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So, what is a chemical reaction? Reactions occur when two or more molecules interact and the molecules then change.

A chemical reaction is the process where substances undergo a chemical change to form a different substance. Chemical reactions don’t only happen in science labs, they happen all the time in the everyday world. In fact, every time you eat, your body uses chemical reactions to break down your food into energy.

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Combustion is the act of burning something and is an exothermic reaction between a substance and a gas. Exothermic means heat is being released, the substance (the fuel) and the gas (the  oxidizer) release heat during the reaction. It is a chemical reaction and most commonly produces fire. Combustion often occurs in oxygen to form oxides, however it can also take place in other  gases like chlorine. Most of the energy released during combustion is sent out as heat, but light energy is also released.
Here is a cartoon picture of combustion:

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The simple word equation for the reaction of combustion is Fuel + Oxygen --> Heat + Water + Carbon dioxide.

The 2 types of combustion are complete and incomplete combustion. When there is a  large supply of oxygen accessible complete combustion can occur. 21% of the air is made up of oxygen. If the fuel receives enough air, there is enough oxygen for a complete combustion to occur. Air is needed for complete combustion to occur because all the elements in the fuel must react with the oxygen.  More energy is released during complete combustion than incomplete combustion because incomplete combustion occurs when there is a limited supply of air. Not all of the elements in the fuel react with oxygen during incomplete combustion because there is a limited supply of oxygen, it often happens in an isolated system.

An example of combustion happening in nature is during a bush fire.  A bushfire is the combustion or burning of bush, the bush burns and releases heat and coloured flames. An unlimited supply of oxygen is available and that is why bush fires easily spread an stay alive. This can affect the lives of many wild animals like koalas, kangaroos, and even the lives of people living in bushfire –risk areas. The fire can burn natural habitats down and leave he animals homeless and suffering, the heat that is released can also be so hot that it can prevent all living things from breathing!
Look at this huge bushfire:

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An example of complete combustion is when there is a blue flame coming out of a Bunsen burner. When the air hole on a Bunsen burner is open, an unlimited amount of oxygen is available (CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) →  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)).
This is an image that shows a bunsen burner during incomplete and complete combustion:

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Watch this awesome video about combustion for more information:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl0bipxyuyk

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Corrosion is when metals rust. Corrosion is damage caused to metals, stones or other materials.

All metals can corrode, some corrode quickly and others take time. Metals like pure iron corrode quickly. An example of something that takes longer to corrode is stainless steel because it takes longer to corrode it is used more. Some metals rarely rust like include silver, gold, and palladium, they are very valuable.
This train is very rusty:

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Corrosion and rust is mostly caused by contact with water and oxygen. Other substances can make metal corrode too but contact with water and oxygen are the most common.

When a material corrodes or rusts it becomes weaker and not as strong. Rust is the most common example of corrosion. Have you ever seen rust? It is very common and if you look around you will probably be able to see some. Once something has started to rust it will continue to rust.Rust can also be seen in public, at your house or even at your school. Rust and corrosion affects lots of people in everyday life. You might be able to see it on your school playground, maybe on some things in your classroom or sometimes you can even see it on cars. Can you see any rust around you? Try looking at some iron products like scissors, your table, a ceiling fan and much more. Did you find anything? Did you know rust can even be found on leaves?

Cars used to be a really big example of rust because they were different to what they are now. Some cars were fully covered with rust and the rust started eating away at the car.
Here is a really old, rusty car:

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Watch this interesting video to learn more about corrosion:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd2B9yCKzc0

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Acids and bases are both special kinds of chemicals. Almost all liquids are either acids or bases to some degree. Whether a liquid is an acid or base depends on the type of ions in it. If it has a lot of hydrogen ions, then it is an acid. If it has a lot of hydroxide ions, then it is a base.

Scientists use something called a pH scale to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. pH stands for ‘power of Hydrogen’.  pH is a number from 0 to 14, from 0 to 7 are acids with 0 being the strongest. From 7 to 14 are bases with 14 being the strongest base. If a liquid has a pH of 7, its neutral, this would be something like normal/distilled water.
Here is a pH scale with examples:

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There are many strong acids and bases in nature. Some of them are dangerous and used as poisons by insects and animals. Some are helpful. Many plants have acids and bases in their leaves, seeds, or even their sap. Citrus fruits like lemons and oranges have citric acid in their juice, this is what makes them taste so sour.
Some acids and bases you might have around the house are:

Baking soda - it is 9th on the pH scale which means it is on the basic side.

Soapy water -  it is 12th on the pH scale which means it is on the basic side.

Distilled water – it is 7th on the pH scale which means it is right in the middle of the scale so it neutral.

Orange juice – orange juice is 3rd on the pH scale and that means it is on the acidic side.

These oranges are full if citric acid:

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Here is an example of a worded equation, an example of an acid-base chemical reaction:
acid+base = salt+water

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Here is a really good video about acid-base reactions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRBcKEkBj_8

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All living things need energy to live, and energy comes from food. But, have you ever seen plants munching on a bowl of cereal or chocolate? Nope. Plants get their energy in a different way. Plants use photosynthesis and here’s how it works.

Plants absorb water from soil through the veins of the plant. The water then goes up through the leaves. The leaves take carbon dioxide from the air into the plant. The carbon dioxide mixes with water. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to form glucose that the plants eat as their source of food to grow. Oxygen is then released from the leaves and into the atmosphere.
This is what happens during photosynthesis:

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The reactants for photosynthesis are Carbon dioxide and water. Glucose and oxygen are the products. An example of this is when the plants use ‘carbon’ in carbon dioxide (a reactant) to build the sugar molecule (a product).

A simple word equation that can be used to describe the process of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen + water.

Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is a complicated process that isn’t visible to let’s just say a pedestrian walking by; meaning it is complicated and done within the plant so not easy to visually see happen from the outside of a plant. You also probably wouldn’t hear, feel or smell anything happening or changing. However, if you accidentally drank a potion that shrunk you and you were able to climb inside a plant, you would see water being absorbed up through the stem and sunlight and carbon dioxide being absorbed into the plant. Photosynthesis is an edothermic reaction. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Plants store energy through the endothermic reactions of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:

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Photosynthesis takes place inside plant cells in small things called chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs in plants everywhere. In the process of photosynthesis, the plants release oxygen that us humands breathe in and out. It releases clean oxygen. This cycle keeps going on and on. Us humans would be affected if photosynthesis stopped.

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Wow! Photosynthesis is really cool. Wach this YouTube

video to keep learning:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1Ymc311XS8

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This website was created by Mim Potter, written by Mim Potter, Hayley Stevens, Ruby Grant and Chelsea Puopolo. They are all students from Unley High School, SA and they created this website as a research project for their year 9 science class.