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Where is Klebsiella Pneumoniae found in the body

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Where is Klebsiella Pneumoniae found in the body

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Klebsiella pneumoniae found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines,[1] it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lungs if aspirated (inhaled), specifically to the alveoli (in the lungs) resulting in bloody sputum. In the clinical setting, it is the most significant member of the Klebsiella genus of the Enterobacteriaceae. K. oxytoca and K. rhinoscleromatis have also been demonstrated in human clinical specimens. In recent years, Klebsiella species have become important pathogens in nosocomial infections.

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Diversity and evolution of the class A chromosomal beta-lactamase gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The endophytic lifestyle of Klebsiella pneumoniae is described, including the production of dinitrogenase reductase by bacteria residing in maize root tissue. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to detect the colonization of maize by K. pneumoniae strains 2028 and 342. These strains were found to reside in intercortical layers of the stem and within the region of maturation in the root. The production of dinitrogenase reductase by GFP-tagged bacteria was visualized using immunolocalization. This activity was only apparent when bacteria were supplied with an exogenous carbon source. The results suggest that maize provides a suitable habitat for K. pneumoniae and that this species is capable of producing nitrogenase under the appropriate plant cultivation conditions.

Multilocus sequence typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates.
A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sequences of seven housekeeping genes were obtained for 67 K. pneumoniae strains, including 19 ceftazidime- and ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Forty distinct allelic profiles were identified. MLST data were validated against ribotyping and showed high (96%) discriminatory power. The MLST approach provides unambiguous data useful for the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae isolates.

Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in effluents and sludge of a hospital sewage treatment plant.
To detect ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae present in the effluents and sludge of a hospital sewage treatmet plant and its potential to remove these microorganisms.

Nitrogen fixation in wheat provided by Klebsiella pneumoniae 342.
the criteria necessary for the demonstration of nitrogen fixation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the world's most important crop, are shown upon inoculation with a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae 342 (Kp342). Kp342 relieved nitrogen (N) deficiency symptoms and increased total N and N concentration in the plant. Nitrogen fixation was confirmed by ¹⁵N isotope dilution in the plant tissue and in a plant product, chlorophyll. All of these observations were in contrast to uninoculated plants, plants inoculated with a nitrogen-fixing mutant of Kp342, and plants inoculated with dead Kp342 cells. Nitrogenase reductase was produced by Kp342 in the intercellular space of the root cortex. Wild-type Kp342 and the nifH mutant colonized the interior of wheat roots in equal numbers on a fresh weight basis. The nitrogen fixation phenotype described here was specific to cv. Trenton. Inoculation of cvs. Russ or Stoa with Kp342 resulted in no relief of nitrogen deficiency symptoms.

Immunolocalization of dinitrogenase reductase produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with Zea mays L.
The endophytic lifestyle of Klebsiella pneumoniae is described, including the production of dinitrogenase reductase by bacteria residing in maize root tissue. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to detect the colonization of maize by K. pneumoniae strains 2028 and 342. These strains were found to reside in intercortical layers of the stem and within the region of maturation in the root. The production of dinitrogenase reductase by GFP-tagged bacteria was visualized using immunolocalization. This activity was only apparent when bacteria were supplied with an exogenous carbon source. The results suggest that maize provides a suitable habitat for K. pneumoniae and that this species is capable of producing nitrogenase under the appropriate plant cultivation conditions.

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Where is klebsiella pneumoniae found in the body ? 

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Where is klebsiella pneumoniae found in the body ? 

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Klebsiella pneumoniae found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines,[1] it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lungs if aspirated (inhaled), specifically to the alveoli (in the lungs) resulting in bloody sputum. In the clinical setting, it is the most significant member of the Klebsiella genus of the Enterobacteriaceae. K. oxytoca and K. rhinoscleromatis have also been demonstrated in human clinical specimens. In recent years, Klebsiella species have become important pathogens in nosocomial infections.

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Title:Prevalence of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Klebsiella
pneumoniae in India

Klebsiella pneumoniae has been associated with
different types of infections and one of the most important
aspects of Klebsiella is the emergence of multi-drug resistant
strains particularly those involved in nosocomial diseases. Fifty
– nine clinical isolates were collected from different parts of
India. Most of the samples were recovered from respiratory,
urinary tract infection and pus cases which were followed by
biochemical characterization. Twenty confirmed K.
pneumoniae isolates were further tested for antimicrobial drug
sensitivity and almost fifty percent of them were found to be
multidrug resistant. As per our statistical data, all confirmed
K.pneumoniae isolates were resistant to carbenicillin and one
among them recovered from sputum sample of a pneumonic
patient was resistant to all the antimicrobial agents tested
except exhibiting a partial susceptibility to amikacin. In this research found that K.pneumoniae strains from clinical cases
were highly susceptible to quinolones and the aminoglycoside,
amykacin and gentamycin. At the same time over 60 % strains
were resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Research also
found that 28 to 76 % of them were resistant to cephalosporins
(ceftizoxime and cefotaxime). On the basis of statistical
binomial test we conclude that piperacillin, carbenicillin,
ofloxacine ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol
were significantly resistant, whereas cefotaxime and
tetracycline were found to be moderately resistant against
Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Statistical data and evidences from researches prove that
multi drug resistant bacteria are emerging worldwide which
causes many public health problems and challenges to
healthcare. Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern not
only because it kills but because it increases health costs and
threatens patient care. Moreover, uses of broad spectrum
antibiotics, insufficient aseptic condition and technique with
inadequate control of infections spread had aggravated this
problem. To conclude this research findings data analysis was
done using SPSS Package version 18 and the p value of less
than 0.1 was considered statistically significant. On the basis
of binomial test, we conclude that piperacillin (P=0.000),
carbenicillin (P=.000), ofloxacine (P=.000), ampicillin
(P=.096), co-trimoxazole (P=0.96), and chloramphenicol
(P=0.035) were significantly resistant, whereas cefotaxime
and tetracycline were found to be moderately resistant
against Klebsiella pneumoniae. To overcome multidrug
resistant problem, research suggest that future
research plans should focus on the genetic makeup of all
multidrug resistant bacteria to understand more about their
genes mutations and the effects on antibiotics resistance.
Researches on rapid detection of infectious microorganisms
should be encouraged. Take also immediate action
to strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity.
Physicians should also promote rational use of medicines to
avoid antibiotic drug resistance. All healthcare professionals
should work together with pharmacist and laboratory
personnel to overcome this problem.

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- ETYMOLOGY
Klebsiella :
negative bacteria found in the respiratory, intestinal, and urinogenital tracts of humans and animals, which can cause pneumonia and urinary infections

Pneumoniae :
lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs ( double pneumonia ), one lung ( single pneumonia ), or only certain lobes ( lobar pneumonia ).

- SYNONYMS
1) Bacillus pneumoniae (Schroeter 1886) Flugge 1886
2) Hyalococcus pneumoniae (Schroeter 1886)
3) Bacterium pneumoniae crouposae (Zopf 1885)

- Genus : Klebsiella

- Species : pneumoniae

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- Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumoniae.

A strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was tested for its ability to synthesize elemental selenium nanoparticles from selenium chloride. A broth of Klebsiella pneumoniae culture containing selenium nanoparticles was subjected to sterilization at 121ºC and 17 psi for 20 minutes. Released selenium nanoparticles ranged in size from 100 to 550 nm, with an average size of 245 nm.

- Production and characterization of guluronate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae for applications in seaweed biotechnology.

Cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae fermenting sodium alginate produce an extracellular guluronate-specific alginate lyase. Alginates with guluronic content gave reduced biomass but favored enzyme production.Low molecular weight (down to DPn ≈ 270) also favored enzyme production. The enzyme was characterized by its specificity and sensitivity to pH, salt, and calcium.

- Production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD) has numerous applications from polymers to cosmetics, foods, lubricants, and medicines. ATCC 25955, which is insensitive to oxygen, to produce 1,3-PD. We also describe a two-step fermentation process starting with glucose that was converted into glycerol with a glycerol-producing yeast, followed by K. pneumoniae that converts glycerol into 1,3-PD without intermediate isolation and purification of glycerol. Its also used as a monomer in production of polyester, polyethers, and polyurethanes. For example carpeting and textiles.

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Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation

1) Environmental condition:
- Native habitat-adapted symbiotic bacteria.
- Common cellular organism that perform well in osmotic-stress
adaptation in the intracellular accumulation of organic solutes
(osmolytes).
- Associated biochemical adaptation.
- Distinct sublineage developing specific niche adaptation
- Able to live in low-oxygen content environment.
- Survived in high drug condition as it is opportunistic pathogen that is
often difficult to treat due to its multidrug resistance (MDR).
- Multi-drug-resistant bacteria that withstand the activity of a wide
range of antimicrobial compounds such as bisbiguanide antiseptic
chlorhexidine and able to resist antibiotic as well.
- High productivity at its optimum temperature around 35-37°C which
is common temperature for room or any living body. Even
survived at higher temperature.
- Live in surrounding pH at neutral condition 7-8.  (usually at 7.2).
- Survived in the salt or high salinity condition as habitats
adaptation of halophytes.
- Also adapt to the endophytic saline environment where the bacteria
were isolated.
- An endophyte or endosymbiont that lives within a plant for at least
part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.

2) Respiration:
Generally able to adapt by undergoing aerobic either anaerobic condition.

- Facultative aerobes as it able sacrifice ATP production merely to keep
nitrogenase from being oxygen inactivated.
- Adaptation to anaerobic metabolism as low oxygen condition like in
large intestine has a crucial impact on the ability of the strain to
colonize the GI tract. Still able competing for available nutrients,
further stresses the importance of optimal metabolism in this host
environment either in animal or plant.
- Also known as facultative anaerobes, where most strains can survive
with citrate and glucose as their sole carbon sources and ammonia as
their sole nitrogen source.

3) Where to found:

-Human: nose, mouth, intestine
-Animal: nose (as resident/transient flora), intestine, mouth
- Meat: inner part, surface
-Plant: root hair, elongation surface zone, root cap
-Insect: digestive organ
-Environmental: sewage, drinking water, soil, surface water, industrial
effluent, vegetation

To be more specific:
General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows:
K. pneumoniae--humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils
K. oxytoca--frequent association with most habitats
K. terrigena--unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation
K. planticola--sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation
K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis--infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

Publication insights: Habitat assocition of Klebsiella species. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19278529_Habitat_assocition_of_Klebsiella_species [accessed Mar 31, 2017].

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Domain: Bacteria
Sub-kingdom: Negibacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Klebsiella
Species: K. pneumoniae

Klebsiella: Taxonomy, nomenclature, and communicatio

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Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998–2010

Studied antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae for 1998–2010 by using data from The Surveillance Network. Susceptibility results (n = 3,132,354) demonstrated significant increases in resistance to all antimicrobial drugs studied, except tetracycline. Cross-resistance among carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was lower for tetracycline and amikacin.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Genotype K1: An Emerging Pathogen That Causes Septic Ocular or Central Nervous System Complications from Pyogenic Liver Abscess

K. pneumoniae genotype K1 is an emerging pathogen capable of causing catastrophic septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess independent of underlying diseases in the host.

Virulent Clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae: Identification and Evolutionary Scenario Based on Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization

Klebsiella pneumoniae is found in the environment and as a harmless commensal, but is also a frequent nosocomial pathogen (causing urinary, respiratory and blood infections) and the agent of specific human infections including Friedländer's pneumonia, rhinoscleroma and the emerging disease pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). The identification and precise definition of virulent clones, i.e. groups of strains with a single ancestor that are associated with particular infections, is critical to understand the evolution of pathogenicity from commensalism and for a better control of infections.

Klebsiella pneumoniae type 3 pili facilitate adherence and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces

The role of type 1 and type 3 pili in mediating Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization of inert surfaces was assessed by analysis of 26 clinical, 7 water distribution system and four reference strains. Amongst the 33 wild type strains tested, 57.6% expressed type 1 pili, 54.5% expressed type 3 pili, 42.4% were highly hydrophobic, 69.7% were highly adherent to both glass and polypropylene surfaces, and 48.5% were efficient biofilm-forming strains on polystyrene dishes.

Production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD) has numerous applications from polymers to cosmetics, foods, lubricants, and medicines. Recently, there are strong industrial interests in a new kind of polyester, polytrimethylene terephthalate, with 1,3-PD as a monomer. This new polyester shows significant promise for use in carpeting and textiles. In this article we introduce a mild aerobic fermentation process using a strain screened from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955, which is insensitive to oxygen, to produce 1,3-PD. We also describe a two-step fermentation process starting with glucose that was converted into glycerol with a glycerol-producing yeast, followed by K. pneumoniae that converts glycerol into 1,3-PD without intermediate isolation and purification of glycerol.

Community-Acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia:  Global Differences  in Clinical Patterns
A worldwide collaborative study, including 455 episodes of bacteremia, to elucidate the clinical patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Historically, community-acquired pneumonia has been consistently associated with K. pneumoniae. Only four cases of community-acquired bacteremic K. pneumoniae pneumonia were seen in the 2-year study period in the United States, Argentina, Europe, or Australia; none were in alcoholics. In contrast, 53 cases of bacteremic K. pneumoniae pneumonia were observed in South Africa and Taiwan, where an association with alcoholism persisted (p=0.007). Twenty-five cases of a distinctive
syndrome consisting of K. pneumoniae bacteremia in conjunction with community-acquired liver abscess, meningitis, or endophthalmitis were observed. A distinctive form of K. pneumoniae infection, often causing liver abscess, was identified, almost exclusively in Taiwan.

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Habitat
1. Vegetable seeds
2. Humans
3. Trees
4. River
5. Pulp mills

Transmission
1. Hospital-acquired
2. Community-acquired

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-bacillus in shape

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Biochemichal test
1. Fermentation
-Lactose (+ve acid and gas)
-Dextrose (+ve acid and gas)
-Sucrose (+ve acid and gas)

2. IMViC Test
-Indole production (-ve)
-Methyl red test (partially +ve)
- Voges-Proskauer test (partially +ve)
-Citrate utilization (+ve)

3. Litmus milk test
- Acid production (+ve)
- Gas production (+ve)
- Curd production (+ve)

4. Catalase test (+ve)

5. Hydrogen sulfide production (-ve)

6. Urease activity (+ve)

7. Nitrate reduction (+ve)

8. Lipid hydrolysis (-ve)

9. Gelatin liquefaction (-ve)

10. Starch hydrolysis (+ve)

11. Oxidase test (+ve)

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Cultural Characteristics
-Slimy
-White
-Somewhat translucent
-Raised growth

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Gram staining
- Rod
-Gram-negative