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1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Adopted by the United Nations in the wake of WW2, this created a legitimate document upon which the UN can act to enforce an international law based on individual freedoms
http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

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The 1929 Convention drew up principles for the ethical treatment of prisoners of war, and the 1949 Convention expanded this to include civilians following the atrocious treatment of civilians in WW2
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Treaty.xsp?documentId=AE2D398352C5B028C12563CD002D6B5C&action=openDocument

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Created as a replacement to the League of Nations that was founded by it's 51 original members in order to prevent another conflict like WW2. It also now works to protect human rights and the environment, encourage social/economic development, and provide humanitarian aid.
http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html
It's success can be seen in it's growth to the current 193 members, though some accuse it of being corrupt, biased, or ineffective.

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Created to bring Nazi war criminals to justice, the trials (though sometimes criticised for their bias) were important in that they enforced the idea of international law in a clear, precedent establishing manner
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nuremberg-trials
I've written about the most famous trial, the Major War Criminals trial, here:
https://beneficiariusconscientium.blogspot.com/2017/07/nuremberg-establishing-evil.html

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Though considered a legal farce by other nations, this was the first time a court had to deal with the international definition of war crimes
http://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/leipzig-trials-1921-1927-between-national-disgrace-and-juridical-farce

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The primary objective of these meetings were the limitation of armaments, but though they failed this they did establish further restrictions on certain weapons (such as balloons which discharge projectiles).
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hague-Conventions
These were largely a failure, being so vaguely worded as to be strife with loopholes and having no real way of enforcement.

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This is traditionally seen as the treaty that established the principles of Westphalian Sovereignty and non-interventionism that have been vital to the evolution of international law. This view is not without its critics though, as the article explains:
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Peace_of_Westphalia

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With populations exhausted by years of total war, the idea of a body to ensure international peace came to the forefront and the League of Nations was born. Though it was successful in many ways, the failures of the league from 1936-39 were dire.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Nations

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De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace), 1625

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De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace), 1625

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Written by Hugo Grotius, this treatise is often considered to be one of the founding documents of the theory of international law; detailing the importance of jurisprudence between nations to prevent bloody wars.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugo-Grotius#ref43942
"...that there is a common law among nations, which is valid alike for war and in war..."

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The first Geneva Convention established international law for humanitarian treatment; creating a neutral medical force to assist soldiers. This was expanded to be more detailed in the Second Geneva Convention in 1906.
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/120?OpenDocument
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/180?OpenDocument
The success of this can be seen in the many reports of soldiers and civilians respecting the neutrality of the Red Cross.

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The first international treaty limiting the use of certain weaponry (perhaps motivated by the greater extent of media coverage in conflicts such as the Crimean War). It also established the idea of thinking of weaponry in terms of the suffering it caused outside of incapacitation.
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/130?OpenDocument
It was successful in preventing national armies from using exploding rifle bullets from that point onwards.