and Moritz Riesewieck: The price of a "clean" internet

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Millions of images and videos are uploaded to the internet each day, yet we rarely see shocking and disturbing content in our social media feeds. Who's keeping the internet "clean" for us?

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5 ways to listen better - a TED talk

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In our louder and louder world, says sound expert Julian Treasure, “We are losing our listening.” In this short, fascinating talk, Treasure shares five ways to re-tune your ears for conscious listening -- to other people and the world around you.

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Pszczelarstwo, część wykładów - stowarzyszenie Cohabitat

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Great leader - qualities.

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What makes a great leader? Management theorist Simon Sinek suggests, it’s someone who makes their employees feel secure, who draws staffers into a circle of trust. But creating trust and safety -- especially in an uneven economy -- means taking on big responsibility.