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February, 1945
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in Soviet Union in February 1945 to discuss the aftermath of the war. Stalin wanted to divide Germany into occupation zones controlled by them while Churchill disagreed. Roosevelt need the Soviet Union for the war against Japan and the future United Nations so he convinced Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany. Four zones for America, Britain, Soviet, and France, and then in time they would be a reunited Germany. Stalin promised free elections in all Soviet-occupied European countries and to join the war in Japan as well as the international conference for the future United Nations.
USSR's intentions of expanding were pretty clear at this conference, so it holds 70% responsibility for the then Cold War. US holds 30% responsibility for allowing USSR to take such actions just because they were desperate. This ended up shaping the iron curtain in the cold war.

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From the left to right- Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/1244px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg

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March 12, 1947
Summary:
Britain's economy has been badly hurt by the war and ask the United States to take responsibility for financially supporting resistance towards communist influence in Greece and Turkey. In 1947, Truman ask congress to provide economic and military aid to free nations threatened by Soviet Union influence.
Explanation:
Since it was the start of the Cold War, both USSR and USA are equally responsible in forming the Truman Doctrine.  USSR wanted to spread its communist movement across Europe.  The United States were the first to take action in containing Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey. Majority comes from the United States because Truman decided that the doctrine was essential in keeping Soviet Union from spreading . Also, Britain, one of its allies, ask the United States to take responsibility in reducing the danger of communist regime.

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President Truman Asks Congress to Pass Truman Doctrine

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President Truman Asks Congress to Pass Truman Doctrine

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Special_Message_to_Congress_on_Greece_and_Turkey_The_Truman_Doctrine.jpg/609px-Special_Message_to_Congress_on_Greece_and_Turkey_The_Truman_Doctrine.jpg

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June, 1947
Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a plan to provide aid to all European nations in need to fight against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" in June 1947. 16 countries received about $13 million in aid over the next four years and it caused the Communist party to lose its appeal to voters in these countries
In fear that Communism would gain popularity, US took desperate actions to help other countries. This led to Communism having to emerge more forcefully and leading to more tension between the two. For these actions taken, US takes 80% responsibility. However, since USSR's influence caused it and its need to expand Communism caused the further tension, USSR holds 20% responsibility.

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George C. Marshall
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/George_C._Marshall%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/614px-George_C._Marshall%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg

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June 25, 1947

Summary:
On June 25, 1947, North Korean troops passed the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. Within a few days, North Korea has taken up South Korea. South Korea called in the United Nations to stop North Korean invasion. However, when UN security council came to a vote, the Soviet Union was not there. The Soviets were boycotting the council in protest over the presence of Nationalist China. This means that the Soviet Union could not veto the UN's plan of military action  but, the vote passed.
Explanation:
Soviet Union influence North Korea and the United States influence South Korea. Majority's responsibility would be the USSR since North was the first to invade South Korea with Soviet help. The 5% includes China since they help North Korea as well. However, United States got involved and supported South Korea to prevent communism from spreading which represents 40% of the responsibility.

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Korean War
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Korean_War_Montage_2.png

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1950
US provided France with massive economic and military support during the French Indochina War in 1950.  France was trying to reestablish its rule in Vietnam and US wanted to prevent the spread of communism, sending nearly $15 million to France since it saw Ho Chi Minh as a communist aggressor. Over the next four years, US paid nearly $1 billion for the war.
Soviet Union was not involved in the Vietnam War. The US got involved because it wanted to establish good relations with France and believed it was fighting against communism. France was also at fault since it did not want to let go of its colony.

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https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8498/8337010334_76245ee6de_b.jpg

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1953
Summary:
In 1953, Iran's prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh placed private oil industries under Iranian control including Great Britain. To protest, Britain stopped buying Iranian oil and the Iranian economy started to decrease. The United States fear that since Britain protested, Mossadegh might turn to the Soviets for help. The CIA got involved in giving several million of dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters who had been forced to flee to return back to Iran.  The Pro- American Shah of Iran returned to power and turn over the control of the oil fields to Westerns companies.

Explanation:
Eisenhower administration the CIA and in being Britain's allied, United States were worried and assume that Iran was going to team up with the Soviet Union for help. Also, they wanted to help Britain regain their private oil companies. To prevent Soviet Union from spreading, the CIA wanted pro-American Shah of Iran to return to power and also bribed anti-Mossadegh supporters with million of dollars to gain control.  Even though the USSR did not get involved in Iran, they still hold 20% of the responsibility because of their influence of communist power. Therefore, United States wanted to prevent any Soviet help and have control of the oil fields towards Western companies holding 80% of the responsibility.

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CIA Operations in Iran - Oil field
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/POI_palayeshgah_2_Nevit.jpg

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1955
When West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO in 1955, Soviet Union reacted by forming its own military alliance called the Warsaw Pact with seven Eastern European countries.
The USSR takes 55% responsibility since its fear was what led it to leading the Warsaw Pact and United States takes 45% responsibility since it then recognized the Warsaw Pact as a threat. This lead to rising tension in the Cold War.

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NATO Warsaw Pact: Nations divided up between the US and USSR

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NATO Warsaw Pact: Nations divided up between the US and USSR

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Military_power_of_NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_states_in_1973.svg/2000px-Military_power_of_NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_states_in_1973.svg.png

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1956
Summary:
In 1955, Great Britain and the United States agreed to help finance Egypt's construction of the dam in the nile river. However, Egypt's head government, Gamal Abdel-Nasser, tried to pin the US and USSR against each other to improve relations between the two countries in order to get more aid for Egypt. In 1956, after learning that Nasser was making deals with the Soviets, the United States withdrew their offer of the loan. In response, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which anger Great Britain and France since they own it. Great Britain and France send in troops to seized the Mediterranean end of the canal yet, the UN step in to stop the fighting and to withdraw. As a result,  the UN allowed Egypt to keep control of the Suez Canal.

Explanation:
Both the USSR and United States were equally responsible in the 1956 war in Egypt. Although none of the two countries got involved compare to Britain and France, both had an equal amount of influence towards each side. There was still tension between the two countries, however, it was mostly Egypt who caused tension between the two countries by putting them against each other in order to get the benefit of aid for Egypt. United States agreed to help Egypt which the building of the dam which got them involved with Egypt, holding them 30% responsible .

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/The_camel_corps_at_Beersheba2.jpg

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April 17, 1961
Kennedy approved of Eisenhower's plan to have CIA trained Cuban exiles overthrow Castro and on the night of April 17, 1961, over 1,000 Cuban exiles landed on Cuba at Bahia de Cochinos(The Bay of Pigs). The plan failed and all exiles were all killed or imprisoned. Cuban media reported the defeat of "North American mercenaries", shaming America in front of the world. Kennedy accepted blame for the incident and paid $53 million in food and medical supplies for the release of the imprisoned. Kennedy then promised to stop advancement of Communism while Castro took more Soviet aid.
United States was the attacker and instigator here, only to end up looking like fools. However, they were taking this action to stop the advancement of Communism in Cuba so Soviet Union's movement in Cuba was what warranted this attack. For this reason, US holds 85% while USSR holds 15% responsibility.

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg

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August, 1961

Summary:
The Berlin wall is a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that split the city into West and East Berlin. In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev ordered the Berlin wall to be built to stop the flow of refugees from East to West Berlin since most were seeking freedom from communist rule (later became Berlin Crisis). President Kennedy saw this opportunity in his determination to contain communism. The wall isolated West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic and made passing from East to West nearly impossible without the communist government's permission.
Explanation:
The USSR represents 80% of the responsibility in the creation of the Berlin Wall since Khrushchev ordered the wall to be built. He wanted to sign a treaty with East Germany that would enable the Soviet Union to close all access roads to West Berlin. Kennedy refuses to give up West Berlin which made Khrushchev furious and ended up erecting the Berlin Wall. 20% remains towards the United States because Kennedy saw this as an opportunity to contain communism from spreading. His determination and nuclear strike prevented Khrushchev from closing land routes between West Berlin and West Germany. Although it ended the Berlin Crisis and successfully ended refugees from flowing out of East Germany, the USSR  further aggravated cold war tensions and created a symbol of communist oppression by building the wall.

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East Germany
https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8311/8050518358_92c314c01e_b.jpg

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October 1962
Soviet Union had started to really transfer weapons such as nuclear missiles to Cuba, raising concerns in America. The existence of several Soviet missile bases that could attack US cities was discovered on October 14 and on October 22, Kennedy announced his decision to stop any more transfers of weapons from the Soviet Union to Cuba. There was a great fear of nuclear war and US was prepared to use US troops and Navy to stop any further transfer of weapons by Soviet ships. The Soviet ships stopped suddenly to avoid confrontation and Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba while America agreed to not invade Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey
USSR's transportation of weapons was what raised the suspicion of the US. There was also the fact that the missile bases could have been used to attack the US, which is what sent US into a panic in reaction and all geared for a war. Thus, USSR has 70% responsibility. The US also holds 30% for getting ready to start a nuclear war.

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Cuban Missile Crisis- U.S Air Force Discovers Nuclear Launch Site in Cuba.

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Cuban Missile Crisis- U.S Air Force Discovers Nuclear Launch Site in Cuba.

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg

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November 9, 1989

Summary:
Towards the end of the Cold War, Mikhail Gorbachev, the general secretary of the communist party in the Soviet Union, created a new era for the Soviet Union by introducing democratic ideals. He started to reduce the amount of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe and allowed non-communist parities in East Germany. Then, President Reagan challenged Gorbachev with his new reforms in tearing down the wall. In response, East Germany broke down the wall, allowing free passage between two parts of the city for the first time in 28 years. The result of the fall of the Berlin Wall united the two German nations.
Explanation:
With Gorbachev's new reforms for the Soviet Union, it allowed East Germans to gain enough to repudiate their communist government by encouraging democracy throughout the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's ideals created a new era for the USSR allowing them to hold 60% responsibility of the fall Berlin Wall while the United States holds 40%. President Reagan challenged the USSR by giving his speech in encouraging the USSR to tear down the wall and gain peace.

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http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/berlinwall_0.jpg

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All images are provided with link and search from Creative Commons

Claire Lin and Teresa Huang
Period 6