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A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_cylinder

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The triple beam balance is a rugged, inexpensive weighing instrument. It is named for the three beams which carry weights.
A. The middle beam reads only in 100 g increments.
B. The far beam reads only in 10 g increments.
The weights in each of these must always sit in a "notch". They cannot be placed at arbitrary points on the beam.
C. The weight on the front beam can be placed to read continuously from 0 to 10 grams.

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The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density

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Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.

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Mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than comparing it directly with known masses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass

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The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units

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The dependent variables are the things that the scientist focuses his or her observations on to see how they respond to the change made to the independent variable.
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/variables

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The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist.
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/variables

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A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hypothesis

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A statement based on something one has seen, heard, or noticed.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/observation

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An experiment in which an observer tests a hypothesis by looking for changes brought on by alterations to a variable. In a controlled experiment, an independent variable is the only factor that is allowed to be adjusted, with the dependent variable as the factor that the independent variable will affect.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/controlled-experiment.html

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A conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inference

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The diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
***Textbook Page 13