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-To punish by removing or ending something pleasant.

Ex. If you dog pees on the floor you can put them in the crate for time out.
This way you are taking away their freedom of roaming around the house.

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-To punish by adding something unpleasant.

Ex. If a dog pulls on the owner when going for a walk, you can put a pinch collar on the dog that allows you to add a pinching feeling to the dog whenever they pull

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-To remove something unpleasant.
-To take something away.

Ex. If the kitchen smells because of the rotten eggs in the trashcan, negative reinforcement would be to take the trash out.

You are removing the smell of the rotten eggs.

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-Adding something positive following good behavior.

Ex. If you are training your dog to sit, after they sit on command you should give them a treat.

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-Learning by association.

Ex. If every time you get ready to take your dog for a walk you grab the leash, in the future when they see the leash they will get excited and usually wait at the door because they have associated the leash with going for a walk.