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The curator of National Portrait Gallery (London) on portraits of Elizabeth I

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The curator of National Portrait Gallery (London) on portraits of Elizabeth I

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Encountering the Queen: Portraits of Elizabeth I

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Elizabeth I and Sir Walter Raleigh at court 

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Elizabeth I and Sir Walter Raleigh at court 

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soldier and sailor, made his name during the English military campaign in Ireland

received a royal patent of colonization in 1584

organised expeditions to establish the first English settlements in North America

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- Anglican/Protestant

- patron of arts and entertainment

- considered marriage dangerous

- took regular tours around, to show her power and the power of her office

- encouraged sea captains (Raleigh, Hawkins, Drake) to explore new lands and rule over the seas

- 1586 defeated the Armada of Philip II of Spain

- named James Stuart, son of Mary Queen of Scots, as her heir and future king

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wanted to restore Catholicism
married Philip II of Spain
executed hundreds of Protestant martyrs --> Bloody Mary

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king at 9 years old, Protestant
Book of Common Prayer (1550) with prayers and rituals in English and not in Latin, imposed --> development of the English language

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He visited and reformed all monastic institutions, confiscated lands and money, by 1540 all monastic institutions had ceased to exist and their property had been given to the crown, the land was sold to the new merchant class, which had access to a landed status (no longer a privilege of nobility)

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- the eldest son was heir to the throne

- having male heirs was essential for securing the power of the family

- England had just experienced a 30 year civil war for dynastic succession

- the other sons and especially daughters were just bargaining and marriage tools

- marriages needed to be carefully planned

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- 1517 Martin Luther, father of Protestant Reformation, writes his 95 anti-catholic theses

- at first a defender of the Pope and Catholicism

- The Pope refuses to declare his marriage with Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) invalid

- Henry breaks with the papacy and married Anne Boleyn

- 1534 Act of Supremacy, Head of the Church of England, temporal and religious power are joined in the figure of the monarch

- 2 daughters: Mary (with Catherine of Aragon) and Elizabeth (with Anne Boleyn), no sons

- Anne Boleyn executed, four more wives and one son, Edward (with Jane Seymour)

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HUMANISM and NEW LEARNING: a new system of beliefs 

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HUMANISM and NEW LEARNING: a new system of beliefs 

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- 1543 Copernicus creates a new heliocentric model of the universe --> a new interest in the individual, maker of their own destiny
- Invention of the compass, explorations and voyages--> NEW WORLD
- Classics are rediscovered, studied and translated --> Studia Humanitatis --> OLD WORLD -->  HUMANISM
- Invention of printing makes books available and cheaper (Gutenberg ca 1450) --> William Caxton prints The Bible 1534
- All fields of learning flourish
- confidence in the power of human reason
- confidence in Modern English as a literary medium
- Italian influence in literature BUT interest in new themes, values and beliefs, more Northern-European (not identified with Rome), influenced by the Reformation, strongly Protestant, even Puritan (--> extreme Protestant)

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- sponsored exploration of America: John Cabot

- sponsored Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More, thinkers of Humanism

- married his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Isabel of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon, los Reyes Católicos) and his daughters to France and Scotland.