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https://www.vialite.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ViaLite-Application-Note-Fiber-Optic-Link-Budget.pdf

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Calculating Power Budget and Power Margin for Fiber-Optic Cables

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Calculating Power Budget and Power Margin for Fiber-Optic Cables

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https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/release-independent/junos/topics/task/installation/fiber-optic-cable-budget-margin-calculating.html

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http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/teaching/fibre/pp/system-l8.pdf

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The transmission cable of a fibre optic communication system is limited by the rise time of the various components, such as LEDs, and the dispersion of the fiber.

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http://www.thefoa.org/tech/lossbudg.htm

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Optical power budget in a fiber-optic communication link

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Optical power budget in a fiber-optic communication link

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http://www.dipolnet.com/optical_power_budget_in_a_fiber-optic_communication_link_bib320.htm

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P = P S – P R
P = L S + L D + NL j + aL F + P SM

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The transmitter chosen is the 1000BASE-ZX as the receive power is within range of the assumed value (-4.6dBm) and also the supported wavelength (1550nm) is also within its range.

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http://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Lights/-%20Laser/Info-999-LaserCourse/C00-M08-Laser-FiberOptic-CommunicationSystems/module8.htm

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http://www.olson-technology.com/AppNotes/long-haul-communications-systems.pdf

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The connectors used in this design is from Panduit and it will have 0.2dB loss.

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The repeater used in this design is the Optical Submarine Repeater.

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Since optical signals are limited to between 100km to 400km because of signal loss, repeaters are used to regenerate the light wave during the long ocean trip.

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The type of fiber to be used in our transmission link is OS2 single mode cable. This is because the length of our link is 4618km which can be considered long.

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Connector from Optical Fiber to Detector or Receiver => 1 unit

Connector from Optical Source to Optical Fibre => 1 unit

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Operating Wavelength, (λ) => 1550nm

Minimum Transmitted Power, P S => -3.6dB

Minimum Received Power, P R => -40.1dB

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The distance between Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia and Seoul, Korea is 4618km.

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Laser is used for this design because it is more suitable for long distance communication at a high data rate.

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The fiber used in this assignment was the Submarine Light Weight (LW) optical fiber from CCSI (Communication Cable Systems Indonesia).

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Cables used in the operation is immune to corrosion and is a steel hawser for the sake of lowering the risk of damage .
If there is an obstruction while laying the line, a length of line could possibly be recovered and re-laid on a separate route diverting to avoid the blockage; another way the operation will be suspended until the obstruction is removed

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Usage of cable ship René Descartes for installation.

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Usage of cable ship René Descartes for installation.

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To ensure the cable is placed in the correct spot, the René Descartes uses a differential GPS (DGPS) system, which offers greater accuracy than standard GPS, as well as a dynamic positioning (DP) system to make sure it’s within a few meters of the plotted route.
Computer system on the bridge that’s still running Windows XP helps engineers operate the massive plow and robot submersible that are required to lay the cable in shallower waters.

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the total loss in the transmission system must not be more than the difference in output power in the light source (Ps, dB) and minimum threshold to the detectable optical power due to noise consideration (Pr, dB).
Suggested Source Power= -4.6dB
Received Power= -61.2dB

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single-mode fiber optic cable length is 5500 km per intervals which will be connected to a repeater on both end side. 

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single-mode fiber optic cable length is 5500 km per intervals which will be connected to a repeater on both end side. 

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wires interstices are filled with bitumen for fully water blocked cable and also having high-density polyethylene act as a high resistance against Black UV so that the cable will be prone from degradation, thus minimizing the cost of cable replacement

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wires interstices are filled with bitumen for fully water blocked cable and also having high-density polyethylene act as a high resistance against Black UV so that the cable will be prone from degradation, thus minimizing the cost of cable replacement

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Repeaters instead of EDFA. The reason why we use repeaters instead of amplifiers is due to minimizing the error or noise received in the receiver transmission.  Repeaters act as a printer which copies the same exact input data for its output

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Repeaters instead of EDFA. The reason why we use repeaters instead of amplifiers is due to minimizing the error or noise received in the receiver transmission.  Repeaters act as a printer which copies the same exact input data for its output

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Since, the total distance covered in this design is more than 5500km, the long haul optical communication will be discussed.

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The semiconductor laser (LD) is used in this as it is more ideal to a long distance communication link

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The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes.

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Fiber optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

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The minimum length of the design should be 5500km while the data rate should be 50Gbps. Other than that, the link margin of the design must be 8dB and the bit-error rate is 10^-9.

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Issues we might face for using undersea cable connection
1)lost of transmission
2)human error
3)natural disaster
4)lack of redundancy
5)sea creatures

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Loss of transmission can occur when the power and amplification of signal is not adequate to drive the signal throughout the link .
practical solution to effectively send a signal across the ocean without degeneration is to more effectively repeat it so that it travels further without increasing cost

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Distance from PJ to Seoul is 4618km.
Data rate of 50 Gbps and a bit error rate less than 10⁻⁹ .
Undersea cabling which will passes through the South China Sea East China Sea and the Philippine Sea  needs to withstand water pressure.(Submarine Line Weight (LW) and galvanized steel wire armor).provide maximum protection from mechanical factor and withstand higher stress such as the water depth pressure
Fiber attenuation is 0.175db/km

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Natural disasters such as mudslides and typhoons are threat to undersea fiber.ideal solution for this is to produce larger wavelength cables and install cables a little deeper.

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During fishing and shipping activities .Errant anchor disrupt submarine cables.Incidents caused major telecommunications outages in at least nine countries. This can be prevented if people working offshore would be more alert towards their surroundings and use proper equipment such as a sensitive light-beam mirror galvanometer to detect the presents of optical fibers before dropping their anchors

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shark bites penetrates the cable insulation thus allowing the power conductor to ground with seawater. This can be resolved by building a Kevlar-like protective layer to fend off toothy sea creatures

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Network architectures use redundant bidirectional links between stations, like roadways and water distribution systems to prevent loss of use in the event that the signal from a link or station is lost. It will loop traffic through operational parts of the ring when the shortest link is disrupted. To solve this problem, links has to be identified and labelled by each of the providers.