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Other languages spoken in Portuguese-speaking countries:

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Other languages spoken in Portuguese-speaking countries:

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In Angola, Portuguese is considered the official language. There are also 46 other languages spoken in Angola. A few of them include Holu, Kwadi, Lunda, Makoma, and many others. In Brazil, 97.9% of the population speaks Portuguese while 1.9 speaks German and the other 1.9% are indigenous languages. In Cabo Verde, they speak Cape Verdean Portuguese. They also speak Cape Verdean Creole. In Guinea-Bissau, Portuguese is the official language. Guinea-Bissau Creole is spoken and other native languages as well.
In Mozambique, Portuguese is the official language but other primary languages include Makhuwa, Changana, Nyanja, and Ndau. The most fascinating thing out of everything are what languages are spoken in Portugal.
The main language is obviously Portuguese. The interesting part is that there are so many dialects of Portuguese such as Alentejan Portuguese, Azorean Portuguese, Galician Portuguese, Beiran Portuguese, Madeiran Portuguese, and a few other dialects. The different dialects are spoken in different regions. Spanish is one of the primary languages that Portuguese speakers come into contact with. They also come into contact with French speakers as well.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Angola
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-brazil.html
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-cabo-verde.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau
https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-mozambique
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal

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Portuguese has official status in Brazil, Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe.   It's is co-official in Ecuatorial Guinea, Macau, and Timor-Leste. It is considered a secondary language in Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, and Zambia.

https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/countries-territories-portuguese-official-co-official-language/#

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Portuguese and Spanish are sister languages. They are daughter languages of Latin. They are not similar in pronunciation but they are similar in writing form. Portuguese and Spanish share 90% of their vocabularies. There are many Portuguese and Spanish noun+verb+adjective+personal pronouns+demonstrative pronouns cognates. A few examples:
English- life, eyes, ugly, wash, they
Portuguese- vida, olhos, feio, lavar, elas/eles
Spanish- vida, ojos, feo, lavar, ellas/ellos

There are also dissimilar words in both languages that mean the same thing but are written and spoken differently. A "pen" in Portuguese is "caneta" while in Spanish it's "bolígrafo". The pronunciation is Portuguese is also very different. Although they are similar, they are two separate languages. This is why we can classify them as sister languages.

https://www.portuguesepedia.com/portuguese-vs-spanish/

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The Portuguese language classifies as a romance language. It belongs to the romance branch of the Indo-European language family. Portuguese originated in the Iberian peninsula of Europe.
Some extra interesting information:
After the Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula, Vulgar Latin replaced the local languages. Along the Atlantic coast, it evolved into Galician-Portuguese which is different than Portuguese itself. Then Galicia became apart of Spain and Portugal became independent. This is what separated the 2 languages.

https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/portuguese/

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Red - Vermelho
Orange - Cor de laranja
Yellow - Amarelo
Green - Verde
Blue - Azul
Purple - Roxo
Pink - Cor-de-rosa
Black - Preto

There are many differences between Portuguese and English colors. They have completely different spelling than English. Portuguese has a name for every color that we say in English. It has the basic rainbow colors plus burgundy, teal, cerulean, auburn, and all the other weird color names. But! English doesn't have some Portuguese words. Cor de laranja (orange) and cor-de-rosa (pink) translate to color of orange and color of rose. Instead of saying just orange, you should really say the color of orange or the color of pink.

An interesting fact is when talking about hair color, you use different words to describe hair color. So if you're red-haired, it would be ruivo/a. Another interesting fact is when talking about skin color, if you are referring to someone who has a black skin tone you would say negro/a instead of preto.

https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/colours-in-portuguese/

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1 - um
2 - dois
3 - três
4 - quatro
5 - cinco
6 - seis
7 - siete
8 - oito
9 - nove
10 - dez

Portuguese has the same base 10 system as English, obviously in Portuguese. Something I found interesting is that the numbers 1-10 are almost identical to Spanish such as cinco, seis, and siete.

https://blogs.transparent.com/portuguese/portuguese-numbers-pronunciation-1-100/

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Arm - Braço
Foot - Pé
Leg - Perna
Shoulder - Ombro
Head - Cabeça
Neck - Pescoço
An interesting fact is that the suffix -udo is added onto some of the body parts to emphasize that something is big or it draws a lot of attention to. An example is Olhudo which translates to big eyes.

https://www.systran.net/en/translate/?source=en&target=pt&input=Arm&domain=&owner=&size=&lang=en&type=corporate_website_box&srcurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systransoft.com%2Flp%2Fportuguese-translation%2F
https://portuguesewitheli.com/learn-portuguese-vocabulary/body-parts-in-portuguese/

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Portuguese follows the same word structure as the English language. That is SVO.
Example: Eu montei um cavalo.
Translation: I rode a horse.
Portuguese is a null-subject language meaning that it can allow for the omission of certain subjects. This can actually make it easier to speak in Portuguese.
An example is saying "I'm going to Paris" and the translation is "Eu vou para Paris" or "Vou para Paris". You can entirely cut the subject off the direct statement. When dealing with direct questions, questions words always need to be added. Those question words can be Quando, Onde, Quem, Como, Por que, O que.
https://www.learn-portuguese-with-rafa.com/portuguese-word-order.html

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If a sentence is a statement it follows SVO word order.
If the sentence is a direct question, such as "Where did she wash her clothes" or "Onde (é que) ela lavou a roupa? In this case, you need a question word and a statement before the SVO. A question word can be "Who, What, Where, Why".
If the sentence is negative such as "I don't want soup" or "Eu não quero sopa" you follow the same SVO order except you place the negative word before the verb. Some negative words are "não, nunca, nem" meaning "don't, never, nor".
If a sentence is descriptive, there is a minuscule change. Usually there will be an adjective in a descriptive sentence. This is where the word order slightly changes. The adjective will come after the subject and before the verb. An example is "The big house is beautiful" "A casa grande é bonita". One other thing to note is that adjective and the noun switch places in Portuguese. So in English, you would say "Ana has a nice hat". In Portuguese, you would say "Ana has a hat nice". The word order slightly changes with the addition of an adjective.

https://www.learn-portuguese-with-rafa.com/portuguese-word-order.html

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The Portuguese language is SVO. Subject - Verb - Object.

Example 1:
Ela tem uma casa.
She has a house.
Subject - She
Verb - has
Object - house

Example 2:
Nós lemos um livro.
We read a book
Subject - We
Verb - read
Object - book

Example 3:
Ela lavou a roupa.
She washed her clothes.
Subject - Ela
Verb - lavou
Object - roupa

https://www.learn-portuguese-with-rafa.com/portuguese-word-order.html

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1. Portuguese has a fusional inflectional morphology.
2. It is a synthetic, fusional language.

Portuguese is a synthetic fusional language because it has bound morphemes that attach to other morphemes.

As defined in the Language Files book, a Synthetic Language is a "Language in which affixes are attatched to other morphemes, so that a word may be made up of several meaningful elements". Portuguese is a synthetic, fusional language where sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate where a morpheme ends and the next might begin. It's mainly all fused together (affixes and the stem)...making it a fusional language. An example of this is começar -> começarei. Here you can kind of see the addition of the suffix but it can be hard to tell at times especially when spoken rather than written.

http://blogs.shu.edu/row-lab/files/2018/05/felicio-et-al.-NJSHA2013-portuguese-typology-.pdf
https://linguisticmaps.tumblr.com/post/154486386123/synthetic-future-tense-languages-that-form-the

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Notable aspects about Derivational Morphology

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Notable aspects about Derivational Morphology

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One thing I found to be notable was the large number of prefixes that exist in Portuguese. A few examples are teo-, sapro-, peta-, atmo-, fono-, fosfo- and apico-. I found it interesting that some of these prefixes are easy to recognize in English. For example, fonógrafo translates to phonograph in English. Another example is atmosfera which translates to atmosphere in English. In this case, atmo- remains a prefix in both languages. Finally, some prefixes don't even resemble the meaning in English or have the same prefix in both languages.  An example of this is the word fonómetro which translates to sound level meter.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_morphemes

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When changing a noun to an adjective, "the suffix of the adjective changes depending on both whether the noun is masculine or feminine, and whether it is singular or plural". When changing an adjective to an adverb, usually verbs ending in -ly will end in -mente in Portuguese. (Extrema"Extreme")-Extremamente"Extremely"). When changing an adjective to a noun, the ending changes. An example is sad to sadness - triste to triste za. The ending depends on the adjectives ending. Portuguese does use affixes. There are infixes, interfixes, prefixes, and suffixes.

https://www.portuguesetutoring.com/post/portuguese-grammar-adjectives
https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/introduction-to-portuguese-adverbs/
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_morphemes

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Notable aspect of Inflectional Morphology

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Notable aspect of Inflectional Morphology

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One aspect of the inflectional morphology of Portuguese is that it is fusional. It blends tense, pronouns, and number together in verbs. Which is similar to English. An example is “A menina comeu a maçã” (The girl ate the apple).
http://blogs.shu.edu/row-lab/files/2018/05/felicio-et-al.-NJSHA2013-portuguese-typology-.pdf

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There are many tenses in Portuguese. There is present indicative, present continuous, present subjunctive, imperative, preterite indicative, imperfect indicative, pluperfect subjunctive, imperfect subjunctive, conditional, and future tenses. An example of a present indicative sentence is: I sleep early - Eu durm o cedo. An example of preterite indicative is: I slept very well - Eu dorm i muito bem. An example of conditional is I would sleep early, but I have to work - Eu dorm iria cedo, mas tenho que trabalhar. The highlighted represent the endings added onto the different verb tenses.
https://www.portuguesepod101.com/blog/2021/07/08/portuguese-tenses/

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The Portuguese language does not have a case system regarding nouns.
https://books.google.com/books?id=U7oGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false

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In Portuguese, there are variable and invariable classes of words. The variable words are the ones that change to match the gender and number. A few examples of variables are Nouns, Pronouns, Determiners, Adjectives, and Verbs. The invariable words are the ones that don't change to match gender and number. A few examples of invariables are Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions. There are several rules when making nouns plural in Portuguese. The first rule is Words that end in -l : drop the l and put -is if the word does not have an i before the l. If it has an e you change it to é to make the same sound. Example: Pastel - pastèis. The second way is sometimes just adding -ões or -ães to words that end in that end in -ão. Example: mão - mães. The third way is that if the nouns end is -s or -z already then they have no plural form and stay the same. An example is arroz. The fourth way is that all other words just add an -s at the end. An example is pêra - pêras. These additions are usually all suffixes.
https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/plurals-in-portuguese/
https://ielanguages.com/portuguese-plural-nouns.html

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The Portuguese language has 2 genders. Feminine and Masculine. The parts of speech such as adjectives, pronouns, and articles will change to compliment the noun they are referring to. An example of this is:
My cousin bought his first car.

O meu primo comprou o seu primeiro carro.
Primo and Carro are both masculine nouns. They both are masculine because they are referring to the word my and his. "My" in this case is masculine and so is "his" (meu & seu).
https://www.portuguesepedia.com/portuguese-gender-spelling-patterns/

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https://www.portuguesepedia.com/portuguese-pronunciation/#porcon (helped me create the chart)

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Portuguese has various syllable formats such as: CV, V, VC, CCV, CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC, and VCC. The constant-vowel (CV) combination of syllables is the most frequently used.

https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/130345/2/431196.pdf

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKoPzk4U2Vs

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Introduction to Perfect Portuguese Pronunciation

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There are a few differences between the diphthongs in Portuguese and English. In Portuguese, there is /wa/ which sounds like "ua or oa". An example is "mágoa". In English, there isn't an equivalent diphthong that has a similar sound.

Another difference is that the average number of syllables in a word in Portuguese is usually higher than in English. An example is the color "yellow", which only has 2. In Portuguese, "amarelo" has 4 syllables.

One extra difference is the number of phonemes. Portuguese only has 37 phonemes while English has 44 phonemes.

Sources:
https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-diphthong/
https://www.portuguesepedia.com/portuguese-pronunciation/#porcon
https://thesoundsofportuguese.com/blog/the-portuguese-language/
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/44SoundsofAusEnglish.pdf

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https://accent.gmu.edu/browse_native.php?function=detail&languageid=51
& the addition of a few consonants...
https://www.portuguesepedia.com/portuguese-pronunciation/#porcon

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Portuguese - Português
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Portuguese-language

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Portuguese is spoken officially in Portugal, Brazil, Guinea-bissau, Angola, Cabo Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tome & Principe. It's co-officially spoken in Ecuatorial Guinea and Macau. Portuguese is the secondary language in Senegal, Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia.

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The number of people who speak Portuguese:

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The number of people who speak Portuguese:

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There are 200 million Portuguese speakers.
https://louisville.edu/anthropology/portuguesestudies/the-portuguese-language

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1. The longest word in Portuguese is “anticonstitucionalíssimamente” meaning “in a very unconstitutional way”. It consists of 29 letters. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/portugal/articles/11-fascinating-facts-about-the-portuguese-language/

2. There are 4 main Portuguese dialect groups. They are Central, Southern, Insular, and Brazilian. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Portuguese-language