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The term karyotype refers to the collection of chromosomes that an individual has and consists of a test that is used to determine the shape, size, and amount of chromosomes in a sample. Karyotype analysis is useful for detecting abnormalities (ex: extra or missing chromosomes, duplications, and translocations). A karyogram can either be a diagram or a photo of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size. The main difference between these two is that karyotypes are used to refer to an entire set of chromosomes, while karyograms are used to refer to the visual profile of stained chromosomes.

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A genome is the complete set of DNA in an organism. A simpler way to think about the genome would be if we thought of DNA as a set of instructions that is divided into paragraphs (or genes) and chapters (or chromosomes), in this example, the genome would be the entire manual (beginning to end).

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The term mutation is used to describe the process in which a DNA gene is damaged, impacted, or altered in a way that changes the intended genetic message carried by that certain gene. The majority of mutations are not dangerous, however, some can mutations can result in cancer or in genetic disorders.

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In genetics, a locus (also described as a street address) refers to where a gene is specifically located.

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The term allele is used to refer to one or two versions of a single gene. As humans, we inherit two alleles for each of our genes (one from each of our parents). Homozygous alleles are alleles that are the same, while heterozygous alleles are alleles that differ from one another.

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Histones are proteins found in chromosomes that regulate gene activity, give them shape, and help chromosomes bind to DNA. Histones enclose DNA so that it can be tightly packed inside cells.

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Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other cells. Plasmids are distinct from bacterial chromosomes and are capable of reproducing independently. The majority of plasmids only carry a small number of genes, yet even though they only carry a small amount, they can still contain genes that increase the chances of an organism's survival, control replication in material, and defend the host cell (through their production of poisons).

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Chromosomes are strands of DNA that are paired with genes. The majority of humans have 24 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes in total. They are located in the nucleus and are responsible for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next and play critical roles in cell division, cell repair, and in mutations.

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A genetic characteristic or information is passed down from one generation of a cell to the next through inheritance. The term inheritance refers to the transmission of a specific genomic sequence on the basis of DNA replication or the process of genetic information being passed on from a parent to their offspring. Families often share similar characteristics and look alike, as a result of this.

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Genes are the simplest and most basic cellular units of heredity. Genes are made up of different sections of DNA and are responsible for the construction of proteins. Yet, it is also important to note, that not all genes code for proteins. In addition, genes can also vary in size and can have 100 bases or have up to 2,000,000 bases.

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RNA and DNA strands are built from nucleotides (which are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids). Nucleotides consist of three parts: a sugar molecule (can be either a ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogeneous base. Not only do nucleotides play a role in energy storage but they also play a role in the signaling in cells, and act as enzymatic cofactors.

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DNA is made up of four chemical bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. All of these four bases work together to form a long molecule so that they can hold an individual's genetic instructions (allowing us to grow, develop, reproduce, and survive).